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Ability Tests Achievement Tests ○ Wide Range Achievement Test (Sidney W. Bijou and Joseph Jastak) Target population: ages 5-85+ Purpose: assess and monitor the reading, spelling, and math skills, and helps identify possible learning...

Ability Tests Achievement Tests ○ Wide Range Achievement Test (Sidney W. Bijou and Joseph Jastak) Target population: ages 5-85+ Purpose: assess and monitor the reading, spelling, and math skills, and helps identify possible learning disabilities Factors measured: Word Reading- measures untimed letter identification and word recognition. The examinee reads aloud a list of letters/words Sentence Comprehension- measures the ability to identify the meaning of words and to comprehend the ideas and information in a sentence using an untimed modified cloze procedure Spelling- measures an individual's ability to write letters and words from dictation without a time limit Math Computation- measures an individual's ability to count, identify numbers, solve simple oral math problems, and calculate written math problems with a time limit Time Limit: ages 5-7- 15-25 minutes ages 8+- 35-45 minutes Versions: Original- 1941 (WRAT-1); Latest- 2017 (WRAT-5) Scales: Overall Composite Reading Composite- Word Reading + Sentence Comprehension Intelligence Tests ○ Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test-5 (Gale H. Roid) Target population: ages 2-89 Purpose: to diagnose learning disabilities and exceptional abilities Factors measured: (FR) Fluid Reasoning- the ability to solve verbal and nonverbal problems using inductive or deductive reasoning (K) Knowledge- a person’s accumulated fund of general information acquired at home, school, or work (QR) Quantitative Reasoning- an individual’s facility with numbers and numerical problem solving, whether with word problems or with pictured relationships (VsP) Visual-spatial processing- measures an individual’s ability to see patterns, relationships, spatial orientations, or the gestalt among diverse pieces of a visual display (WM) Working Memory- a class of memory processes in which diverse information stored in short-term memory is inspected, sorted, or transformed Nonverbal Subsets Verbal Subsets Nonverbal Knowledge Verbal Fluid Reasoning Nonverbal Quantitative Verbal Quantitative Reasoning Reasoning Nonverbal Visual Spatial Verbal Visual Spatial  Processing Processing Nonverbal Working Memory Verbal Working Memory Nonverbal Fluid Reasoning Verbal Knowledge (used as (used as a routing subtest) a routing subtest) Time Limit: Full Scale IQ- 45-75 minutes V & NV Scales- 30 minutes each Abbreviated Battery IQ (2 routing subtests)- 15-20 minutes Individual Scales- 15-75 minutes Versions: Original- 1916 (Simon-Binet translated); Latest- 2003 (SB-5) Scales: Full Scale IQ (10 subsets) Domain scores (V & NV IQ) 5 Factor Indexes (FR/K/QR/VsP/WM) IQ Classification: Measured IQ Range Category 145 – 160 Very gifted or highly advanced 130 – 144 Gifted or very advanced 120 – 129 Superior 110 – 119 High Average 90 – 109 Average 80 – 89 Low Average 70 – 79 Borderline impaired or delayed 55 – 69 Mildly impaired or delayed 40 – 54 Moderately impaired or delayed ○ Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales-IV (David Wechsler) Target population: ages 16-90 and 11 months Purpose: to assess intellectual ability of adults Domains measured: (VC) Verbal Comprehension- reflects an individual’s ability to understand, use and think with spoken language—retrieval from long-term memory (PR) Perceptual Reasoning- reflects an individual’s ability to accurately interpret, organize and think with visual information—nonverbal reasoning skills (WM) Working Memory- reflects an individual’s ability to take in and hold information in immediate awareness and then perform a mental operation on that information—mental manipulation of number operations (QR) Processing Speed- reflects an individual’s ability to process simple or routine visual information quickly and efficiently—visual and motor speed  Time Limit: Full Scale IQ- 59-100 minutes Versions: Original- 1939 (Wechsler-Bellevue); Latest- 2008 (WAIS-IV) Scales Removed from the Old Scales Added to the New Version Version Object Assembly Visual Puzzles Picture Arrangement Figure Weights Digit SYmbol-Incidental Cancellations Learning Digit Symbol-Copy Scales: Full Scale IQ (4 main scales and their subsets) Verbal Comprehension Index Perceptual Reasoning Index (PCI) (VCI) Core subsets Core subsets ○ Similarities ○ Block Design ○ Vocabulary ○ Matrix Reasoning ○ Information ○ Visual Puzzles Supplementary subsets Supplementary subsets ○ Comprehension ○ Picture Completion ○ Figure Weights Working Memory Index (WMI) Processing Speed Index (PSI) Core subsets Core subsets ○ Digit Span ○ Symbol Search ○ Arithmetic ○ Coding Supplementary subsets Supplementary subsets ○ Letter-Number ○ Cancellation Sequencing Notes: FSIQ—significantly influenced by WMI and PSI General Ability Index (GAI)—significantly influenced by VCI and PRI Subsets ○ Similarities- client is asked to identify the qualitative relationship between pairs of words ○ Vocabulary- requires the client to try to define up to 30 words ○ Information- aimed at determining how much general knowledge the client has accumulated from their environment ○ Comprehension- the individual is asked questions about social and other situations ○ Block Design- consists of two-dimensional designs which the client tries to copy using three dimensional blocks ○ Matrix Reasoning- a nonverbal reasoning task in which individuals are asked to identify patterns in designs ○ Picture Completion- the examinee views a picture with an important part missing and identifies the missing part ○ Figure Weights- an examinee views scales with missing weights and selects the response option that is best suited to keep the scales balanced  ○ Digit Span- individual tries to repeat digits forward (Digit Span Forward), individual tries to repeat digits backward (Digit Span Backward), and individual tries to repeat digits in ascending order (Digit Span Sequencing) ○ Arithmetic- consists of a series of mental arithmetic questions ○ Letter-Number Sequencing- the individual is read a series of letters and numbers and is required to repeat them back with the letters in alphabetical order and the numbers in numerical order ○ Visual Puzzles- individuals view a completed puzzle and then select three response options