PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PDF

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT BSPSY 2 – MIDTERMS | MODULE 2 – HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL - Francis Galton: individual differences not only exist but ASSESSMENT ar...

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT BSPSY 2 – MIDTERMS | MODULE 2 – HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL - Francis Galton: individual differences not only exist but ASSESSMENT are objectively measurable and hereditary. He also - Psychological Testing and Assessment: A Timeline developed anthropometric measures. Spanning 2200 B.C.E to the Present (Cohen’s Book: - Contributed to the development of psychological pages 701-706) assessment tools, correlation ANTIQUITY TO THE 19TH CENTURY WILHELM MAX WUNDT CHINA - Father of Psychology and Experimental Psychology - The first systematic tests were developed in China as - Established an Experimental Psychology Laboratory, and early as 2200 B.C.E. studied reaction time, perception, attention span - Tests of proficiency: music, archery, writing, - Focused more on measuring similarities rather than horsemanship differences - Individuals passing the tests were entitled to a number of - Instead of viewing differences as a source of error, they privileges, which varied depending on the current should be managed as controlled extraneous variables. dynasty. JAMES MCKEEN CATTELL - Those who have higher scores are treated better - Student of Wundt who focused on individual differences o Exempted for torture, etc. and reaction time ANCIENT EGYPT AND GRECO – ROMAN - It is important to measure to learn who needs more - The Ancient Egypt and Greco – Roman cultures also had attention. specific ideas relating to mental health and personality - He met Galton and described him as “The greatest man but no formal means of psychological assessment I have known” - Egypt: Priests held a higher position than physicians, as - 1890: he coined the term “mental test” they placed a greater emphasis on religious beliefs and - Responsible for launching mental testing in its modern practices in their approach to healing (physicians < form: developing formal psychological tests could help priests). solve many problems - Considered informal since they focus more on religion, 20TH CENTURY where priests performed exorcism as a form of - Public receptivity to psychological tests shifted from mild treatment curiosity to enthusiasm as formal tests started to be - Greco – Roman: categorize personality types according developed. More useful tests were made, like IQ and to the amount of bodily fluids Personality tests INTELLIGENCE TESTS STANFORD BINET - Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon made a 30 item- measuring scale of intelligence to help identify mentally retarded Paris schoolchildren - Lewis Terman revised the Binet-Simon Scale and developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales in 1916 at Stanford University - The test is designed as a single kit for all age groups (specific age ranges may vary). - Before long, psychological tests were being used on a regular basis in schools, clinics, courts, hospitals, and CHARLES DARWIN AND FRANCIS GALTON prisons - Charles Darwin’s interest in individual differences led his - Individual test half-cousin, Francis Galton, devise a number of WAIS – IV measures for psychological variables, such as motor and - David Weschler made a test to measure adult sensory intelligence - Charles Darwin: Natural Selection–even if we have the - There is also a version for children, with differences in same parents, we have individual differences in terms of content and purpose. adaptivity and survival PREPARED BY: YEL AND LEECHY’S NOTES :P 1 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT BSPSY 2 – MIDTERMS | MODULE 2 – HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS - Intelligence: “The aggregate or global capacity of the PROJECTIVE TESTS individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to - An individual is assumed to “project” onto some deal effectively with his environment” ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, - Individual test hopes, and motivation - Separate kits/tests for each age group; 2-3 hours - These types of tests are not manipulated that much or at administration depending on the client’s abilities all GROUP TESTS PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT HAS PROCEEDED - During the WW1 and WW2 there was a need for a large- ALONG TWO LINES: scale testing of intellectual ability of new recruits - Tests and other tools of assessment, when used in a - After the WW1 and WW2 psychologists increasingly used competent manner, can help provide answers tests in large corporations and private organization ROBERT YERKES - To help advance knowledge and Academic understanding of human and animal - APA president (1921) behavior - Army ALPHA: verbal and administered to recruits who can read - To help in selecting applicants for - Army BETA: nonverbal and administered for those who various positions on the basis of merit Applied can’t read in English - Helping actual people in need - Society demands PERSONALITY TESTS SELF – REPORT TESTS CULTURE AND ASSESSMENT - Screening recruits - There is a controversy that tests are not fair since it was - A committee headed by Robert Woodworth developed developed for a specific population and cannot be the Personal Data Sheet accurately applied to all cultures. - They used deception and never revealed the true o