Psychoactive Substances Guide PDF

PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES A Guide to Ethnobotanical Plants and Herbs, Synthetic Chemicals, Compounds and Products.  Acknowledgements: Acknowledgement: This Guide was compiled by Sinead O’Mahony Carey, Drug Education Officer, Substance M...

PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES A Guide to Ethnobotanical Plants and Herbs, Synthetic Chemicals, Compounds and Products.  Acknowledgements: Acknowledgement: This Guide was compiled by Sinead O’Mahony Carey, Drug Education Officer, Substance Misuse Service South Tipperary. The Substance Misuse Service would like to thank Aine de Leastar, Anne-Marie Dunne and Karen O’Loughlin for their contribution and endless hours of research and referencing. Health Service Executive South Psychoactive Substances Manual (Edition 1.1) Compiled by: Sinead O’Mahony Carey Drug Education Officer Substance Misuse Service 11-12 Peter St., Clonmel. (052) 6177900 Graphic Design: Leo McCormack (Swift Design - 087 6499990)  Introduction The ‘Guide to Ethnobotanical Plants and Herbs, Synthetic Chemicals, Compounds and Products’ available to the Irish Market has been collated and designed by the Drug Education Officer and team in the Substance Misuse Service HSE, South Tipperary. This edition is a follow on to ‘A Guide to Substance Misuse for Medical Professionals’ launched in November 2009. This Guide has been produced in response to requests from workers, users, medical professionals and academics for information on the emerging issue of legal herbal highs, plants and chemical alternatives available to buy in shops and online. Legal highs, legal alternatives and natural highs have become a world wide phenomenon in recent years both here in Ireland and on the International stage. The current concern for users, parents and professionals working with people using and misusing Psychoactive Substances is their after effects and how they can negatively impact on the body and mind. A Psychoactive Substance is a drug (any substance that changes the way a body and mind feels acts or thinks) that is not controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1977-84 and is therefore legal to use and possess. Legal and high together can be misleading because the majority of the substances are regulated under the Medicines Act which makes it illegal to sell, supply or advertise them for human consumption. Hence the advertisement on some products sold legally sates not for human consumption- plant feeder. Many suppliers and manufacturers also sell products as “bath salts” or “incense”. This is a way of sellers getting around drugs laws. Psychoactive Substances are sold with some ingredients not listed, no ingredients listed at all or ingredients with any information available. The high level of danger these substances have and may cause to human health is causing concern across the country. The ingredients in products sold come from three main sources: Ethno-botanical psychoactive plants and herbs Chemicals – mainly used for research purposes Compounds- which are gelling agents used to bind the products The Psychoactive plants used in legal high products are mainly benign in their own right but when certain alkaloids and extracts are procured they will provide one of four classifications of psychactivity: Stimulant Hallucinogenic Depressant Aphrodisiac Other ingredients included in products such as chemical based compounds are designed in the main to research specific elements of drug use JWH-018 is an example of this. These chemicals are cannabimimetic compounds or synthetic cannabinoids which were developed originally as potential painkilling drugs, yet are included in many Spice and smoke products. The purpose of this publish is to dispel some myths and to provide as accurate information as possible to date of this publication going to print. The aim of the guide is to facilitate detailed information on Psychoactive Substances and alternatives in Ireland. The objective of the guide is to provide an easy access quick reference, To include relevant up to date Psychoactive Substances facts and information. To provide the legal status and scheduling of all legal highs available in Ireland in shops and on line. We would like to thank and acknowledge those who reviewed the Guide at different stages of its inception; they include Dr. Des Corrigan, NACD and Brian Roberts - Garda Narcotics Unit. Disclaimer: The Substance Misuse Service HSE South Tipperary has endeavoured to ensure that all information contained within the Guide is accurate at the time of publishing. However the Guide is detailing with substances that have no strict controls and ingredients are subject to change.  Psychoactive Substances Drug Laws Drug Laws The introduction The availability of drugs in Ireland is legally controlled through a number of statutes. This chapter will give you an overview of the key statutes and their provisions. The 1947 Health Act The 1947 Health Act permits the Minister for Health to make regulations to control the sale of medical preparations. Several such regulations exist. The Medical Preparations (Control of Sale) Regulations restrict the sale of a wide range of drugs to pharmacists only. The regulations are comprised of five schedules. Drugs listed in either part of the first schedule may only be made available by retail sale on medical, dental or veterinary prescription. This schedule includes amphetamine-type stimulants and barbiturate sedatives, as well as various minor tranquillizers of the diazepam type, all of which are also subjected to other far more stringent controls. The second schedule lists substances such as oral contraceptives. The third schedule includes medicines that a pharmacist may not supply under the ‘emergency supply’ regulations for example barbiturates, which are controlled by the Misuse of Drugs Act. The fourth schedule lists cautionary warning notices that should appear on dispensed medicines. For example, various anti-histamine drugs used to combat hay fever, prevent travel sickness and included in some cough bottles may cause drowsiness. Accordingly, the latter type of product must bear a warning that’ this may cause drowsiness: The fifth schedule contains substances which cannot be supplied by a pharmacist in an emergency at a patient’s request but which may be supplied at the request of a G.P. The 1961 Poisons Act The 1961 Poisons Act controls the sale of poisons by confirming their sale to authorized sellers, which are mainly pharmacists. Most recognized drugs of misuse are controlled in this way, but are also subject to further more stringent legal controls. Medical Preparations (Control of Amphetamines) Regulations 1970 The Medical Preparations (Control of Amphetamines) Regulations 1970 prohibit the manufacture, preparation, importation, sale or distribution of seven scheduled amphetamine (‘speed’) type drugs. The Minister for Health may grant licenses for the manufacture, importation or sale of a specified quantity of controlled preparation when it is needed for certain medical conditions. Misuse of Drugs Acts 1977 & 1984. The Misuse of Drugs Acts is intended to prevent the non-medical use of drugs. For this reason, they control not just medicinal drugs but also drugs with no current medical use. Offences involving the general public are covered under these Acts. The drugs to which the Acts apply are specified in the schedules to the Act and are known as controlled drugs. The list includes, in addition to opiates such as heroin, other substances such as sedatives, stimulants and hallucinogenic drugs which are liable to misuse. 