that can be combined to reconstruct the puzzle ○ Symbol Search- The client, under time pressure, scans a search group and indicates whether one of the symbols in the target group matches ○ Coding- individuals are asked to record associations between different symbols and numbers within time limits ○ Cancellation- requires that subjects scan a structured arrangement of colored shapes and mark the targets and avoid the distractors Other Wechsler Scales: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for 6–16 years and 11 months old Children V (WISC-V) Wechsler Preschool and Primary 2.5–7.5 years old School Intelligence (WPPSI-IV) Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of 6 years old – 90 years Intelligence II (WASI-II) (Short Form of WAIS) Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) (for 16-90 years and 11 months old memory functions) ○ Purdue Non-Language Test (PNLT) (Joseph Tiffin, Alin Grubner & Kay Inaba) Target population: ages 13 years old and above Purpose: to measure general mental ability in a “culture fair” manner Domains measured: Abstract Reasoning Time Limit: 25 minutes Versions: Original- 1958 ○ Culture Fair Intelligence Test (Raymond B. Cattell) Target population: Scale 1: 4-8 years and older, mentally handicapped individuals Scale 2: 8–14 years old and average adults Scale 3: 14 to college students and adults of superior intelligence Purpose: to measure fluid Intelligence Domains measured:  Series- the individual is presented with incomplete, progressive matrices. His task is to select, from among the choices provided, the answer which best continues the series Classifications- the individual is presented with 5 figures. In scale 2, you must select one which is different from the other four. In scale 3, he must correctly identify two figures which are in some way different from 3 others Matrices- The task is to correctly complete the design or matrix presented at the left of each row Conditions (Topology)- Requires the individual to select, from the five choices provided, the one which duplicates the conditions given in the far left box Time Limit: Test 1: Series- 3 minutes Test 2: Classifications- 4 minutes Test 3: Matrices- 3 minutes Test 4: Topology- 2.5 minutes Versions: Original- 1949 ○ SRA Verbal and Nonverbal Tests (L.L. Thurstone and Thelma Gwinn Thurstone) Target population: SRA Verbal: persons who are familiar with the English language SRA Nonverbal: persons with reading difficulties, illiterates, and foreign born Purpose: SRA Verbal- to measure an individual's adaptability and flexibility in problem solving SRA Nonverbal- to measure general intelligence independent of English language knowledge Domains measured: SRA Verbal SRA Nonverbal Vocabulary (Linguistic) Arithmetic Reasoning (Quantitative) Time Limit: SRA Verbal- 15 minutes; SRA Nonverbal- 10 minutes Versions: First SRA Verbal and Nonverbal Tests- 1947 ○ Test of Nonverbal Intelligence Target population: ages 6-89 years and 11 months Purpose: for examining general intellectual functioning, diagnosing intellectual impairments or supporting a special service need Domains measured: Abstract Reasoning and Problem Solving Time Limit: 15-20 minutes Versions: Original- 1982 (TONI-1), Latest- 2010 (TONI-4) ○ Raven’s Progressive Matrices (John C. Raven) Target population: diverse populations Purpose: to measure general human intelligence and abstract reasoning  Domains measured: Abstract Reasoning Time Limit: untimed, but usually takes 20-45 minutes Versions: Standard Progressive Coloured Progressive Advanced Matrices Matrices Progressive Matrices intended for general intended for Intended for the population children and elderly top 20% of the 6-16 years and also people and people population adults of average with moderate or black ink, white intelligence severe learning background black ink, white difficulties items become background colored background increasingly items become Individual or Group difficult increasingly difficult Individual or Group Individual or Group ○ Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests (Richard Woodcock and Mary E. Bonner Johnson) Target population: ages 2-90+ Purpose: to measure ability for academic achievement, oral language, scholastic aptitude, and overall cognitive skills Domains measured: aspects of 7 different broad CHC abilities G General factor Gf General Factor - Fluid Intelligence Gv General Factor - Visual-spatial ability Gs General Factor - Processing Speed Glr General Factor - Long Term Retrieval Ga General Factor - Auditory Processing Gsm General Factor - Short Term Memory Gc General Factor - Crystallized Intelligence Time Limit: 5-10 minutes per subtest Versions: Original- 1977 (WJ-1), 2nd ed.- 1989 (WJ-II), 3rd ed.- 2001 (WJ-III), Latest- 2014 (WJ-IV) Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities- used to identify learning problems and individual strengths and weaknesses Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement- a test battery used to measure math and reading proficiency and compare academic achievement in relation to the subject’s academic knowledge Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Oral Language- a test battery used to assess language proficiency Aptitude Tests ○ Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (Arthur Otis and Roger Lennon) Target population: kindergarten- Grade 12 Purpose: to provide a marker for measuring individual year-to-year progress Domains measured:  Verbal Comprehension- evaluate a child's ability to observe and comprehend relationships between words, to build sentences, and to understand different definitions of words based on context Verbal Reasoning- assesses a child's ability to determine relationships between words, to observe similarities and differences, and to apply conclusions in different scenarios Pictorial Reasoning- evaluates a child's ability to reason using different images and illustrations, to find similarities and differences, and to comprehend and continue progressions Figural Reasoning- assess a child's ability to utilize geometric shapes and figures in order to determine relationships, comprehend and continue progressions, and compare and contrast different figures Quantitative Reasoning- assesses a child's ability to determine relationships with numbers as well as figure out and utilize computational rules Verbal Applicability Verbal Following Directions Level A-C Comprehension Antonyms Level D–G Sentence