Psychological Perspectives: Reviewer PDF

friends, his Key Theorists and Concepts: reputation and works, his lands 1. William James: Me-Self and I-Self and horses, and...

friends, his Key Theorists and Concepts: reputation and works, his lands 1. William James: Me-Self and I-Self and horses, and yacht and ​ Background: bank-account." ○​ Born on January 11, 1842, (James, 1890) in New York City, William ○​ Social Self: How one is James was a philosopher perceived and validated by and psychologist known as others. the "Father of American ​ Example: The Psychology." instinctive desire to ○​ Initially pursued painting be recognized and but shifted to scientific validated by society studies, earning his shapes social roles medical degree from and interactions. Harvard in 1869. ○​ Spiritual Self: Inner ○​ Became a professor at thoughts, beliefs, Harvard, teaching emotions, and values. psychology and ​ Example: philosophy. Represents our ○​ Passed away on August inner sense of 26, 1910, in Chocorua, purpose and moral New Hampshire. values. ​ Me-Self: The self as an object of ​ I-Self: The active agent that perception ("Empirical Self"), with experiences and interacts with three components: the world (subjective self). ○​ Material Self: Tangible ​ Importance: Encourages possessions and self-awareness, guides personal relationships (body, growth, and strengthens clothes, house, family). relationships. ​ Example: "A man's self is the sum total 2. Carl Rogers: Humanistic Self of all that he can call his, not only his ​ Background: body and psychic ○​ Born on January 8, 1902, powers, but his in Oak Park, Illinois, USA, clothes and house, Carl Rogers was a pioneer his wife and of humanistic psychology. children, his ○​ Initially studied agriculture ancestors and and religion before shifting  to psychology, earning his ○​ Actualizing Tendency: Ph.D. from Columbia An innate drive to grow University in 1931. and achieve potential. ○​ Known for developing ​ Applications: Foundational in client-centered therapy client-centered therapy and and contributions to education. education and personal development. 3. Sigmund Freud: Id, Ego, and ○​ Passed away on February Superego 4, 1987, in La Jolla, ​ Background: California. ○​ Born on May 6, 1856, in ​ Self-Concept: How one Freiberg, Moravia (now perceives oneself, with two Příbor, Czech Republic), components: Sigmund Freud was a ○​ Ideal Self: Aspirational neurologist and the self, influenced by goals founder of psychoanalysis. and societal expectations. ○​ Studied medicine at the ○​ Real Self: Current self, University of Vienna and shaped by experiences. specialized in neurology. ​ Congruence vs. Incongruence: ○​ Revolutionized psychology ○​ Congruence: Alignment with concepts like the between real and ideal unconscious, defense selves = harmony. mechanisms, and ○​ Incongruence: psychosexual Misalignment = stress or development. discomfort. ○​ Passed away on ​ Example: A person September 23, 1939, in desiring to be London, England. confident but ​ Id: Instinctual and viewing themselves pleasure-seeking part of the as insecure psyche. experiences ○​ Example: A hungry child incongruence, crying for food without leading to stress. understanding they must ​ Core Ideas: wait. ○​ Unconditional Positive ​ Ego: Rational mediator between Regard: Acceptance Id and reality. without judgment fosters a ○​ Example: Feeling hungry healthy self-concept. but waiting until lunchtime  to eat instead of stealing approval and struggles with food. independence. ​ Superego: Moral conscience ○​ Example: Someone overly shaped by societal rules and dependent on others’ values. validation may conform to ○​ Example: Feeling guilty for avoid conflict, leading to lying, even if no one finds heightened anxiety. out. ​ Importance: Promotes emotional ​ Interaction: Balancing these stability, effective stress elements ensures psychological management, and healthier stability, with imbalances leading relationships. to distress. 5. Edward Tory Higgins: 4. Murray Bowen: Differentiated Self Self-Discrepancy Theory ​ Background: ​ Background: ○​ Born on January 31, 1913, ○​ Born on March 18, 1945, in Waverly, Tennessee, Edward Tory Higgins is a Murray Bowen was a psychologist specializing psychiatrist and pioneer in in social and cognitive family systems theory. psychology. ○​ Earned his medical degree ○​ Earned his Ph.D. from from the University of Harvard University and Tennessee and served in serves as a professor at the U.S. Army during Columbia University. World War II. ○​ Known for theories like ○​ Conducted research on self-discrepancy and family therapy and regulatory focus. founded the Bowen Center ​ Components of Self: for the Study of the Family. ○​ Actual Self: Current ○​ Passed away in 1990. attributes and behaviors. ​ Well-Differentiated Self: ○​ Ideal Self: Aspirations and Maintains identity while staying desires. emotionally connected to others. ○​ Ought Self: Duties and ○​ Example: Listening to societal expectations. differing opinions without ​ Discrepancies: feeling threatened and ○​ Actual vs. Ideal: Leads to expressing one's sadness or viewpoints calmly. disappointment. ​ Poorly Differentiated Self: ○​ Actual vs. Ought: Leads to Relies heavily on others for guilt or anxiety.  ​ Regulatory Focus Theory: ​ False Self: Protective facade ○​ Promotion Focus: developed to meet external Aspiration-driven expectations. motivation. ○​ Example: A person always ○​ Prevention Focus: acting cheerful in public, Duty-driven motivation. even while struggling ​ Example: A student emotionally, relies on their with promotion False Self. focus aims to excel ​ Impact: Balancing both ensures academically, while emotional well-being; dominance one with prevention of False Self can lead to focus avoids failing. inauthenticity and distress. ​ Applications: Understanding motivation, emotional well-being, 7. Albert Bandura: Self as Proactive and behavior in therapy and and Agentic education. ​ Background: 6. D.W. Winnicott: True Self and False ○​ Born on December 4, Self 1925, in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, Albert Bandura ​ Background: was a psychologist known ○​ Born on April 7, 1896, in for social cognitive theory. Plymouth, England, ○​ Studied at the University of Donald Woods Winnicott British Columbia and was a pediatrician and earned his Ph.D. in clinical psychoanalyst. psychology from the ○​ Focused on child University of Iowa. development and ○​ Passed away on July 26, introduced concepts like 2021. True Self and False Self. ​ Core Features of Human ○​ Passed away on January Agency: 25, 1971. ○​ Intentionality: ​ True Self: Authentic, Goal-setting and spontaneous self, supported by deliberate action. consistent caregiving. ​ Example: A person ○​ Example: A child committing to a encouraged to express workout routine to both positive and negative achieve fitness emotions grows up feeling goals. secure and authentic. ○​ Forethought: Planning and anticipating outcomes.  ​ Example: A student ○​ Cultural awareness sets a study ensures respectful and schedule to prepare inclusive interactions. for exams. ​ Example: In Filipino ○​ Self-reactiveness: settings, using Monitoring progress and honorifics like “po” making adjustments. and “opo” shows ​ Example: Regularly cultural sensitivity. checking expenses ​ Social Comparison to save money (Festinger’s Theory): effectively. ○​ Upward Comparison: ○​ Self-reflectiveness: Inspires improvement but Analyzing decisions and may lead to envy. learning from experiences. ​ Example: ​ Example: Reflecting Comparing grades on project feedback with a high achiever to improve future can motivate better performance. study habits. ​ Self-Efficacy: Confidence in ○​ Downward Comparison: one’s ability to succeed. Boosts self-esteem but ○​ Example: A student who risks complacency. believes in their abilities ​ Example: Feeling perseveres after failing an pride in one’s job exam. position when ​ Proactive Self: Anticipates and comparing to an prepares for challenges. unemployed ​ Agentic Self: Shapes personality individual. and future goals. ○​ Lateral Comparison: ​ Key Idea: People actively Provides validation and influence their environment and shared experiences. take control of their lives. ​ Example: A new employee finding 8. Social Awareness and Social reassurance in Comparison another newcomer’s ​ Social Awareness: struggles. ○​ Recognizing emotions and ​ Applications: Understanding motivations in others. emotional responses, ○​ Empathy and self-esteem, and social behavior. perspective-taking foster better relationships. Applications and Reflections: ​ Therapy: Concepts like congruence (Rogers) and self-discrepancy (Higgins) help resolve internal conflicts. ​ Education: Encouraging growth mindsets and self-awareness supports student development. ​ Personal Development: Differentiation (Bowen) and agency (Bandura) highlight paths to self-improvement and emotional resilience. Key Takeaways: ​ Psychological perspectives provide a comprehensive understanding of self-concept and identity. ​ Awareness of these theories can guide personal growth, improve relationships, and foster emotional well-being. ​ Balancing internal self-perception with external societal roles is key to achieving a fulfilling and authentic life.