6  Section 1 - Drug Laws The Acts define a series of offences relating to controlled drugs including — unlawful supply Drug Laws intent to supply the import or export the unlawful production the growing of opium poppies, cannabis and coca plants the forging of prescriptions the occupiers of premises knowingly allowing illicit traffic in drugs The occupiers of premises permitting the use of controlled drugs on their premises. The Acts also prohibit the unlawful possession of drugs, but make a distinction between possession for one’s own personal use and possession for illegal supply to another person (‘pushing’). This latter offence carries much heavier penalties. It should be noted that the phrase used in Section 15 is “Sale or Supply’ which can mean in effect sharing drugs with colleagues or friends. In other words the common perception is that to be guilty of pushing drugs, money has to change hands. This is not true from a legal point of view. To enforce this law, the Gardai have special search powers to stop, detain, and search people and vehicles without a warrant if they have ‘reasonable cause’ to believe that someone is in possession of a controlled drug. Customs and Excise officers have similar powers under the Customs and Excise (Miscellaneous Provisions) to request searches by a medical practitioner acting at the request of a Customs Officer, in order to detect smuggling of drugs in body cavities so-called ‘stuffers and swalIowers. The Misuse of Drugs Act 1984 prohibits the printing, or sale of books or magazines that encourage the use of drugs proscribed in the Act or which contain advertisements for drug equipment, pipes or cocaine kits. Maximum sentences differ according to the nature of the offence. Sentences are greater for pushing, illegal production or for allowing premises to be used for producing or supplying drugs, but are less for possession for one’s own use. For the more serious offences, maximum penalties include life imprisonment or an open-ended fine. In the case of cannabis, on the other hand, the maximum penalty for possession for personal use is restricted to a €381 fine for a first offence tried in the District Court a €635 fine on indictment, €508 fine for a second offence with no option of imprisonment. If this second offence is tried before a judge and jury, the maximum fine is €1,270 or 12 months in jail or both. The penalty for a third offence tried by judge and jury is an open-ended fine or three years in jail, or both. It’s only the possession of cannabis and marijuana that attracts a money fine for possession. The possession of any other illegal drug e.g. Cocaine, Ecstasy, and Heroin, can carry a custodial sentence, even on a first offence. The penalty for possession of all other drugs depends on the type of court. In the District Court penalty is a maximum fine of€1, 270 or 12 months in jail, or both. In the case of a person found guilty before a judge and jury, the maximum fine for possession is left to the discretion the court. In the recent past the law has introduced a mandatory 10-year prison sentence for possession of any ’illegal drug’ valued at more than €1 0,000. There is a provision in the law that if the quantity of drugs found in your possession is currently not for immediate use, you are deemed to be dealing in those drugs. When a person is convicted of an offence under these Acts the Court may decide to obtain a written medical report on the convicted person, with recommendations about medical treatment which the person might require arising from his or her dependency on drugs, and also a report on the person’s social background, vocational and educational circumstances. On the basis of these reports the Court may decide not to impose stipulated penalty. 7  Psychoactive Substances It can decide to have the person detained in a custodial treatment centre require them to undergo a course of medical treatment a course of education and training, or both, Drug Laws to improve their social and educational background with a view to facilitating social rehabilitation. This concept has rarely been implemented. A refinement was introduced on a pilot basis in 2001 with the introduction of a Drugs Court system under the aegis of the District Court. The idea is that these Courts would be treatment focused and that problem drug users charged with non-violent offences could be diverted to treatment programmes rather than being sent to jail. Regulations made under the Misuse of Drugs Acts divide the controlled drugs into five separate schedules to take account of medical practice. These schedules allow exceptions to the general prohibitions on the possession supply and use of controlled drugs. Schedule 1. Schedule 1 lists mainly hallucinogenic drugs that have no medical use at present. It also includes some of the ’designer’ drugs’. The drugs in this schedule cannot be prescribed by doctors or sold in pharmacies. The use of these drugs is limited to scientific research or forensic analysis. Production, supply, import and possession are subject to special licensing. Schedule 2. Schedule 2 lists those drugs which may be used for medical purposes but which are regarded as particularly dangerous if misused. The list consists mainly of the opiates, both naturally occurring ones such as morphine and synthetic ones such as pethidine. It also includes amphetamines and related stimulants. Any of these drugs can only be legally obtained when prescribed by a doctor, dentist or veterinary surgeon and supplied by a pharmacist. All aspects of the production and supply of Schedule 2 drugs are strictly controlled and licensed. These drugs are further subject to stringent storage conditions in pharmacies and to strict record keeping requirements. Schedule 3. Schedule 3 lists drugs to which less stringent controls and no record keeping requirements apply. It contains certain dependence-producing sedatives such as barbiturates, some painkillers and some appetite suppressants. Schedule 4. Schedule 4 lists various minor tranquillizers and preparations of phenobarbitone containing less than 100 milligrams. There are minimal misuse of drugs controls applied, since these medicines are already controlled under the Medical Preparations (Control of Sale) Regulations made under the 1947 Health Act. Schedule 5. Schedule 5 lists certain preparations of controlled drugs to which the restrictions on possession do not apply. These are usually very dilute non-injectable products some of which can be bought over the counter (OTC) without a prescription only from a pharmacy, for example some cough bottles and anti-diarrhoea products that contain opiates. The Acts give the Minister for Health the power to give a direction prohibiting the prescribing of controlled drugs by a doctor, dentist or veterinary surgeon, who has been found, after investigation by a committee of inquiry, to have been prescribing, administering or supplying such drugs in an irresponsible manner. A doctor, dentist or veterinary surgeon against whom such a direction is made is given an opportunity to answer the case made against him/her and also has the right of appeal to the Courts. The Minister for Health has served seven doctors with such directions, since 1979 when the Misuse of Drugs Act became law. There is a special procedure allowing the Minister to give temporary direction in a case of urgency. A prohibition on prescribing under such a direction lasts for four weeks but may be extended for periods of 