Completion Level D–G Sentence Arrangement Level D–G Verbal Aural Reasoning Level A-C Reasoning Arithmetic Reasoning Level A–G Logical Selection Level D–G Word/Letter Matrix Level D–G Verbal Analogies Level D–G Verbal Classification Level D–G Inference Level E–G Nonverbal Applicability Pictorial Picture Classification Level A-C Reasoning Picture Analogies Level A–C Picture Series Level A Figural Figural Classification Level A-D Reasoning Figural Analogies Level A-G Pattern Matrix Level A-G Figural Series Level A-G Quantitative Number Series Level D-G Reasoning Numeric Inference Level D-G Number Matrix Level D-G Time Limit: 60-75 minutes Versions: Original- 1979 (OLSAT-1); Latest- 2003 (OLSAT-8) Grade OLSAT Test Level Kindergarten OLSAT Level A Grade 1 OLSAT Level B  Grade 2 OLSAT Level C Grade 3 OLSAT Level D Grade 4-5 OLSAT Level E Grade 6-8 OLSAT Level F Grade 9-12 OLSAT Level G ○ Differential Aptitude Tests (George Kettner Bennett, Harold G. Seashore, Alexander G. Wesman) Target population: Grade 7-12 and adults Purpose: assess general and specific mental abilities that relate to a wide variety of positions to ensure that people have the competencies required in order to succeed Domains measured: Verbal Reasoning- measures the ability of a student to see relationships among words Numerical Ability- measures the ability to perform mathematical reasoning tasks Abstract reasoning- assesses how well individuals can reason geometric shapes or design Perceptual Speed and Accuracy- measures the ability to compare and mark written lists quickly and accurately Mechanical Reasoning- measures the ability to understand basic mechanical principles of machinery, tools, and motion Space Relations- measures the ability to visualize a three-dimensional object from a two dimensional pattern and to visualize how this object would look if rotated in space Spelling- measures how well the student can spell common English words Language Use- measures the ability to detect errors in grammar, punctuation, and capitalization Time Limit: 2 hours 23 minutes for complete battery; 6-20 minutes per test Versions: Original-1947, Latest- 1990 (DAT-5) DAT Form R – (Grades 7 to 10 - Standard Form) DAT Form S – (Grades 7 to 10 - Advanced Form) DAT Form K – (Grades 10 to 12 and Adults - Standard Form) DAT Form L – (Grades 10 to 12 and Adults - Advanced Form_ Scales: Educational Aptitude= Verbal Reasoning + Numerical Reasoning General INtelligence= Verbal Reasoning + Numerical Reasoning + Abstract Reasoning ○ Flanagan Industrial Tests (John C. Flanagan) Target population: college bound high-school juniors and seniors and adults in personnel selection programs  Purpose: used for selection, placement, reassignment, and vocational counseling and help employers select potential employees Domains measured: Arithmetic- ability to add, subtract, multiply and divide Assembly- ability to visualize how separate pieces will look as a whole Components- ability to identify a simple figure that is part of a complete drawing Coordination- ability to control hand and arm movements while working through a series of mazes Electronics- ability to understand electrical and electronic principles as well as analyze diagrams of electrical circuits Expression- knowledge of correct grammar and sentence structure Ingenuity- ability to think of ingenious and effective ways of solving problems Inspection- ability to spot imperfections or flaws in a series of objects Judgment and Comprehension- ability to read and comprehend given information Mathematics and Reasoning- ability to reason through mathematical word problems Mechanics- ability to understand mechanical principles and analyze mechanical movement Memory- ability to memorize different terms and their meanings Patterns- ability to perceive and reproduce pattern outlines accurately Planning- ability to plan, organize and schedule various types of activities Precision- capacity for precision work with small objects Scales- ability to read scales, graphs, and charts Tables- ability to read tables quickly and accurately Vocabulary- knowledge of words used in business and government environments Time Limit: 5-15 minutes per test Versions: Original- 1960 Typical Performance Tests Personality Tests ○ Normal Personality NEO Personality Inventory (Paul Costa and Robert McCrae) Target population: 17 years to 89 years Purpose: provides a detailed assessment of normal personality Domains measured: ○ Openness to Experience- the active seeking and appreciation of experiences for their own sake ○ Conscientiousness- assesses the degree of organization, persistence, control, motivation in goal-directed behavior ○ Extraversion- the quantity and intensity of preferred interpersonal interactions, activity level, need for stimulation, and capacity for joy ○ Agreeableness- the kinds of interactions an individual prefers along a continuum from compassion to antagonism  ○ Neuroticism- the chronic level of emotional adjustment and instability Openness to Experience Fantasy Aesthetics Feelings Actions Ideas Values Conscientiousness Competence Order Dutifulness Achievement striving Self-discipline Deliberation Extraversion Warmth Gregariousness Assertiveness Activity Excitement-seeking Positive emotions Agreeableness Trust Straightforwardness Altruism Compliance Modesty Tender-mindedness Neuroticism Anxiety Angry hostility Depression Self-conscientiousness Impulsiveness Vulnerability Time Limit: 30-40 minutes Versions: Original- 1985 (NEO-PI); Revised- 1992 (NEO-PI-R); 3rd Edition- 2002 (NEO-PI-3) ○ Form S- self-report format ○ Form R- administered by an observer Validity Scales: ○ Positive Presentation Management (PPM)- intended to identify respondents claiming uncommon virtues and/or denying common faults ○ Negative Presentation Management (NPM)- intended to identify respondents claiming uncommon faults and/or denying common virtues ○ Inconsistency (INC)- designed to detect random responding Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Isabell Briggs Myers) Target population: 13 years and older  Purpose: to help people understand personality differences in the general population. Domains measured: ○ Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I)- ways to direct and receive energy Extroversion (E)- gets energy from the outer world of people and experiences; focuses energy and attention outwards in action Introversion (I)- gets energy from the inner world of reflections and thoughts; focuses