Psychology Final Test Study Guide PDF

mean, mode, median, t test and correlations Mean: put all the numbers in order and add them then divide them by the number of NUMBERS. Median: the middle number. (If there’s no middle number add the two numbers that are in the middle and divide them by two). Mode: Most common number. T test: When y...

mean, mode, median, t test and correlations Mean: put all the numbers in order and add them then divide them by the number of NUMBERS. Median: the middle number. (If there’s no middle number add the two numbers that are in the middle and divide them by two). Mode: Most common number. T test: When you find the average of two groups of numbers to see whether they differ from each other. Correlation: -1 = -100 correlation 0 = 0 correlation 1 = 100 correlation Perfect Positive Correlation = 1 High Positive Correlation = 0.9 Low Positive Correlation = 0.5 No Correlation = 0 Low Negative Correlation = -0.5 High Negative Correlation = -0.9 Perfect Negative Correlation = -1 BELOW 0.05 MEANS THEY ARE DIFFERENT ABOVE 0.05 MEANS THEY ARE NOT DIFFERENT Psychological perspectives Biological Psychology: How our brains and bodies affect our thoughts and behaviors (medications) Physiology: How the body works. Psychoanalysis: exploring the unconscious mind and how past experiences affect our current behaviour. Behavioral psychology: How rewards and punishments can affect our actions. Cognitive psychology: how our minds process information and how it makes us change our perspective about something. Humanistic psychology: treating people like humans. Potential for self improvement.  Maslow's hierarchy of needs Famous studies 1. Pavlov's Dog Experiment: The Drooling Dogs Imagine a scientist ringing a bell every time he feeds his dogs. After a while, the dogs start drooling just when they hear the bell, even if there's no food! This shows how we can learn to connect things in our minds, like sounds and food. 2. Asch Conformity Study: The Peer Pressure Test Picture this: You're in a room with other kids, and everyone says a short line is longer than a long line. Even though you know they're wrong, you might agree with them just to fit in. This experiment shows how we sometimes follow others, even when we know they're not right. 3. Learned Helplessness Experiment: The "I Can't Do It" Effect Imagine being given really hard puzzles that you can't solve. After a while, you might give up and think you can't solve any puzzles, even easy ones! This shows how feeling like we can't do something can make us stop trying. 4. Bobo Doll Experiment: Monkey See, Monkey Do Kids watched grown-ups hitting a big inflatable doll. Later, when left alone with the doll, many kids copied the grown-ups and hit the doll too! This shows how we can learn behaviors just by watching others. 5. A Class Divided: The Eye Color Game A teacher split her class into blue-eyed and brown-eyed groups, treating one group better than the other. The kids started acting mean to the "lower" group. This taught how easily people can start treating others unfairly based on small differences. 6. Cognitive Dissonance Experiment: The "But I Said I Liked It" Trick Kids were asked to do a boring task and then tell others it was fun. Later, many kids actually started believing it was fun! This shows how we sometimes change our thoughts to match what we say or do. 7. Fantz's Looking Chamber: Baby's First Choice Babies were shown two pictures: one that looked like a face and one that didn't. The babies looked at the face-like picture more! This shows that even tiny babies prefer looking at faces. 8. Milgram Study: The "Just Following Orders" Test People were told to give pretend electric shocks to someone they couldn't see. Many people kept giving shocks even when they thought it might be hurting the other person, just because they were told to do so. This shows how people sometimes follow authority even when they feel it might be wrong. 9. Little Albert Experiment This experiment showed how fear can be learned. A baby named Albert was shown a white rat. At first, he wasn't scared. Then, the researchers made a loud noise whenever Albert saw the rat. Soon, Albert became afraid of the rat and other white, fluffy things. This experiment is famous but controversial because it caused distress to a child. 10. Surrogate Mother Experiment This study looked at how important love and comfort are for baby monkeys. Researcher Harry Harlow gave baby monkeys two "mothers" - one made of wire that gave food, and one covered in soft cloth that didn't give food. The babies preferred the soft mother, even though it didn't feed them. This showed that comfort and affection are crucial for development, not just food. 11. Car Crash Experiment This experiment, conducted by Elizabeth Loftus, showed how easily memories can be influenced. Participants watched videos of car accidents and were asked questions about what they saw. The way the questions were worded affected their memories. For example, asking about the cars "smashing" instead of "hitting" made people remember the crash as being more severe. This study is important for understanding how eyewitness testimony can be unreliable. 12. Hawthorne Effect This effect was discovered during studies at the Hawthorne Works factory. Researchers found that workers' productivity improved when they knew they were being observed, regardless of the changes made to their work conditions. This shows that people may change their behavior simply because they're being studied. It's important in psychology and other fields to consider how being observed might affect results. 13. Kitty Genovese Case This case became famous for demonstrating the "bystander effect". In 1964, Kitty Genovese was murdered in New York City. Initially, it was reported that 38 witnesses saw or heard the attack but did nothing to help. This led to the idea that people are less likely to help in emergencies when others are present, thinking someone else will help. However, later investigations showed that the original reports were exaggerated. Still, this case sparked important research into helping behavior and social responsibility. These experiments and cases have all been influential in psychology, but it's important to note that some (like the Little Albert experiment) would be considered unethical by today's standards. They've helped shape our understanding of human behavior, learning, memory, and social interactions.