IQ tests were made for Americans purpose of the screening CULTURE - It was not used for screening since only its development - Any group that shares a theme/issue/s was completed before the war ended. It was redesigned - The socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and to Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory to be used products of work of a particular population, community, or for civilians, and was the first widely used self-report group of people personality test - Your culture can affect the way you respond to certain - By the late 1930’s, over 4000 psychological tests were in situations. print (intellectual functioning), and because of this, they o As a clinician, you can be influenced by your culture also wanted to test general adjustment (personality test), and should adjust to look at the situation in a world because during that time it was said that Psychology was view only test-oriented CULTURAL SENSITIVITY - Self-Report Tests: assessees supply assessment-related - Greater consideration of cultural issues with respect to information by responding to questions every aspect of test development and use, including - Advantage: decision-making on the basis of test data - Best qualified people to provide answers about - The way you approach clients should be culturally themselves sensitive. - Disadvantages: CULTURAL COMPETENCE - Poor insight into themselves CULTURAL SELF-AWARENESS - Believe some things about themselves that in reality - Occurs when the clinicians become more informed about are not true their own cultural background and the subsequent - Unwilling to reveal something very personal or paints influence it might have in their clinical work them in a negative light o Clinicians should not impose their own beliefs to the - Certain tests have built-in scale if there is any lying client or manipulation involved - Discriminating assumptions should be replaced with respectful and truthful ways of appreciating others. o Clinicians should not impose their own beliefs to the client PREPARED BY: YEL AND LEECHY’S NOTES :P 2 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT BSPSY 2 – MIDTERMS | MODULE 2 – HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS KNOWLEDGE OF DIVERSE CULTURES - To ensure we do no harm to the individuals with whom we - The clinician should have some expertise about the work with. cultural background of his or her clients. - We are expected to commit ourselves in placing the o If client’s culture includes less eye contact, avoid doing welfare of the society and its members above the self- it interest of the discipline and its members - A group’s collective tendency does not necessarily reflect 7 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT ETHICS the characteristics of every member of that group. - Continuous and active process CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE CLINICAL SKILLS - Active, thoughtful, and creative approach - Involve what the clinician actually does with the client - Awareness of evolving research and theory–not to be (which, of course, is heavily influenced by cultural self- used passively awareness and knowledge of diverse cultures). - No questioning is off limits o Choosing test appropriate for a client’s culture and - Ethical dilemmas are part of our work character - Most of us want to do right, but we are not infallible - Avoiding microaggressions - It is easier to question the ethics of others than our own - Passive-aggressive attitudes towards the client like CODE OF ETHICS FOR PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGISTS AND backhanded compliments PSYCHOMETRICIANS SOME ISSUES REGARDING CULTURE AND ASSESSMENT - Psychological Association of the Philippines Committee NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION AND BEHAVIOR on Ethics and Professional Standards (2022) - May vary from one culture to another - Mindful of the fact that the Code can never completely - May develop hypothesis based on body language address all the possible emergent ethical concerns, the - Other cultures may complete tasks at a different pace, PAP encourages all its members to study the code and which may be particularly problematic for times tests make suggestions for its continuous improvement. - Some culture tends to hold back information so make PAP CODE OF ETHICS sure to also observe nonverbal cues - To guide the work of psychometricians and psychologists STANDARDS OF EVALUATION in the Philippines - Judgements related to certain psychological traits can be - Ethical standards are not laws established by culturally relative governmental bodies - Cultures differ with regards to gender roles and views of - In many cases, the professional practice standards are psychopathology developed to ensure individuals behave in a way that - Individualist vs. collectivist does not break laws and minimize the likelihood of - Judgements related to certain psychological traits can lawsuits be culturally relative - Violations in ethical standards, can lead to penalties by - Cultures differ with regards to gender roles and views the board of ethics of psychopathology o Suspend/revoke the license or certification WHEN CONDUCTING AN ASSESSMENT UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF ETHICAL PRINCIPLES - Identify the cultural identities of the client - Psychologists in the Philippines adhere to the following - Conceptualize their distress in a cultural lens Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for - you wouldn’t understand the client if you