energy and attention inwards in reflection ○ Sensing (S) or Intuition (N)- ways to take in information Sensing (S)- prefers real information coming from the five senses; focuses on what is real. Intuition (N)- prefers information coming from associations; focuses on possibilities and what might be. ○ Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)- ways to decide and come to conclusions Thinking (T)- steps out of situations to analyze them dispassionately; prefers to make decisions on the basis of objective logic. Feeling (F)- steps into situations to weigh human values and motives; prefers to make decisions on the basis of values ○ Judging (J) or Perceiving(P)- ways to approach the outside world Judging (J)- prefers to live life in a planned and organized manner; enjoys coming to closure and making a decision Perceiving(P)- prefers to live life in a spontaneous and adaptable way; enjoys keeping options open Time Limit: no time limit 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (R.B. Cattell) Target population: 16 years and above Purpose: to provide a thorough, research-based map of normal personality Domains measured: Primary factors- basic definition of individual personality differences;more detailed information about the richness and uniqueness of the individual. Global factors- second-order; higher and more theoretical definitions of the personality; provide a broad overview of personality.  Primary Factor Low High (A) Warmth Reserved, Warm, outgoing, impersonal, distant, attentive to others, cool, reserved, kindly, easygoing, impersonal, participating, likes detached, formal, people aloof (B) Reasoning Concrete-thinking, Abstract-thinking, lower general more intelligent, mental capacity, bright, higher less intelligent, general mental unable to handle capacity, fast abstract problems learner (C) Emotional Reactive, Emotionally stable, Stability emotionally adaptive, mature, changeable, faces reality, calm affected by feelings, emotionally less stable, easily upset (E) Dominance Deferential, Dominant, forceful, cooperative, avoids assertive, conflict, submissive, aggressive, humble, obedient, competitive, easily led, docile, stubborn, bossy accommodating (F) Liveliness Serious, restrained, Lively, animated, prudent, taciturn, spontaneous, introspective, silent enthusiastic, happy-go-lucky, cheerful, expressive, impulsive (G) Expedient, Rule-conscious, Rule-Consciousness nonconforming, dutiful, disregards rules, conscientious, self-indulgent conforming, moralistic, staid, rule-bound (H) Social Boldness Shy, Socially bold, threat-sensitive, venturesome, timid, hesitant, thick-skinned, intimidated uninhibited, can take stress  (I) Sensitivity Utilitarian, objective, Sensitive, unsentimental, aesthetic, tough-minded, sentimental, self-reliant, tender-minded, no-nonsense, rough intuitive, refined (V) Vigilance Trusting, Vigilant, unsuspecting, suspicious, accepting, skeptical, wary, unconditional, easy distrustful, oppositional (M) Abstractedness Grounded, practical, Abstracted, prosaic, imaginative, solution-oriented, absent-minded, steady, conventional impractical, absorbed in ideas (N) Privateness Forthright, genuine, Private, discreet, artless, open, non-disclosing, guileless, naive, shrewd, polished, unpretentious, worldly, astute, involved astute, diplomatic (O) Apprehension Self-assured, Apprehensive, unworried, self-doubting, complacent, secure, worried, free of guilt, guilt-prone, confident, insecure, worrying, self-satisfied self-blaming (Q1) Openness to Traditional, attached Open to change, Change to familiar, experimenting, conservative, liberal, analytical, respecting critical, traditional ideas free-thinking, flexibility (Q2) Self-Reliance Group-oriented, Self-reliant, solitary, affiliative, a joiner resourceful, and follower, individualistic, dependent self-sufficient (Q3) Perfectionism Tolerates disorder, Perfectionist, unexacting, flexible, organized, undisciplined, lax, compulsive, self-conflict, self-disciplined, impulsive, careless socially precise, of social rules, exacting will power, uncontrolled control, self-sentimental  (Q4) Tension Relaxed, placid, Tense, high energy, tranquil, torpid, impatient, driven, patient, composed, frustrated, low drive over-wrought, has high drive, time-driven Global Factors Low High 16PF Extraversion Introverted, Extraverted, A+, F+, socially inhibited social H+, N-, participant Q2- Anxiety Low anxiety, High anxiety, C-, L+, relaxed, tense, O+, Q4+ imperturbable, perturbable, well-adjusted histrionic Tough-Mindedne Receptive, Tough-minded A-, I-, ss / Willpower open-minded, , resolute, M-, Q1- intuitive, non-empatheti emotionality, c, determined feeling Independence Accommodating Independence E+, H+, , agreeable, , persuasive, L +, Q1+ selfless, wilful subdued Self-Control Unrestrained, Self-controlled F-, G+, impulsive, , inhibiting M-, Q3+ uncontrolled impulses Time Limit: 30-50 minutes Versions: Revisions: 1956, 1962,1968,1993 Validity Scales: ○ Impression Management (IM) scale- a bipolar scale with high scores reflecting a preponderance of socially desirable responses and low scores reflecting a preponderance of socially undesirable responses ○ Acquiescence (ACQ) scale- indexes the degree to which the examinee agreed with items regardless of what was being asked ○ Infrequency (INF) scale- comprises the most statistically infrequent responses on the test, which are all middle (b) responses and appear in the test booklet with a question mark  Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (Allen Louis Edwards) Target population: 16-85 years old Purpose: - Personal counseling; recruitment tool - To provide researchers in career development with a quick and convenient measure of a number of relatively independent personality variables, or needs. Domains measured: Need system of Henry Murray Variables Trait Definition i Achievement (ach) A need to accomplish tasks well ii Deference (def) A need to conform to customs and defer to others iii Order (ord) A need to plan well and be organized iv Exhibition (exh) A need to be the center of attention in a group v Autonomy (aut) A need to be free of responsibilities and obligations vi Affiliation (aff) A need to form strong friendships and attachments vii intraception (int) A need to analyze behaviors and feelings of others viii Succorance (suc) A need to receive support and attention from others ix Dominance (dom) A need to be a leader and