28 days at a time while a committee of inquiry investigates the case. 8  Section 1 - Drug Laws International and E.U. regulations. The processing of drugs from plants such as the Opium poppy and Coca plant as well as Drug Laws the synthesis of L.S.D., Ecstasy, Amphetamines and the so-called ’designer drugs’ requires the availability of various chemicals needed in different stages of their production. Article 12 of the 1988 United Nations Convention against the lllicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances attempts to limit the supply of precursor and processing chemicals to illegal drugs producers. Within the E.U., a number of Council Regulations and a Directive (92/109/EEC) have been introduced to give force to the provisions of the U.N. Convention. In Ireland, the E.U. provisions have been implemented by means of the European Communities (Monitoring of External Trade in Scheduled Substances) Regulations 1993. The controls in the Regulations require producers, importers, distributors and users of 22 different chemicals to maintain records of stock. Government authorization is required before some chemicals can be exported, while for others, such authorization is only required if they are being exported to certain key countries such as Colombia, Lebanon and Myanmar (Burma). Advance notification of sales of chemicals such as Ergotamine used to produce L.S.D. or Safrole used to produce Ecstasy, allow governments an opportunity to delay consignments pending investigation or to veto deliveries altogether. A person who commits an offence under these Regulations may be fined up to €1,270 or imprisoned for up to 1 year or may be fined and imprisoned. The Government has further strengthened the controls on these 22 precursor chemicals by designating them as controlled drugs under the Misuse of Drugs Acts. Criminal Justice Act 1994 The Criminal Justice Act of 1994 made provision for the recovery of the proceeds of drug trafficking by making it possible for the Director of Public Prosecutions to ask a court which has found a defendant guilty of such a charge, to determine whether the person has benefited from drug trafficking. If the court so determines, a confiscation order shall be made to recover the amount of money determined by the court. The Act defines drug trafficking offences as including those under the Misuse of Drug Act 1977 (sections 5,15 and 20), offences under the Customs Acts as well as planning of the production, supply, transportation, storage, import or export of a controlled drug both inside the State and elsewhere. The Act requires that a mandatory minimum sentence of 10 years imprisonment be imposed on individuals found guilty of an offence under Section 15 of the Misuse of Drugs Act where the offence is considered to be drug dealing and the value of the drug or drugs amount to €12,700 or more. In the case of individuals who are addicted to drugs and where their addiction is a substantial factor in their drug dealing, the sentence may be reviewed after five years. This Act also created the offence of money laundering which involves concealing or disguising property representing the proceeds of drug trafficking, transferring or removing it from the State. Individuals who help drug traffickers and other criminals to launder money likewise come within the scope of this Act. Once found guilty, they may be fined €1,270 or sent to jail for 12 months (District Court). If tried in a higher court they are liable to penalties of a fine, 14 years in jail or both. Designated bodies such as financial institutions and their staff must establish the identity of those seeking to use their services, particularly where it involves sums of at least €12,700 and must report to the Gardai where they suspect that a money laundering offence is involved. The Criminal Assets Bureau Act 1996 The Government established the Criminal Assets Bureau after the enactment of the Criminal Assets Bureau Act 1996.The Criminal Assets Bureau identifies assets derived directly or indirectly from criminal activity and aims to deprive individuals of these 9  Psychoactive Substances assets by means of confiscation, restraint of use, freezing, preservation or seizure of all assets identified as deriving or suspected to derive from such activity. In addition, the Drug Laws Bureau aims to ensure that such individuals and their assets are subjected to the full rigors of the Revenue Acts including taxation. The profits arising from drug dealing as defined in the Misuse of Drugs Acts are a major target for the Criminal Assets Bureau. The Bureau consists of members of the Garda Siochana, Revenue Commissioners and of the Department of Social and Family Affairs, nominated by the respective organisations as well as legal and technical experts. Their identities cannot be revealed so as to protect them and their families from threats and intimidation. Any such attempt is punishable by means of a fine of €1,905 or 12 months in jail imposed by the District Court. Higher courts may impose fines of €127,000 or 10 years imprisonment or both. The Criminal Justice (Drug Trafficking) Act 1996 The Criminal Justice (Drug Trafficking) Act 1996 gives Gardai additional powers of detention where they suspect someone is involved in drug trafficking or where they are suspected of concealing drugs within their body. Under the provision of the Act a person can be detained for up to 1 week (168 hours) initially upon the authority of a Chief Superintendent but subsequently by way of a warrant from a District or Circuit Court judge. The aim is to provide time for the Gardai to fully investigate any alleged trafficking offences. The Act further allows courts to draw inferences from the failure of an individual to mention facts to be relied on in their defence, either before or when being charged. It also gives Gardai power to enter and search dance halls. Licensing (Combating Drug Abuse) Act 1997 The power to enter dance halls was extended further by the Licensing (Combating Drug Abuse) Act 1997 which made provision for measures to combat drug misuse in places used for public dancing in licensed premises and other entertainment venues. It also provided the Gardai with the power to prevent unlicensed dances such as open-air’ raves’ In the case of a ‘rave’ individuals involved in organising it can be directed to leave an area and remove any sound or lighting equipment. Failure to comply leads to a fine of up to €1,905 or 3 months imprisonment. The Gardai can also stop and turn back individuals planning to attend such an unlicensed dance. Gardai can seize sound equipment they suspect is to be used at an unlicensed dance and a court may order the confiscation of the sound equipment subsequently. In relation to pub and dance hall licenses, any person who has been convicted of a drug trafficking offence is disqualified from ever holding such a license. A license holder who permits the use of the licensed premises for the sale, supply or distribution of a controlled drug is likely to have the license immediately revoked by Court Order and neither they nor the premises may obtain a license for five years. The license-holder must have been previously warned by a member of the Gardai Siochana about the suspicion that the premises was being used for trafficking in drugs and the need to prevent such activity and have been given not less than 4 weeks to take appropriate action. Housing (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1997 The Housing (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1997 allows