Descriptive Statistics and Psychology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What does the mode refer to in a set of numbers?

  • The middle number in the set
  • The sum of all the numbers
  • The average of the numbers
  • The most common number (correct)

A perfect negative correlation is represented by a value of 0.

False (B)

What is the primary focus of humanistic psychology?

The potential for self-improvement and treating people as humans.

In a T test, a p-value below _____ indicates that the groups are statistically different.

<p>0.05</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the famous psychological experiments with their key findings:

<p>Pavlov's Dog Experiment = Conditioned responses can be learned through association Asch Conformity Study = People may conform to group opinions despite knowing the truth Learned Helplessness Experiment = Repeated failures can lead to a sense of helplessness Bobo Doll Experiment = Children can learn behaviors through observation of adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological perspective focuses on the effects of past experiences on current behavior?

<p>Psychoanalysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Correlation values can range from -1 to 1, where 0 indicates no correlation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the measure of median represent in a dataset?

<p>The middle number when the data is ordered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main lesson learned from the Eye Color Game?

<p>People can easily treat others unfairly based on small differences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 'Just Following Orders' Milgram study, participants were aware that they were only giving pretend shocks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Little Albert Experiment demonstrate about learned behavior?

<p>Fear can be learned through conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The preference of baby monkeys for a soft mother over a wire mother in the Surrogate Mother Experiment highlights the importance of ______ for development.

<p>comfort and affection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following experiments with their key findings:

<p>A Class Divided = Discrimination based on arbitrary differences Fantz's Looking Chamber = Babies prefer looking at faces Car Crash Experiment = Memories can be influenced by question wording Hawthorne Effect = Performance changes when being observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Harlow's experiment with baby monkeys primarily focus on?

<p>The role of comfort and affection in development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Hawthorne Effect indicates that individuals may change their behavior simply because they are being watched.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect on Albert after repeated exposure to the white rat and the loud noise?

<p>He developed a fear of the rat and other similar stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mean

Sum of all numbers divided by the total count of numbers.

Median

Middle number when numbers are ordered.

Mode

Most frequent number.

T-test

Compares averages of two groups to see if they're significantly different.

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Correlation

A measure of the relationship between two variables.

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Positive Correlation (High)

Variables tend to increase or decrease together; near +1 (90-100%).

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Negative Correlation (High)

Variables tend to move in opposite directions; near -1 (-90 - -100%).

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P-value < 0.05 in T-test

Indicates a statistically significant difference between groups, the result is meaningful

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The Eye Color Game

A teacher divided her class into blue-eyed and brown-eyed groups, treating one group more favorably than the other. This lead to the children in the less favored group being treated unfairly by their peers, highlighting the ease with which people can discriminate based on superficial differences.

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Cognitive Dissonance

The discomfort we feel when our actions contradict our beliefs. To reduce this feeling, we might change our beliefs to match our actions.

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Fantz's Looking Chamber

This experiment showed that even young babies are drawn to looking at faces, suggesting that humans are predisposed to recognize and engage with faces.

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Milgram Experiment

This study explored obedience to authority. Participants were instructed to deliver electric shocks to a learner (an actor). Many continued to deliver shocks even when they thought it might be causing pain, demonstrating the power of authority figures in influencing behavior.

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Little Albert Experiment

This study demonstrated how fear can be learned. A baby, Albert, was conditioned to fear a white rat by associating it with a loud noise. This experiment is controversial due to its ethical concerns.

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Surrogate Mother Experiment

This study examined the importance of comfort and affection in infant monkeys. Baby monkeys were offered a wire mother that provided food and a cloth mother that provided comfort. The monkeys preferred the cloth mother, even though it didn't offer food, highlighting the crucial role of comfort in early development.

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Car Crash Experiment

This study explored how easily memories can be manipulated. Participants watched a video of a car accident and were asked questions about what they saw. The wording of these questions influenced their memories, showing how eyewitness testimonies can be unreliable.

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Hawthorne Effect

This effect demonstrates how people's behavior can change simply because they know they are being observed.

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Study Notes

Descriptive Statistics

  • Mean: Sum of all numbers divided by the count of numbers
  • Median: Middle number in a sorted list. If two numbers are in the middle, the average of those two is the median.
  • Mode: Most frequent number in a list.
  • T-test: Used to compare the averages of two groups, to determine if there's a significant difference between them.
  • Correlation: A statistical measure of the relationship between two variables.
    • Values range from -1 to +1.
    • -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation.
    • +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation.
    • 0 indicates no correlation.
    • Values close to ±1 indicate a strong correlation.
    • Values close to 0 indicate a weak correlation.
    • A p-value below 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference between the groups.
    • A p-value above 0.05 means there is no statistically significant difference between the groups.

Psychological Perspectives

  • Biological Psychology: Examines the biological factors that affect thoughts and behaviours, including medications.
    • Physiology: How the body works.
  • Psychoanalysis: Explores the unconscious mind and how past experiences impact current behaviour.
  • Behavioral Psychology: Focuses on how rewards and punishments affect actions.
  • Cognitive Psychology: Studies how the mind processes information and shapes perspective.
  • Humanistic Psychology: Focuses on treating people as individuals with the potential for self-improvement.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  • A hierarchical model of human needs, with lower-level needs needing to be met before higher-level needs can be addressed.

Famous Studies in Psychology

  • Pavlov's Dog Experiment: Association of a neutral stimulus (bell) with a stimulus that produces a response (food) causing the neutral stimulus to also produce a response.
  • Asch Conformity Study: Shows how peer pressure can lead individuals to conform to group norms, even when those norms are incorrect.
  • Learned Helplessness Experiment: Demonstrates how repeated failures can lead to a feeling of resignation and a lack of motivation to try to cope with difficulties.
  • Bobo Doll Experiment: Shows observational learning where children can learn behaviors by watching others.
  • A Class Divided: Shows how easily prejudice and discrimination can form, based on biases and superficial differences.
  • Cognitive Dissonance Experiment: Demonstrates a method of changing behaviour, to reduce conflict or tension.
  • Fantz's Looking Chamber: Examines visual perception in infants, showing their preference for stimuli that look like faces.
  • Milgram Study: Demonstrates how obedience to authority can lead people to do things they may otherwise consider wrong.
  • Little Albert Experiment: Demonstrates how fear can be learned.
  • Surrogate Mother Experiment: Examines the importance of touch and comfort for development and bonding, focusing on animals.
  • Car Crash Experiment: Demonstrates how the wording of questions can influence eyewitness memory.
  • Hawthorne Effect: Shows how observation can influence behavior.
  • Kitty Genovese Case: Highlights the "bystander effect," suggesting a decreased likelihood of intervention in emergencies when witnesses are present.

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