influence others x Abasement (abe) A need to accept blame for problems and confess errors to others xi Nurturance (nur) A need to be of assistance to others xii Change (cha) A need to seek new experiences and avoid routine  xii Endurance (end) A need to follow through on tasks and complete assignments xiii Heterosexuality (het) A need to be associated with and attractive to members of the opposite sex xiv Aggression (agg) A need to express one’s opinion and be critical of others Time Limit: 45 minutes Validity Scales: EPPS has used the last 15 items to offer the candidate the same item twice, using the results to calculate a consistency score. The results will be considered valid if the consistency checks for more than 9 out of 15 paired items. California Psychological Inventory (Harrison G. Gough) Target population: normal individuals aged 12 and older Purpose: assess the everyday "folk-concepts" that ordinary people use to describe the behavior of the people around them Domains measured: Dominance Good Impression Capacity for Status Communality Sociability Sense of Well-Being Social Presence Tolerance Self-Acceptance Achievement via Conformance Independence Achievement via Independence Empathy Intellectual Efficiency Responsibility Psychological-Mindedness Socialization Flexibility Self-Control Femininity-Masculinity Time Limit: 45-60 minutes ○ Psychopathology Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory II (Stuart Hathaway and Charley Mckinley) Target population: psychiatric patients Purpose: to assess and diagnose mental illness; legal cases Domains measured: Code Clinical Scales Definition 1 Hypochondriasis (Hs) Excessive bodily concern; Somatic symptoms 2 Depression (D) Depressed: pessimistic; irritable; demanding  3 Hysteria (Hy) Physical symptoms of functional origin; self-centered; demand attention 4 Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) Asocial or antisocial; rebellious; impulsive or poor judgment 5 Masculinity- Femininity (Mf) Male: aesthetic interest Female: assertive; competitive; self- confident 6 Paranoia (Pa) Suspicious; sensitive; resentful; rigid; maybe frankly psychotic. 7 Psychasthenia (Pt) Anxious; worried; obsessive; lacks of self-confidence; problems in decision-making 8 Schizophrenia (Sc) May have thinking disturbance; withdrawn; feels alienated and unaccepted 9 Mania (Ma) Excessive activity; lacks direction; low frustration tolerance; friendly 0 Social-introversion (Si) Socially introverted; shy; sensitive; overcontrolled, conforming Time Limit: 60-90 minutes Versions: ○ MMPI-2-RF (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2- restructured Form) ○ MMPI-A- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- Adolescent (14-18 years old) ○ MMPI-A-RF(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent-Restructured Form) ○ MMPI-3 Validity Scales: Abbreviation Name Description CNS "Cannot Say" Questions not answered (left blank or both True and False)  L "Lie" / Uncommon Intentional under-reporting of Virtues symptoms (faking good) F Infrequency Over-reporting symptoms (in first half of test) K Defensiveness Unintentional under-reporting of symptoms (e.g. defensiveness, denial) (faking good) Fb F Back Over-reporting symptoms (in last half of test) VRIN Variable Response Answering similar/opposite Inconsistency question pairs inconsistently TRIN True Response Answering questions all true/all Inconsistency false F-K F minus K Honesty of test responses/not faking good or bad S Superlative Improving upon K scale, Self-Presentation "appearing excessively good" Fp F-psychopathology Over-reporting symptoms in individuals with psychopathology FBS "Faking Bad Scale" Over-reporting somatic or / Symptom Validity cognitive symptoms in disability/personal injury claimants RBS Response Bias Exaggerated memory Scale complaints in forensic settings or disability claims  Fs Infrequent Somatic Overreporting of somatic Response symptoms CRIN Combined Combination of random and Response fixed inconsistent responding Inconsistency Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory 3rd edition (Theodore Millon) Target population: psychiatric patients Purpose: assessment for psychiatrist disorder; to help diagnose and treat personality disorder Domains measured: ○ affective disorder ○ personality disorder ○ psychotic disorder ○ somatization disorder and others (2A) Avoidant (1)Schizoid (2B)Melancholic (4B)Turbulent (4A) Histrionic Clinical Personality Scales (3) Dependent (6A) Antisocial (5) Narcissistic (7) Compulsive (6B) Sadistic (8B) Masochistic (8A) Negativistic (P) Paranoid Severe Personality Scales (C) Borderline (S) Schizotypal (A) Generalized Anxiety (H) Bipolar Spectrum  (D) Persistent Depression Clinical Syndrome Scales (B) Alcohol Dependence (T) Drug Dependence (H) Somatoform (R) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PP) Delusional Disorder Severe Clinical Syndrome Scales (CC) Major Depression (SS) Schizophrenic Spectrum Time Limit: 25-30 minutes Versions: ○ MCMI-I ○ MCMI-II ○ MCMI-III ○ MCMI-IV ○ Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory-II Validity Scales: ○ Modifying Indices Disclosure Scale (X)- measures whether the person was open in the assessment, or if they were unwilling to share details about his/her history Desirability Scale (Y)- measures whether the person is presenting himself in a positive light Debasement Scale (Z)- measures whether the person is presenting himself in a negative light ○ Random Response Indicators Validity Scale (V)- contains a number of improbable items which may indicate questionable results if endorsed Inconsistency Scale (W)- detects differences in responses to pairs of items that should be endorsed similarly Personality Assessment Inventory (Leslie Morey) Target population: 18-89 years old Purpose: Comprehensively assessed adult psychopathology Domains measured: ○ Clinical Scales: Somatic concerns (SOM) measures a respondent's physical concerns and complaints. Anxiety (ANX) measures a respondent's general feelings of tension, worry, and nervousness.  