housing authorities or their tenants to apply to the District Court for an excluding order against an individual engaged in anti-social behaviour. Such behaviour is defined as drug dealing and / or serious violence and intimidation. It should be noted that simple possession of drugs for personal use does not come under this heading. In such circumstances the District Court may order an individual to leave the house in question and not to enter or be in the vicinity of the house or housing estate. Such excluding orders may be made on an interim basis and allow a more targeted approach that permits the eviction of an entire household in cases of anti-social behaviour. Orders may be made for a maximum period of three years 10  Section 1 - Drug Laws but can be renewed or varied in length. Individuals who disobey the order may be fined a maximum of€1, 905 or sentenced to 12 months in jail or to both a fine and jail by the Drug Laws Court. The Act also permits the housing authority to refuse to let or sell a dwelling to a person where the authority considers that the person is engaged in anti-social behaviour or that the letting would not be in the interest of good estate management. Health Boards may also refuse or withdraw rent and mortgage assistance to individuals who have been evicted, excluded or refused housing on grounds of antisocial behaviour. Non Fatal Offences against the Person Act 1992 The Non Fatal Offences against the Person Act 1992 made it an offence to attack someone with a syringe or to threaten them with a syringe. On conviction, the District Court may impose a fine of €1,905 or 12 months imprisonment or both. In higher courts someone found guilty may be fined or sentenced up to 10 years in jail. This Act also permits Gardai to seize syringes and penalise individuals who abandon syringes where others are likely to be endangered. In these cases the District Court penalties are the same as for attacks but on indictment the maximum jail sentence is 7 years. Section 12 of this Act involves poisoning offences of relevance to ‘spiking’ of drinks as well as to cases of drug-assisted sexual assault so-called ‘date rape’. Poisoning is interpreted as knowingly administering a substance to another person without their consent, which is capable of interfering substantially with the person’s bodily functions. Such a substance may be one that is capable of causing unconsciousness or sleep. The penalty for someone found guilty in the District Court is a fine of €1,905 or 12 months or both. On indictment such as in the Circuit Court there may be a fine or 3 years in jail or both fine and jail sentence. Criminal Justice (Public Order) Act 1994 The Criminal Justice (Public Order) Act 1994 makes it an offence for a person to be intoxicated in a public place to such an extent as to be a danger to themselves or others. The penalty for such an offence is a fine of not more that €508. While the word ‘intoxicated’ mainly relates to drunkenness, the Act makes clear that it also refers to other drugs, to solvents or other substances or to combinations of substances. The Act also allows Gardai to seize any bottle or container that they have reasonable cause to suspect contains an intoxicating substance, They can also indicate, in relation to certain events, that those in possession of intoxicating liquor are liable to have that alcohol confiscated. Road Traffic (Amendment) Act 1987 The Road Traffic (Amendment) Act 1987 makes it an offence to drive a car, motor bike, truck, pedal cycle or animal drawn vehicle while ’under the influence of an intoxicant to such an extent as to be incapable of having control of the vehicle’. Intoxicants include alcohol and drugs and any combination of drugs and alcohol. The word ‘drugs’ here includes prescribed and over the counter (OTC) medicines. Merchant Shipping Act 1992 The Merchant Shipping Act 1992 (Section 24 Subsection 2) makes it an offence for the master or a crew member of a ship to be under the influence of alcohol or any other drug while on duty, to such an extent that his ability to discharge his duties is impaired. The penalty is a maximum fine of €1,270. Intoxicating Liquor Acts 1988 & 2000 The supply, possession and consumption of alcohol and tobacco by adults are permitted, but at the same time availability is affected by taxation and various laws, some of which are designed to discourage young people from drinking and smoking. The Intoxicating 11  Psychoactive Substances Liquor Act 1988 not only prohibits the sale of alcohol to those under 18, but also makes it an offence for a person under 18 to buy alcohol or to drink alcohol in a public place. In an Drug Laws amendment to the 1988 Act the Intoxicating Liquor Act 2000 allows District Court Justices to order the temporary closure of licensed premises where an offence of illegal supply to a person under 18 is proven. The closure can be for 7 days for a first offence and up to a month for a second offence. Tobacco (Health Promotion and Protection) Act 1988 The Tobacco (Health Promotion and Protection) Act 1988 reinforces the prohibition on the sale of cigarettes to those under 16. This Act also bans the sale of smokeless tobacco products such as Skoal Bandits and enabled the Minister for Health to introduce Regulations in 1990 prohibiting or restricting the use of tobacco in a large number of public areas including cinemas, theatres, trains, schools and public buildings. The Health (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2000 amended the 1988 Act by increasing the age Iimit of those to whom tobacco may be sold from l6 to 18 and increases the fine to €1,905. Unrestricted Drugs There are some ’drugs’ that we often don’t think of as drugs, whose availability is not subject to any legal controls on sale or consumption. Included in this group is caffeine contained in drinks such as tea, coffee and cola. The supply of organic solvents in the form of glues and aerosols is prohibited under Section 74 of the Child Care Act 1991, where there is reasonable cause to believe the substance will be inhaled by a person under 18 for the purpose of causing intoxication. The actual possession and misuse of these products is not an offence. However a member of the Gardai Siochana may seize a substance that is being inhaled by a person under 18. The penalty for supplying such products to those under 18 may include a fine of up to €1,270 or 12 months in jail. Informal Controls It is said that the non-medical use of all drugs is subject to informal controls arising from custom and culture and from the requirements of everyday Iife. These controls are more likely to be effective with drugs that are a familiar part of the culture. This may explain why coffee and tea are made available during the working day, while alcohol is generally reserved for after work. However, it has been pointed out that the level of acceptance of excessive alcohol consumption is very high in Ireland. Strengthening of informal controls such as the increasing unacceptability of drunken driving or the hardening of attitudes to incompetence at work due to alcohol, may be as important as legal controls in preventing excessive, harmful or inappropriate use of drugs. 