Human Development PDF

Chapter 3 Human Development  Objectives Discuss how heredity and environment affect development Identify concepts in infant and childhood development Discuss parenting and attachment styles in relation to child development...

Chapter 3 Human Development  Objectives Discuss how heredity and environment affect development Identify concepts in infant and childhood development Discuss parenting and attachment styles in relation to child development Identify principles of moral, language and cognitive development 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 2  Discussion What is more important in defining who we are: heredity or the environment? Loading… Nature vs Nurture 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 3  Nature vs Nurture 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 4  Nature and Nurture Prenatal Postnatal Infancy and childhood Loading… Adolescence and Adulthood 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 5  Nature: Effects of Genetics The transmission of genes from both parents to form an offspring Heredity Eye color, skin color, physical size, susceptibility to diseases 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 6  Nature: Effects of Genetics Genome The nucleus of every cell has DNA (containing genetic code) DNA is organized into 46 chromosomes (23 from mother, 23 from father) A gene is one section of a chromosome Variations can either directly cause health conditions, others may only raise or lower the risk of a condition. 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 7  Nature: Effects of Genetics Dominant gene- controls the feature Recessive gene- must be paired with another recessive gene to be expressed 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 8  Nurture: Effect of the Environment Prenatal Environment Teratogens - an agent or factor which causes malformation of an embryo. Congenital Problems- problems that develop during prenatal development Fetal alcohol syndrome 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 9  Thalidomide 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 10  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Loading… 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 11  Accutane 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 12  Question What might you want to include in educating your adolescent female patient before starting Accutane for acne? What questions would you want to ask her? 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 13  Nurture: Effect of the Environment Postnatal Environment Sensitive Periods: a time when children are more susceptible to particular types of environmental influences Forming a loving bond with a caregiver early in life is crucial for optimal development 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 14  Nurture: Effect of the Environment Postnatal Environment Deprivation: the loss or withholding of normal stimulation, nutrition, comfort, love, etc. Enrichment: environment is deliberately made more stimulating, loving, etc. 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 15  Epigenetics The study of how behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way genes work. Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic changes are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence, but they can change how your body reads a DNA sequence. 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 16  Epigenetics Refers to how things like diet, physical activity, and stress levels can change not only our own health, but that of our children, grandchildren, etc. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=_aAhcNjmvhc 5:00 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 17  Physical Development 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 18  Physical Development Infant Reflexes Rooting-stroking infant’s cheek Gripping (palmar grasp) -finger is placed in infant’s hand who grips the finger Babinski- Toe curling stroking inside or outside of sole of foot Moro- (Startle)Throws head back and arms and legs move outward 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 19  Infant Motor Development 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 20  Sensory Development Neonates can see, hear, smell and respond to pain and touch Senses not as acute as adults Ex: can only see about one foot By six months: recognize categories of objects that differ in shape/color By one year: vision is as acute as adults 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 21  Language Development Shared signals including touching, vocalization, gazing and smiling lay a foundation for later language use Supports ability to express and understand feelings Helps in developing and maintaining relationships 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 22  Language development Parentese- a pattern of speech used when talking to infants, marked by a higher pitched voice, short, simple sentences, repetition, slower speech and exaggerated voice inflections 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 23  Emotional Development Basic emotions appear in a consistent order: Early: distress, contentment, interest, disgust Later (by 7 months): surprise, anger, fear, sadness, joy 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 24  Emotional Needs Contact comfort: a pleasant and reassuring feeling attained by touching or clinging to something soft and warm Emotional Attachment: Close emotional bond that infants form with parents, caregivers, or others For optimal development must occur during sensitive period (1st year) 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 25  Adolescence Length varies between cultures Emerging adulthood Puberty Accepted standards: Taking responsibility for oneself Making independent decisions Becoming financially independent 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 26  Adulthood Career Marriage Children Aging Parents Ageism – stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination directed against someone based solely on their age 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 27  Adulthood Young adulthood stable identify, meaningful love Middle adulthood Care of oneself, children and future generations midlife crisis- rethinking goals, preparing for old age Late adulthood looking back on life with acceptance and satisfaction 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 28  Successful aging Maintaining subjective well being general life satisfaction combined with frequent positive emotions and Loading… relatively few negative emotions 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 29  Impending death Elisabeth Kubler-Ross: emotional stages of impending death 1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 30  Social Development Erik Erikson (1963) Suggested we face a specific psychosocial dilemma or “crisis” at each stage of life Psychosocial dilemma: a conflict between personal impulses and the social world Resolving each dilemma creates a new balance between a person and society Unfavorable outcomes throw us off balance and personal growth is stunted 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 31 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 32  Erikson psychosocial Development https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F31T289Cf6E 3:57 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 33  Affectional Needs Contact comfort: a pleasant and reassuring feeling attained by touching or clinging to something soft and warm Separation anxiety: babies display signs of distress when a caregiver leaves. This is a direct sign that an emotional bond has formed Temperament : General pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is 12/28/2024 evident from birth PRESENTATION TITLE 34  Attachment Emotional bonding between an infant and its caregivers that results from infants’ feelings of security with the caregiver in times of stress or uncertainty 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 35  Attachment Style 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 36  Parenting / Parenting Styles Authoritarian- rigid rules, demand obedience Children tend to be withdrawn and lack curiosity Overly Permissive- provide little guidance. Allow too much freedom, or don’t hold children accountable for their actions Children tend to be self indulgent, lack self-control, “spoiled” Authoritative - Provide firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection. Children tend to be competent, self-controlled, independent, and assertive Avoidant – Unmet emotional needs Children may become very independent and have problems with relationships 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 37  Considerations in Parenting Ethnic Differences Cultural Differences Paternal parenting Grandparents raising grandchildren 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 38  Cognitive Development Thinking, learning, memory and problem solving Jean Piaget (1896- 1980) Understood children think differently than adults Early insights into how children develop cognitive skills and understand how knowledge grows throughout adulthood Children sort acquired knowledge through their experiences and interactions into groupings called Schemas. When new information is acquired, it can either be assimilated into existing schemas (applied to new objects or problems) or accommodated (modified) through revising an existing schema or creating an entirely new category of information 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 39  Cognitive Development 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 40  Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhcgYgx7aAA 6:55 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 41  Moral Development Specific values that, along with appropriate emotions and cognitions, guide responsible behavior Morality- the distinction between right and wrong Moral reasoning- to engage in reasoning between the two 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 42 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 43 Kohlberg Theory of Moral Development https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bounwXLkme4 6:45 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 44  Ethical Behavior Behaving in a manner that follows your beliefs and social norms about what is right and good Promoting Ethical Behavior Recognize everyday ethical challenges Anticipate Conditions that influence ethical responses Plan how to manage ethical challenges 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 45  Next class Exam chapters 1-3 Homework chapter 3 due Chapter 4 Sensation, Attention and Perception 12/28/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 46