Anxiety Related Disorders (ARD) measures more specific anxiety symptoms that relate to different categories of anxiety disorders. Depression (DEP) measures a respondent's general feelings of worthlessness, sadness, and lethargy. Mania (MAN) measures a respondent's level of high energy and excitability. Paranoia (PAR) measures a respondent's suspiciousness and concern about others harming them. Schizophrenia (SCZ) measures a respondent's unusual sensory experiences, bizarre thoughts, and social detachment. Borderline features (BOR) measures a respondent's problems with identity, emotional instability, and problems with friendships. Antisocial features (ANT) measures a respondent's level of cruel/criminal behavior and selfishness. Alcohol Problems (ALC) measures a respondent's problems with excessive drinking. Drug Problems (DRG) measures a respondent's problems with excessive recreational drug use. ○ Treatment Consideration Scales Aggression (AGG) measures the respondent's different kinds of aggressive behaviors toward others. Suicidal ideation (SUI) measures a respondent's frequency and severity of suicidal thoughts and plans. Nonsupport (NON) measures how socially isolated a respondent feels, and how little support the respondent reports having. Stress (STR) measures the controllable and uncontrollable hassles and stressors reported by the respondent. Treatment rejection (RXR) measures certain attributes of the respondent that are known to be related to psychological treatment adherence, including motivation, willingness to accept responsibility, and openness to change and new ideas. ○ Interpersonal Scales Dominance (DOM) measures the degree to which a respondent acts dominant, assertive, and in control in social situations. Warmth (WRM) measures the degree to which a respondent acts kind, empathic, and engaging in social situations. Time Limit: 50-60 minutes Validity Scales:  ○ Inconsistency (ICN) is the degree to which respondents answer similar questions in different ways. ○ Infrequency (INF) is the degree to which respondents rate extremely bizarre or unusual statements as true. ○ Positive Impression (PIM) is the degree to which respondents describe themselves in a positive or overly positive light. ○ Negative Impression (NIM) is the degree to which respondents describe themselves in a negative or overly negative light; though this scale may also indicate severe levels of distress. Attitude Tests ○ Satisfaction with Life Scale (Ed Diener) Target population: age 10 and above Purpose: to assess satisfaction with people life as whole Domains measured: global life satisfaction Time Limit: 1 minute Projective Techniques Completion ○ Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) (Julian Rotter & Janet E. Rafferty) Target population: high school, college, and adults Purpose: screen for adjustment problems, to facilitate case conceptualization and diagnosis, and to monitor treatment Domains measured: intended to detect psychological maladjustment Time Limit: 20-40 minutes Versions: RISB-2 ○ Sachs Sentence Completion Test (SSCT) (Joseph M. Sacks & Sidney Levy) Target population: Adults Purpose: to explore specific clusters of attitudes or significant areas of an individual's life (Family, Sex, Interpersonal Relationship, and Self-concept) Domains measured: measures attitude towards the following: Family ○ Attitude toward mother ○ Attitude toward father ○ Attitude toward family unit Sex ○ Attitude toward woman ○ Attitude toward heterosexual relationship Interpersonal relationship ○ Attitude toward friends and acquaintances ○ Attitude toward colleagues at work or school ○ Attitude toward supervisor at work or school ○ Attitude toward people supervised  Self-concept ○ Attitude toward fear ○ Attitude toward guilt feelings ○ Attitude toward own abilities ○ Attitude toward past ○ Attitude toward future Time Limit: it can be administered individually or to groups, and requires from 20 to 40 minutes completion time ○ Purpose in Life Tests—Part B (Sentence Completion) (Crumbaugh & Maholick) Target population: 13 and older Purpose: measure the extent to which a respondent perceives a general sense of meaning and purpose in life or respectively suffers from an “existential vacuum” Domains measured: measures an active, emotionally stable, goal-oriented, positive direction of life Time Limit: untimed (but usually takes less than 15 minutes to complete) Versions: Consists of Three (Part A: Objective Part, Part B: Sentence Completion, & Part C: Essay) Expressive ○ Draw-a-Person (DAP) Test (Florence Goodenough) Target population: 4 to 10 years old Purpose: to assist professionals in inferring children's cognitive developmental levels with little or no influence of other factors such as language barriers or special needs Domains measured: measure of intellectual maturation in children, to elicit personality type and unconscious material, and as part of neuropsychological test batteries Time Limit: untimed (children rarely take longer than about 10 or 15 minutes to complete all three drawings) Versions: DAP:IQ, DAP:SPED ○ House-Tree-Person (HTP) Test (John Buck and Emmanuel Hammer) Target population: 3 and above Purpose: measures aspects of a person’s personality through interpretation of drawings and responses to questions Domains measured: the test taker is asked to draw houses, trees, and persons, and these drawings provide a measure of self-perceptions, attitudes, and sometimes brain damage. Time Limit: untimed but usually children take 150 minutes on an average to complete Versions: Synthetic house-tree-person (S-HTP) - measures complex personality traits ○ Kinetic Family Drawing (KFD) Test (Burns & Kaufman) Target population: all ages  Purpose: involves the examiner instructing the child to draw a picture of themselves, and everyone in his or her family, doing something to assess the child's cognitive, interpersonal, or psychological functioning Domains measured: cognitive, interpersonal, or psychological functioning Time Limit: untimed Versions: Family Drawing. Test (FDT) - first version ○ Scenotest Target population: all ages Purpose: to gain insight into matters that the patient may consciously be withholding, or may not be able to express, due to emotional or physical abuse or for other complex reasons Domains measured: understanding unconscious problems and personality structure in children Time Limit: untimed (approximately 30 minutes to complete) Versions: none Association ○ Word Association Test (WAT) (originally developed by F. Galton, was first to apply by E. Kraeplin to study of abnormality, and later applied by Carl Jung in his psychotherapy) Target population: 7 and above Purpose: diagnose psychological typology and psychopathology Domains measured: attitudes, thoughts, desires, feelings and even negative aspects of one’s personality (it also measures