12  Section 2 - Legal Plants Plants included in Contents of Legal Plants listed in this publication INTERNATIONAL NAME DESCRIPTION IRISH LEGALITY LEGALITY It contains These are also Aphrodisiac two schedule controlled ACACIA Hallucinogen 1 substances, substances within Mescaline and DMT. the UN and EU. Contains DMT Also a controlled Legal Plants Hallucinogen Ayahuasca which is a schedule substances within Stimulant 1 substance. the EU and UN. Contains no Contains no Hallucinogen Baybean controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Contains no Contains no Bearded German Sedative controlled controlled Iris substances substances Hallucinogen The sale of belladonna Sedative is prohibited in Belladonna Aphrodisiac Australia but Stimulant uncontrolled in the US. Contains no Contains no Betel Nut Stimulant controlled controlled substances substances Contains no Contains no Sedative Bitter Orange controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances This is also Hallucinogen Contains Safrole a controlled Black Pepper Aphrodisiac which is a category precursor within Stimulant 1 precursor. the EU. Contains no Contains no Blackberry Sedative controlled controlled substances substances Contains no Contains no Bladderwrack Stimulant controlled controlled substances substances Aphrodisiac Contains no Contains no Blue lily Hallucinogen controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Contains no Contains no Appetite Brindle Berry controlled controlled suppressant substances substances 13  Psychoactive Substances INTERNATIONAL NAME DESCRIPTION IRISH LEGALITY LEGALITY Contains piperonal This is also which is a category a controlled Blueberry Depressant 1 controlled precursor within precursor the EU and UN. Hallucinogen Brugmansia Aphrodisiac Sedative Legal Plants Mescaline is a scheduled substance in Ireland. Making it This is also Cacti containing Hallucinogen illegal to supply scheduled within Mescaline Aphrodisiac and possess. The the EU. cacti plant itself is openly in garden shops and head stores. Contains 2 These are also Hypnotic Californian poppy scheduled 1 controlled within Sedative substances. the EU. Cannabae Buds Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac Caterpillar fungus controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Contains no Contains no Hallucinogen Catnip controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac Catuaba controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Contains DMT, Contains DMT, Cebil & Yopo Hallucinogen Schedule 1 Schedule 1 Hallucinogen Contains DMT, Contains DMT, Chacruna Sedative Schedule 1 Schedule 1 Contains DMT, Contains DMT, Chaliponga Hallucinogen Schedule 1 Schedule 1 Sedative Chamomile Stimulant Chesteya 14  Section 2 - Legal Plants INTERNATIONAL NAME DESCRIPTION IRISH LEGALITY LEGALITY Contains no Contains no Chinese Dogwood Stimulant controlled controlled substances substances Contains no Contains no Chinese Fo-Ti Sedative controlled controlled substances substances Legal Plants Sedative Contains no Contains no Chinese Magnolia Aphrodisiac controlled controlled Vine Stimulant substances substances Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac Chu Chu Huasi controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Stimulant Contains Saffrole, Contains Saffrole, Cinnamon Aphrodisiac Controlled Controlled Sedative precursor precursor Contains no Contains no Stimulant Cistanche controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Contains no Contains no Clary Sage Stimulant controlled controlled substances substances Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac Cnidium Monneri controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac Cocoa Tree controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Aphrodisiac Contains no Contains no Coral Tree Stimulant controlled controlled Hallucinogen substances substances Contains Contains Stimulant Ephedrine & Ephedrine & Country Mallow Aphrodisiac pseudoephedrine, pseudoephedrine, Depressant both controlled both controlled percursors percursors Contains no Contains no Stimulant Damask Rose controlled controlled Sedative substances substances 15  Legal High INTERNATIONAL NAME DESCRIPTION IRISH LEGALITY LEGALITY Stimulant Contains no Contains no Sedative Damiana controlled controlled Aphrodisiac substances substances Hallucinogen Contains Saffrole, Contains Saffrole, Sedative Dong Quai controlled controlled Stimulant precursor precursor Legal Plants Stimulant Contains no Contains no Dream Herb Hallucinogen controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Contains Contains Ephedrine, Ephedrine, Stimulant pseudoephedrine, pseudoephedrine, Ephedra Aphrodisiac norephedrine, norephedrine, Safrole, controlled Safrole, controlled percursor percursor Contains Contains Ergotamine, Ergotamine, Ergot Hallucinogen controlled controlled precursor precursor Contains 5-MEO- Contains 5-MEO- Evodia Stimulant DMT, Controlled DMT, Controlled schedule substance schedule substance Contains Psilocine, Contains Psilocine, Fly Agaric Hallucinogen controlled schedule 1 controlled schedule 1 Contains no Contains no Geranium Sedative controlled controlled substances substances Contains DMT, Contains DMT, Hallucinogen N-N-DMT, both N-N-DMT, both Giant Cane Pyschedellic controlled controlled Schedule 1 Schedule 1 Stimulant Contains no Contains no Ginger Aphrodisiac controlled controlled Hallucinogen substances substances Aphrodisiac Contains no Contains no Ginger Lily Stimulant controlled controlled Hallucinogen substances substances Sitmulant Gingko Biloba Sedative 16  Section 2 - Legal Plants INTERNATIONAL NAME DESCRIPTION IRISH LEGALITY LEGALITY Aphrodisiac Contains no Contains no Ginseng Stimulant controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac Goji Berry controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Legal Plants Contains no Contains no Stimulant Goldenseal controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Contains no Contains no Stimulant Gotu Kola controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Stimulant Contains no Contains no Guarana Aphrodisiac controlled controlled Hallucinogen substances substances Contains no Contains no Guggul Tree Aphrodisiac controlled controlled substances substances Contains Ergot Alkaloids and Lysergic ingredients, which are Schedule 1 Hallucinogen substances. Also controlled Hawaiian Baby Aphrodisiac Garda have substances within Woodrose Depressant removed these the EU and the UN from the shelves of Head Shops across Ireland but no prosecutions have been made to date Contains no Contains no Hoodia Stimulant controlled controlled substances substances Contains no Contains no Depressant Hops controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Contains no Contains no Stimulant Horny Goat Weed controlled controlled Aphrodisiac substances substances 17  Legal High INTERNATIONAL NAME DESCRIPTION IRISH LEGALITY LEGALITY Contains no Contains no Stimulant Horse Chestnut controlled controlled Pain Reliever substances substances Contains no Contains no Sedative Ice Plant controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Legal Plants Contains no Contains no Indian Coleus Relaxant controlled controlled substances substances Contains no Contains no Sedative Intoxicating Mint controlled controlled Mild Hallucinogen substances substances Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac Jasmine controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Hallucinogen Contains no Contains no Jimsonweed Stimulant controlled controlled Depressant substances substances Contains no Contains no Jujube Sedative controlled controlled substances substances The inner bark contains DMT and N,N-DMT, which Illegal in Australia, Jurema Hallucinogen are both schedule France and Estonia 1 substances in Ireland Contains N,N-DMT Also controlled Sedative Kanna which is a schedule within the EU and