won’t try to see Psychologists that was adopted unanimously by the things in his/her perspective General Assembly of the International Union of - Evaluate psychosocial stressors and protective factors Psychological Science in Berlin on July 22, 2008 and by - Be mindful of the cultural features of the relationship the Board of Directors of the International Association of between you and the client and how the clinical encounter Applied Psychology in Berlin on July 26, 2008. plays a role in the overall evaluation process - Guides and inspires psychologists worldwide toward the - Whatever your decision will be, be accountable for that highest ethical ideals in their professional and scientific decision work. ETHICS - It is followed across different cultures; these are guides - The standards that members of a profession must follow. and inspires ethical ideas in their professional and In ethics, there is no right and wrong answer. scientific work. - Morals of the group (right or wrong) - Principles: aspirational - Standards: obligatory PREPARED BY: YEL AND LEECHY’S NOTES :P 3 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT BSPSY 2 – MIDTERMS | MODULE 2 – HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS GENERAL PRINCIPLES - Prior to the assessment PRINCIPLE I: RESPECT FOR THE DIGNITY OF PERSONS - Not needed if the assessment AND PEOPLE is: - Respect for dignity recognizes the inherent worth of all - Mandated by the law human beings, regardless of perceived or real differences - Implied (education, in social status, ethnic origin, gender, capacities, or other institution/organization) such characteristics. o No informed consent - They should be given equal treatments during screening for a - This inherent worth means that all human beings are work application Informed Consent worthy of equal moral consideration. - When purpose of assessment PRINCIPLE II: COMPETENT CARING FOR THE WELL- is to determine one’s BEING OF PERSONS AND PEOPLES decisional capacity - Psychologists strive to benefit those they serve and to do - If client cannot provide Informed no harm Consent, discuss with - Maximizing benefits family/legal guardians - Minimizing potential harm - Legal age: informed consent - It includes learning how to say “no” and awareness of - Minors: parent’s informed your own abilities consent and client’s ascent - Correcting or offsetting harmful effects that have occurred - Only select tests that are as a result of their activities needed to answer referral - Developing and maintaining competence question - Awareness of how one’s physical and mental health, - Use updated, standardized, values, attitudes, and experiences influence one’s valid, and reliable tools and actions Assessment Tools methods PRINCIPLE III: INTEGRITY - Use tools appropriate to client’s characteristics - In all their activities, psychologists strive to be accurate, honest, and truthful o Language, competence - Self-interest does not interfere with acting in the best - Use original copies of test interests of those you serve materials - Complete disclosure of information if possible (balanced Obsolete and - Do not use obsolete and with other ethical considerations) Outdated Test outdated test results o You can’t remove certain information from the Results psychological report when a client asked you to - Always indicate limitations of PRINCIPLE IV: PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC the interpretations - Take into considerations factors RESPOSIBILITIES TO SOCIETY Interpreting that may have affected the - Psychologists have professional and scientific Assessment results responsibilities to society and establish relationships Results o Environment, test taking characterized by trust abilities, client’s o We need to educate other people with the characteristics misconceptions surrounding psychology - Only to those explicitly agreed ETHICAL STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES IN upon by the referral sources ASSESSMENT Release of Test prior to the assessment - Expert opinions based on Data procedure substantial information and - Do not release raw data unless appropriate assessment regulated by the court Bases for techniques Explaining - Only to sources of referral and Assessment - Discuss limitations of our Assessment with a written permission from opinions when asked to provide Results the client if it is self-referral opinions about a person PREPARED BY: YEL AND LEECHY’S NOTES :P 4 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT BSPSY 2 – MIDTERMS | MODULE 2 – HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS - Explain using a non-technical language - Supervise releases on schools, agencies, courts or industry - Handled by qualified users or Test Security personnel, supervising the results and keeping it secure - For training purposes and with Assessment by adequate supervision Unqualified - As psychometricians, practice Persons under the boundaries prescribed in RA 10029 - Develop tests and other assessment tools using current scientific findings and Test Construction knowledge, appropriate psychometric properties, validation, and standardization procedures. - Central to the client- psychologist relationship - Not all information is deemed privileged, clinicians cannot Privacy and promise absolute confidentiality Confidentiality - Confidentiality may be broken under certain circumstances - Can be broken if the client shows behaviors that can/will harm to self or others, abuse STEPS IN ETHICAL DECISION – MAKING PREPARED BY: YEL AND LEECHY’S NOTES :P 5