associative/semantic memory structures and verbal fluency) Time Limit: In this test client is given a set of 60 words, presented on a screen. Every word is presented for 15 seconds on which a meaningful sentence is to be written. So the total time limit is 15 minutes Versions: Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) ○ Rorschach Inkblot Test (Hermann Rorschach) Target population: 5 years to adult Purpose: diagnosing and treating individuals with a variety of psychological problems and psychiatric disorders Domains measured: identifying a person's state of mind and various personality traits 5 black and gray inkblots 2 black, gray, and red inkblots 3 multicolored without black inkblots Time Limit: Untimed Versions: Howard InkBlot Test, Holtzman inkblot technique, and Rorschach II Ink Blot Test ○ Hand Test (Edward Wagner) Target population: 5 years and older Purpose: used to measure action tendencies, particularly acting out and aggressive behavior, in adults and children  Construction ○ Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (Morgan and Murray) Target population: 5 to 79 years old Purpose: to reveal an individual's perception of interpersonal relationships Domains measured: the test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behavior disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses. Time Limit: Two sessions of 1 hour each Versions: Children's Apperception Test Author: Leopold Bellak and Sonya (CAT) Sorel Bellak Target population: 3 years to 10 years Purpose: Helps describe personality or aspects of emotional disturbance Description: presents situations of special concern to children. It consists of 10 animal pictures in a social context involving the child in conflict, identities, roles, family structures, and interpersonal interaction Time Limit: 20–45 minutes Year of Publication: 1949 Philippine Thematic Author: Dr. Alfredo Lagmay Apperception Test (PTAT) Target population: intended for adults, ages 12 and above Purpose: for general assessment of Filipino personality Description: uses drawings depicting Philippine situations and scenarios Year of Publication: 1965 Philippine Children's Author: Dr. Alfredo Lagmay Apperception Test (PCAT) Target population: intended for use with age groups below 12 Purpose: for general assessment of Filipino child personality Description: ○ the complement to the Philippine Thematic Apperception Test (PTAT) that is used for adults ○ employs humans instead of animals for the characters in the pictures ○ there are more ambiguous pictures in the PCAT than in the CAT of Bellak  Year of Publication: 1967 Choice/Ordering ○ Szondi Test (Léopold Szondi) Target population: 5 and above Purpose: The test consists in showing the examinee a series of facial photographs, displayed in six groups of eight each. The subject is asked to choose the two most appealing and the two most repulsive photos of each group. The choices will supposedly reveal the subject satisfied and unsatisfied instinctive drive needs, and the subject's dimensions of personality. Domains measured: It was intended to reveal a person's innermost suppressed traits, the parts of yourself you have pushed down into your subconscious Time Limit: untimed Versions: none, it was discredited because of the aspects that it claims to evaluate, which are not properly justified neither theoretically nor empirically. Filipino Tests Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino (Annadaisy J. Carlota) ○ Target population: 13 years and above ○ Purpose: Comprehensively measure the important personality trait of a Filipino Culture, it holds the idea of how people assess their personality characteristics, and understand which roles or appearance that greatly suits them. Screens for the following: R- esearch A- cceptance into programs C- ounseling E- mployment ○ Domains measured: Forms Definition Scales Porma K/ Form K personality Pagkamaalalahanin/ Thoughtfulness (Interpersonal dimensions Pagkamadaldal/ Social Curiosity Scales) relevant to Pagkamagalang/ Respectfulness interpersonal Pagkamaramdamin/ Sensitiveness relationships Pagkamasunurin/ Obedience Pagkamatulungin/ Helpfulness Pagkamaunawain/ Capacity to be Understanding Pagkapalakaibigan/ Sociability Porma S/ Form S personality Pagkamaayos/ Orderliness (Personal Scales) traits Pagkamahinahon/ Emotional Stability Pagkamapagkumbaba/ Humility Pagkamasayahin/ Cheerfulness Pagkamatapat/ Honesty Pagkamatiyaga/ Patience  Pagkaresponsable/ Responsibility Porma KS/ Form intelligence-cre Pagkamalikhain/ Creativity KS ativity Pagkamapagsapalaran/ Risk Taking (Intelligence/ Pagkamasikap/ Achievement Orientation Creativity Scales) Pagkamatalino/ Intelligence ○ Time Limit: Combined 3 forms- about 50 minutes to 1 hour (maximum of 1 and 30 minutes) Longer forms (Form K, Form S)- 20 to 30 minutes Shorter form (Form KS)- 10 to 20 minutes Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao ○ Target Population: ○ Purpose: to measure Filipino-oriented traits, behaviors, and attitudes, primarily to identify inventive talent. ○ Domains measured: Extraversion/Surgency (+) Ambisyon (Ambition) (+) Lakas ng Loob (Guts/Daring) (-) Pagkasunud-sunuran (Conformity) (-) Pagkamahiyain (Shyness/Timidity) Agreeableness (+) Pagkamapagkumbaba (Humility) (+) Pagkamatulungin (Helpfulness) (+) Pagkamaagbigay (Generosity) (+) Pagkamagalang (Respectfulness) (-) Pagkamapunahin (Criticalness) (-) Pagkapalaaway (Belligerence) (-) Hirap Kausapin (Difficulty to Deal w/) Conscientiousness (+) Katiyahaan (Perseverance) (+) Pagkaresponsable (Responsibleness) (+) Kapatiran (Thriftiness) (+/-) Pagkasigurista (Prudence) (-) Pagkasalawahan (Fickle-mindedness) (-) Tigas ng Ulo (Stubbornness) Emotional Stability (+/-) Pagkamapagtimpi (Restraint) (-) Pagkapikon (Low Tolerance for Teasing) (-) Pagkamaramdamin (Sensitiveness) (-) Sumpong (Mood) Intellect/Openness to (+) Pagkamausisa (Inquisitiveness) Experience (+) Pagkamaalalahanin (Thoughtfulness) (+) Pagkamalikhain (Creativity) Validity scales- indicate a respondent’s tendency to: deny basic truths (Pagkakaila) to reject cultural values typically held by Filipinos (Kaugalian). Note: When a test taker’s responses on items belonging to these 2 scales indicate these response tendencies, his or her responses on the rest of the items are no longer analyzed or interpreted. ○ Time Limit: 30-45 minutes ○ Versions/Scales:  Original version- presented by Enriquez in the International Conference on