Hallucinogen 1 substane the UN Depressant Contains no Contains no Kava Kava Stimulant controlled controlled Aphrodisiac substances substances 18  Section 2 - Legal Plants INTERNATIONAL NAME DESCRIPTION IRISH LEGALITY LEGALITY Illegal to possess. Contains Cathoine, a schedule 1 Aphrodisiac Illegal in most substance and Khat Hallucinogen countries ephedrine, Stimulat internationally norpseudoephedrine which are schedule Legal Plants 3 substances Contains no Contains no Klipp Dagga Relaxant controlled controlled substances substances Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac Kola Nut controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Illegal in Thailand, Not a controlled Australia, Burma Kratom Sedative substance in and Vietnam. Ireland Not a controlled substance in USA Contains no Contains no Lady’s Mantle Sedative controlled controlled substances substances Contains no Contains no Sedative Lavender controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Lichen Aphrodisiac Contains no Contains no Linden Sedative controlled controlled substances substances Aphrodisiac Lousewort Sedative Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac Maca controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Maconha Brava Sedative Contains no Contains no Sedative Magnolia controlled controlled Aphrodisiac substances substances 19  Legal High INTERNATIONAL NAME DESCRIPTION IRISH LEGALITY LEGALITY Illegal to process Contains for ephedrine but Ephedrine, which Marshmallow Depressant not illegal to own is a category 1 the plant, therefore, percursor hard to regulate Hallucinogen Contains no Contains no Mexican Marigold Sedative controlled controlled Legal Plants Stimulant substances substances Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac Morinda Root controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Contains Ergotamine, which is a category 1 schedule precursor. Also Morning Glory Hallucinogen contains lysergide derivatives which are a schedule 1 controlled substance Illegal to own, process and Illegal across the Mescaline Hallucinogen supply. Schedule 1 EU and the UN substance Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac Muira Puama controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Contains no Contains no Mullein Sedative controlled controlled substances substances Contains no Contains no Hallucinogen Nettle controlled controlled Depressant substances substances While its legal to sell and process Aphrodisiac nutmeg, it does Nutmeg Stimulant contain Safrole, Sedative which is a category 1 percursor 20  Section 2 - Legal Plants INTERNATIONAL NAME DESCRIPTION IRISH LEGALITY LEGALITY Aphrodisiac Contains no Contains no Oats Stimulant controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Contains lysergol, These substances which is a schedule are controlled 1 substance and substances in EU Ololiuhqui Stimulant eergometrine and internationally. Legal Plants which Is a category But Ololiuhqui is 1 percursor uncontrolled Sedative Contains no Contains no Opium Lettuce Aphrodisiac controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Sedative Contains no Contains no Passion Flower Aphrodisiac controlled controlled Hallucinogen substances substances Contains no Contains no Pau D’arco Pain Reliever controlled controlled substances substances Contains no Contains no Stimulant Peppermint controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Contains no Contains no Sedative Periwinkle controlled controlled Pain Reliever substances substances Contains N,N- DMT, DMT and These are also 5-MEO-DMT, which controlled Phalaris Grass Hallucinogen are all schedule substances 1 controlled internationally substances Stimulant Opiate Poppy Illegal Illegal Sedative Hallucinogen Contains no Contains no Sedative Pukatea controlled controlled Pain Reliever substances substances Aphrodisiac Contains no Contains no Puncture Vine Stimulant controlled controlled Pain Reliever substances substances 21  Psychoactive Substances INTERNATIONAL NAME DESCRIPTION IRISH LEGALITY LEGALITY Contains no Contains no Stimulant Raspberry controlled controlled Pain Reliever substances substances Contains no Contains no Sedative Red Clover controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Legal Plants Red Kwao Krua Aphrodisiac Kwaopet Contains no Contains no Stimulant Rose Hip controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Contains no Contains no Sedative Sacred Lotus controlled controlled Hallucinogen substances substances Aphrodisiac Contains no Contains no Saffron Sedative controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances This is a controlled Contains no substance in Hallucinogen Salvia controlled Belgium, Denmark, Pain Reliever substances Italy, Croatia and Germany Contains no Contains no Sedative Saw Palmetto controlled controlled Aphrodisiac substances substances Contains Ephedrine Also a controlled Scarlet Bush Stimulant which is a category precursor in EU and 1 percursor the UN Sedative Contains no Contains no Scotch Broom Stimulant controlled controlled Hallucinogen substancesq substances Contains no Contains no Stimulant Siberian Ginseng controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Siberian Sedative Solomnseal Contains no Contains no Siberian Sedative controlled controlled Motherwort Pain Reliever substances substances 22  Section 2 - Legal Plants INTERNATIONAL NAME DESCRIPTION IRISH LEGALITY LEGALITY Contains no Contains no Sedative Skullcap controlled controlled Pain Reliever substances substances Aphrodisiac Spanish Fly Uncontrolled Illegal in USA Stimulant Suo Yang Aphrodisiac Legal Plants Aphrodisiac Contains no Contains no Stimulant Sweet Flag controlled controlled Sedative substances substances Hallucinogen Hallucinogen Contains no Contains no Stimulant Syrian Rue controlled controlled Aphrodisiac substances substances Pain Reliever Contains no Contains no Stimulant Teaplant controlled controlled Pain Reliever substances substances Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac Tongkat Ali controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Sedative Contains no Contains no Valerian Stimulant controlled controlled Pain Reliever substances substances Contains Piperonal, Also a controlled Aphrodisiac Vanilla which is a category precursor within EU Stimulant 1 percursor and UN Contains the Aphrodisiac These are also controlled Velvet Bean Hallucinogen controlled within substances 5-Meo- Pain Reliever the EU and UN DMT and N,N-DMT Contains the Hallucinogen These are also controlled Virola Stimulant controlled within substances 5-Meo- Pain Reliever the EU and UN DMT and N,N-DMT Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac White Water Lilly controlled controlled Hallucinogen substances substances Pain Reliever White Lotus Aphrodisiac Sedative 23  Psychoactive Substances INTERNATIONAL NAME DESCRIPTION IRISH LEGALITY LEGALITY Contains no Contains no Sedative White Willow controlled controlled Pain Reliever substances substances Contains no Contains no Wild Cherry Sedative controlled controlled substances substances Legal Plants Hallucinogen Contains no Contains no Wild Dagga Sedative controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Contains no Contains no Depressant Wild Yam controlled controlled Pain Reliever substances substances Hallucinogen Contains no Contains no Wormwood Stimulant controlled controlled Aphrodisiac substances substances Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac Yellow Sophora controlled controlled Stimulant substances substances Contains no Contains no Yerba Mate Stimulant controlled controlled substances substances Contains no Contains no Aphrodisiac Yohimbe controlled controlled Hallucinogen substances substances 24  Section 2 - Legal Plants Acacia spp. Common Names: Buffalo Swallow Wattle, Maidens Wattle, Umbrella Acacias, Wattle, Yellow Fever Acacia. Method of Use: Seeds, Gum Arabic, Smoke, Drink. Drug Effects: The Acacia genus includes more than 1,200 Classification: Depressant, Sedative species of flowering trees and shrubs. All parts of tree have Classification: Narcotic, Pain Reliever Legal Plants long been used medicinally for their soothing properties. Short Term Effects: Influence mood & dreaming, visionary Classification: Hallucinogen, Psychedelic perceptions, weight loss properties, reduce stress. Classification: Aphrodisiac, Stimulant Long Term Effects: Anthelmintic, anti-catarrhal, antidiabetic, anti-diarrhoeal, antifungal, antihemorrhagic, anti- inflammatory, anti-malarial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiseptic, astringent, diuretic. Negative/Overdose Risk: Asthma, bloating, constipation, dizziness, gas, hallucinations, loose stools, rash, weakness, mild gastrointestinal symptoms. Dependency: Users should be aware that as this plant is known to contain among others; Methamphetamine, Nicotine, 5-Meo-DMT, Amphetamine, DMT, Arginine and Mescaline, which can lead to dependency. Withdrawal: As this plant is known to contain among others; Methamphetamine, Nicotine, 5-Meo-DMT, Amphetamine, DMT, Arginine and Mescaline there may be withdrawal symptoms when this plant is consumed. Contraindications / Interactions: Use cautiously in patients taking Amoxicillin or Iron, patients with Respiratory Disorders. The fiber of Acacia may impair absorption of Oral Drugs. Tannins may contribute to Oral & Esophageal Cancer. MAO Inhibitor. Psychoactive Ingredient In: Ayahuasca Analogs, Beer (Africa – Dolo, Mexico – Pulque, Mayan – Balche), Incense (Binding Ingredient), Betel Quids. Legality: Contains two Schedule 1 substances, Mescaline and DMT, which are also controlled internationally. 25  Psychoactive Substances Angels Trumpet (Brugmansia spp.) Common Names: Amazonian Tree Datura, Angel’s Trumpet, Aromatic Angel’s Trumpet, Bloodred Angel’s Trumpet, Floripondio, Golden Angel’s Trumpet, Magnificent Angel’s Trumpet, Maikoa, Tree Datura, Toe. Classification: Depressant, Sedative Method of Use: Smoke, Tea. Legal Plants Classification: Narcotic, Pain Reliever Drug Effects: Drunk by Shamans for divination and diagnosis and as a hallucinogen. They respect it as very Classification: Hallucinogen, Psychedelic powerful plant and use it cautiously because it is said to be Classification: Aphrodisiac, Stimulant able to cause permanent insanity. Contains hyoscyamine, atropine, and scopolamine. Short Term Effects: CNS Depressant & Stimulant, Euphoria, Intense, Prophetic Dreams, Induces Sleep. Onset of effects within 15mins, total duration of 4 – 12 hours. After effects may include depression, amnesia, dilation of pupils. Long Term Effects: Anaesthetic, antiarrhythmic, anticholinergic, anticonvulsant, antideliriant, antidote, antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antitumor, antiviral, carminative, hyperkinetic, intoxicant, vasodilator, vermifuge. Negative/Overdose Risk: Blurred visions, coma, delusions, difficulty swallowing, dilated pupils, disorientation, dry mouth, headache, hot dry skin, incoherent speech, paralysis restless fatigue, vomiting. Large doses causes delirium and hallucinations that can last for days. After effects can last for weeks. Overdose can cause death. Contraindications / Interactions: MAO Inhibitor, must not be used by persons with cardiovascular disorders or glaucoma. Do not take if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. Interacts with anticholinergic drugs. Psychoactive Ingredient In: Beer, Toxic Honey, Ayahuasca, Snuff, Enema, Smoking Blends. Warning: B. Versicolor – temporary or permanent insanity. B. Suaveolens – hallucinating up to 3 days. Many people died from overdosing. Legality: Contains no controlled substances. 26  Section 2 - Legal Plants Ayahuasca Vine (Banisteriopsis caapi) Common Names: Ayahausca, Caapi, Vine of Soul, Vine of Dead, Yaje Method of Use: Drink. Drug Effects: This vine has been used with admixture plants for thousands of years to make sacred medicinal drinks Ayahuasca, Natema, Yahe etc. Containing Harmine and Harmaline, DMT and their derivatives that are known to Classification: Relaxant, Sedative have psychedelic and stimulant effects. Classification: Hallucinogen, Psychedelic Legal Plants Short Term Effects: Calming, feelings of tranquillity, cns stimulant, euphoric, fantasy increasing, increased colour, Classification: Aphrodisiac, Stimulant size changes, mood enhancing, visionary experiences. Long Term Effects: Anaesthetic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antimalarial, antitrypanosomic, cardiovascular, cytotoxic, desmutagenic, hyperkinetic, phototoxic, uteroactive, hypotensive. Negative/Overdose Risk: Convulsions, difficulty breathing, head rushes, laxative, trembling, lower heart rate, paralysis, perspiration, strong hallucinations, high dose – ataxia, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, shivering. Dependency: Studies on the consumption of Ayahuasca within a controlled context shows it not to be addictive. Withdrawal: The consumption of Ayahuasca within a controlled context does not produce any withdrawal syndrome, that is to say that people do not show any symptom of abstinence when they stop consuming it. Active Constituents: Bufotenine (5-Hydroxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine), 5-Meo-Dmt (5-Methoxy- N,N-Dimethyltryptamine), Acetylnorharmine, Dihydroshihunine, Harmaline, Harmalinic Acid, Harmalol, Harmanamide, Harmic-Acid-Methylester, Harmic-Amide, Harmine-N-Oxide, Harmine, Ketotetrahydronorharmine, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, N-Methyltryptamine, Saponin, Shihunine, Tetrahydroharmine. Contraindications / Interactions: It is dangerous to combine SSRI’s (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor) and MAOI’s. Doing So May Result In A Hypertensive Crisis! MAO Inhibitor. Psychoactive Ingredient In: Ayahuasca, Enema, Smoking Blends, Snuff. Legality: Contains DMT which is a Schedule 1 substance, Uncontrolled in United States, in Australia, harmala is a controlled substance, but the vine is not. In Canada, harmala is a schedule III substance, but the vine is not. 27  Psychoactive Substances Baybean (Canavalia maritima, C. rosea) Common Names: Beachbean, Frijo Lillo, Jackbean, Mackenzie Bean, Wild Jackbean, Wonderbean Classification: Depressant, Sedative Legal Plants Classification: Hallucinogen, Classification: Aphrodisiac, Method of Use: Smoke, Beans are edible, Seeds used as Coffee substitute. Drug Effects: Baybean is smoked on the Gulf Coast of Mexico as Marijuana substitute. Short Term Effects: Marijuana like high, feeling of calm. Long Term Effects: Anticancer, antifertility, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antispas- modic, antitumor, anti-ulcer, antiviral, tonic. Negative/Overdose Risk: Abortifacient, Antifertility. Contraindications / Interactions: MAO-Inhibitor. Psychoactive Ingredient In: Marijuana Substitute, Ex-Ses, Spike, Ice Bud, Blueberry Haze, Dream Incense, Dutch Haze. Legality: Contains no controlled substances. 