Personality Assessment (1981) Present form 160-item in Filipino with English translations for all of its items ○ 141 items 24 trait scales 2 validity scales Note: The scales have an average of 6 items. ○ 19 “identifier items” on self-claimed personality traits which were included in the PUP for personality research purposes Panukat ng Katalinuhang Pilipino (Aurora R. Palacio) ○ Target Population: Filipino adult (16 years old above) ○ Purpose: to measure the mental ability of a Filipino adult Specific purpose: Basis for identifying needs that will enhance the learning process Utilized as predictors for occupational achievement For undertaking proper planning and implementation of treatment programs For vocational rehabilitation and counseling purposes. ○ Domains measured: Verbal Skills Talasalitaan (Vocabulary) Ugnayan (Analogy) Nonverbal Skills Kakayahan sa mga Bilang (Numerical Ability) Isinalarawang Problema (Abstract Reasoning) ○ Time Limit: total working time: 52 minutes Philippine Aptitude Classification Test (Center for Educational Measurement, Inc.) ○ Target Population: Grade 9/ 3rd year highschool students (age 14-15) ○ Purpose: identifies specific abilities of highschool students for the purpose of educational and vocational guidance; attempts to predict a student’s probable performance in various courses of study ○ Domains measured: Perceptual Speed Verbal English General Reasoning Flexibility of Closure Verbal Filipino Spatial Closure Visualization Perceptual Acuity ○ Time Limit: whole test-1 hour 49 minutes Part 1- 4 minutes Part 2- 1 hour 45 minutes Mental Status Exam (MSE) - part of the clinical assessment that describes the sum total of the examiner’s observations and impressions of the client at the time of the interview General Descriptions ○ A. Appearance - client’s appearance and overall physical impression - examples: body type, posture, poise, clothes, grooming, hair, and nails - anxiety indicators/signs: moist hands, perspiring forehead, tense posture, wide eyes ○ B. Behavior and Psychomotor Activity - both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the client’s motor behavior - examples: mannerisms, tics, gestures, twitches, stereotyped behavior, echopraxia, hyperactivity, agitation, combativeness, flexibility, rigidity, and agility ○ C. Attitude Toward Examiner - client’s attitude toward the examiner - any number of adjectives can be used - level of rapport should also be recorded Mood and Affect ○ A. Mood - describe the subjective state of the client - statement about the client’s mood should include depth, intensity, duration, and fluctuations - examples: depressed, irritable, anxious, angry, euphoric, empty, guilty, awed, frightened, ○ B. Affect - what the clinician infers from the client’s facial expression—amount and the range of expressive behavior - it can be: Constricted- Mild reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression Blunted- Significant reduction in the intensity of emotional expression Flat- Absence or near absence of any sign of affective expression Normal- there is a variation in facial expression, tone of voice, use of hands, and body movements ○ C. Appropriateness - the appropriateness of the patient’s emotional responses can be considered in the context of the subject matter the patient is discussion Speech - can be described in terms of its quantity, rate of production, and quality - examples (in terms of quantity): talkative, silent, unspontaneous, or normally responsive to cues from the interviewer - examples (in terms of rate of production): rapid or slow - examples (in terms of quality):pressured, hesitant, dramatic, monotonous, loud, whispered Perceptual Disturbances - hallucinations and illusions that may be experienced in reference to the self or environment Thought ○ A. Process or Form of Thought - either an overabundance or poverty of ideas - overabundance: rapid thinking, but if carried extreme, it is called flight of ideas - poverty of ideas: slow or hesitant thinking - Blocking- an interruption of train of thought before an idea has been completed; inability to recall what was being said or intended to be said - Coherence- the client’s thoughts organized well-enough that they make sense to the listener  - Logical- the conclusions a client reaches are based on sound logic ○ B. Content of Thought - actual, statements, themes, and beliefs presented by the client - examples: delusions, preoccupations, obsessions, compulsions, phobias, plans, intentions, recurrent ideas about homicide or suicide Sensorium and Cognition - can be assessed using the MMSE ○ A. Alertness and Level of Consciousness - responsiveness to environmental stimuli or the ability to sustain goal-directed thinking or behavior - Clouding of consciousness- overall reduced awareness of the environment ○ B. Orientation - Oriented Times Three- whether the client can give his/her name (person), approximate day and time of the day (time), and where he/she is currently at (place) ○ C. Memory Remote recent past recent memory immediate retention and recall ○ D. Concentration and Attention - the ability to do a simple task that requires both concentration and cognitive capacities be intact - What can contribute to impaired concentration: - cognitive disorder - anxiety - depression - internal stimuli such as auditory hallucination ○ E. Capacity to Read and Write - being able to write a simple but complete sentence and then do what the sentence says ○ F. Visuospatial Ability - being able to copy a figure, such as a clock face or interlocking pentagons ○ G. Abstract Thinking - ability to deal with concepts and explain similarities ○ H. Fund of Information and Intelligence - ability to do mental tasks like counting Impulse Control - the capability of controlling sexual, aggressive, and other impulses - assessment of impulse control is essential in the measurement of client’s potential danger to self and others Judgment and Insight - Judgment- ability to make good decisions concerning the appropriate thing to do in various situations - Insight- degree of awareness and understanding that they are ill - Levels of Insight: 1. Complete denial of illness 2. Slight awareness of being sick and needing help but denying it at the same time 3. Awareness of being sick, but blaming it on others, on external factors, or an organic factor 4. Awareness that illness is due to something unknown in the client 5. Intellectual Insight and True Emotional Insight