28  Section 2 - Legal Plants Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) Common Names: Atropa, Deadly Nightshade, Death’s Herb, Devil’s Berry, Devils Cherries, Dwale, Nightshade, Mad Berry, Rage Berry, Sleeping Root, Witch’s Berry. Method of Use: Smoke, Tea or Eating Berries, Alcoholic Extracts, Liniments, Ointment, Suppositories. Classification: Depressant, Sedative Drug Effects: The belladonna alkaloids should only be used with great caution and rarely for pleasure as Classification: Narcotic, Pain Reliever Legal Plants hallucinations can be threatening, dark, demonic and profoundly terrifying. Extremely toxic, even moderate Classification: Deliriant, Poison, Hallucinogen doses could be fatal. Classification: Aphrodisiac, Stimulant Short Term Effects: Calm & stimulate CNS, stimulation low doses, tactile, visual & auditory hallucinations. Onset of effects within 3 – 4 hours, may effect vision for up to 4 days. Long Term Effects: Anaesthetic, antidote, antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, antineuralgic, antispasmodic, calmative, diuretic, laxative, excessive use may cause brain decomposition. Negative/Overdose Risk: Confusion, convulsions, crying, death, depression, difficulty swallowing, dilated pupils, drowsiness, dry mouth, fever, frenzy, hallucinations, headache, paralysis, rapid pulse, red face, sweat inducing, screaming, temporary memory loss, toxic. Dependency: Evidence of tolerance if used over a long period. Withdrawal: Symptoms may include anxiety, nausea, sleeplessness, body aches, seizures, and delirium. Active Constituents: Apoatropine, Atropamine, Atropine, Belladonnine, Bellaridine, Cuscohygrine, Delta-N-Methylornithine, Esculetin, Hellaradine, Homatropine, Hyoscyamine, L-Hyoscyamine, L-Scopolamine, Leukatropinic-Acid, Meteloidine, Methylpyrrolidine, Nicotine, Noratropine, Norhyoscyamine, Phytosterols, Pyridine, Scopine, Scopolamine, Scopoletin, Starch, Succinic-Acid, Tannin, Tropacocaine, Tropine. Contraindications / Interactions: Do not use if pregnant or breastfeeding. Interacts with anticholinergic medications. Warning: 100mg 10 – 20 Berries – LETHAL for Adult. 10 mg 2 -3 Berries – LETHAL for Child. In undoubted cases of poisoning, emetics & stomach-pump are resorted to at once, followed by dose of magnesia, stimulants & strong coffee, patient being kept very warm & artificial respiration being applied if necessary. Psychoactive Ingredient In: Incense, Psychoactive Beer, Wine, So-called Witches Ointments, Honey, Smoking Blends. Legality: Uncontrolled. Sale of Belladonna prohibited in Australia, Schedule 2 & 4. Uncontrolled in the United States. 29  Legal Drugs Betel Nut (Areca catechu) Common Names: Areca Nut, Areca Nut Palm, Areca Nut Tree, Areca Palm, Betel Nut, Betel Palm, Betel Quid, Betelnut Palm, Paans (the combination of Betel leaves, lime, & Betel Nut). Classification: Depressant, Sedative Method of Use: Chewed with Calcium Hydroxide (Edible Lime), Smoke. Legal Plants Classification: Pain Reliever Drug Effects: The leaves and nuts of this tropical palm Classification: Aphrodisiac, Stimulant tree form the basis of stimulant Betel Chew. Its widespread use and availability across India and other Asian cultures, makes it the most widely used stimulant in the world. The lime helps to release arecoline (stimulant). Short Term Effects: CNS stimulant, mild amphetamine effect, reduce stress, mild exhilaration, mood elevator, light aphrodisiac & euphoric effects. Onset of effects within 15 minutes with total duration of 3 – 5 hours. Long Term Effects: Anthelmintic, anti-diarrhoeal, antifertility, antimicrobial, antitumor, astringent cardiotonic, climacteric, diuretic, emmenagogue, laxative, sweeten breath, tonic. Negative/Overdose Risk: Blurred vision, convulsions, coma, death, diarrhoea, dilated pupils, dizziness, fever, flushing, irregular heartbeat, nausea, seizures, skin colour changes, tremors, urinary incontinence, vomiting, wheezing/difficulty breathing. Harmful on gums; may cause teeth, mouth, lips, & stool to become red stained, burning & dryness of mouth may occur. Dependency: Long-term users may form a dependence on the effects of betel. Withdrawal: Discontinuing use may cause signs of withdrawal, such as anxiety or memory lapse. Active Ingredients: Areca-Red, Arecaidine, Arecaine, Arecolidine, Arecoline, Ascorbic Acid, Beta-Carotene, Diosgenin, Gallic Acid, Guvacine, Guvacoline, Isoguvacine, Kryptogenin, Magnesium, N-Methyltyramine, Niacin, Octopamine, Phlobaphene-Tannin, Stearic-Acid, Synephrine, Thiamin, Zinc. Contraindications / Interactions: Should not be used in pregnancy due to its emmenagogue properties. Interacts with anticholinergic medications, procyclidine, medications used for glaucoma, alzheimer’s, and other conditions. Psychoactive Ingredient In: Oriental Joy Pills & Related Preparations, So-Called Witches Ointment, Wine, Betel Quid. Warning: 8 – 10g LETHAL: narcolepsy, sedation & death. Frequent use can stain teeth black and daily use is associated with increased risk of cancers of liver, mouth, stomach, prostate, cervix, lung, weakened sexual potency and habituation. Legality: Contains no controlled substances. 30  Section 2 - Legal Plants Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) Common Names: Chisil, Citrus amara, C. bigarradia, C. vulgaris, Fructus Aurantii, F. A. Immaturus, Green Orange, Methyl-Synephrine HCl, Neroli Oil, Seville Orange, Sour Orange, Synephrine HCl. Method of Use: Extracts, Capsules and Tablets Classification: Sedative Drug Effects: Used for thousands of years in ancient Chinese medicine to treat chest congestion and stimulate Classification: Pain Reliever Legal Plants gastrointestinal functions. In recent years this supplement has been promoted for appetite control. Contains Classification: Stimulant, Weight Loss Synephrine, which has ephedrine-like effects on the cardiovascular system. Short Term Effects: CNS depressant & sedative, tonic, carminative, and stomachic. Long Term Effects: Anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, antitussive, antiviral, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, stomachic, tonic. Negative/Overdose Risk: Increased blood pressure & body temperature, increased risk of heart irregularities, increased heartbeat, sweat inducing. Active Constituents: 4-Terpinenol, 4-Terpineol, Acetaldehyde, Alpha-Pinene, Alpha-Terpineol, Alpha- Terpinyl-Acetate, Ascorbic-Acid, Bergapten, Caprinaldehyde,Carvone, Caryophyllene, Citral, Citric- Acid, Citronellal, Citronellic-Acid, Citronellol, Ethanol, Farnesol, Formaldehyde, Formic-Acid, Geraniol, Geranyl-Acetate, Geranyl-Oxide, Hesperidin, Limonene, Linalool, Linalyl-Acetate, Magnesium, Myrcene, Nerol, Niacin, P-Cymene, Pelargonaldehyde, Pelargonic-Acid, Phenol, Potassium, Pyrrole, Rutoside, Sabinene, Stachydrine, Terpenyl-Acetate, Terpinen-4-Ol, Tetra-O-Methyl-Scutellarein, Thiamin, Thymol, Valencene. Contraindications / Interactions: Should not be used in pregnancy due to its emmenagogue properties. Mao inhibitor. Interacts with caffeine (excedrin, anacin, vivarin, and others), dextromethorphan (robitussin dm, and others), felodipine (plendil), indinavir (crixivan), medications changed by the liver, medications that can cause an irregular heartbeat (qt interval-prolonging drugs), stimulant drugs. Psychoactive Ingredient In: Weight Loss Remedies, Turbo III, Pure Bliss, Nirvana, Happy Caps, Diablo, Stargate, Stargate Resurrection, Crank Powder, Red Zone Caps, Blowout, Snow Blow, Charge Plus. Warning: May result in cardiovascular or other adverse effects similar to those induced by ephedra alkaloids. Legality: Contains no controlled substances. 31  Psychoactive Substances Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Co