Psych Probs MEGA PP.pptx

Do Now 1. What is psychology? 2. Name one key assumption of the biological approach. 3. Name one key assumption of the cognitive approach. 4. What do you think is meant by a psychological problem? Sensitiv e Topic Today’s new topic may be sensitive If you need to s...

Do Now 1. What is psychology? 2. Name one key assumption of the biological approach. 3. Name one key assumption of the cognitive approach. 4. What do you think is meant by a psychological problem? Sensitiv e Topic Today’s new topic may be sensitive If you need to speak to me afterwards, please do so Psychological Problems Depressio Addiction n Psychological Problems According to MIND (2016), approximately 25% of people will suffer from a mental health issue each year. This can include brief periods of depression following a bereavement through to addition to drink, drugs or gambling. Mental health is a complex subject. Each person experiences it differently and respond to treatments differently. This topic introduces you to this important aspect of human behaviour. Given the statistics, it is likely that some of you may have experiences with mental health in your lifetime, so it is also important to increase your understanding and awareness. The hope is that with greater understanding will come greater compassion and less stigma for those What will we study? The symptoms and features of two mental health problems: unipolar depression and addiction​ How the number of people diagnosed with depression and addiction has changed over time​ How depression and addiction affect individual people and society as a whole​ The influence of genes on mental health and addiction​ The use of cognitive theory as an explanation of depression​ The use of learning theory as an explanation of addiction​ The use of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as a treatment for depression and addiction​ The use of drugs as a treatment for depression and addiction​ Studies investigating mental health by Caspi et al. (2003) and Young (2007)​ Issues and debates around the nature and nurture debate​ Unipolar Depression BQ: What is unipolar depression and what are its symptoms? Definiti Characteristi A type onof mood disorder The type of depression that cs with – most people are familiar causing periods of the type where people suffer feeling sad and lacking from periods of feeling ‘down’. motivation to do It is called ‘unipolar’ because it refers to someone’s mood being everyday activities. Unipolar pulled in one (uni) direction. Exampl Depression Non- Mild es Examples Bipolar Depression Moderate Severe What is Unipolar Depression? Describes the type of depression that most people are familiar with The type where people suffer from periods of feeling down Uni – mood is being pulled in one direction Different to bipolar disorder where patients have mood swings and are pulled in multiple directions Symptoms of Unipolar Depression International Classification of Diseases version 10 (ICD- 10) says that unipolar depression is also known as ‘depressive episodes’ Type of mental health problem characterised by mood disorders These affect how people feel and unipolar depression makes people feel low Episodes can be classed as Symptoms of Unipolar Depression There are three main symptoms of unipolar depression: Low Mood Lack of Energy Lack of Motivation For a diagnosis of unipolar depression the ICD-10 requires that at least one of these main symptoms occurs most of the time on most days for at least 2 weeks Additionally, other symptoms should Symptoms of Unipolar Depression Feeling suicidal Not enjoying what they used to Poor sleep Extreme tiredness Poor appetite Lack of self-esteem Feelings of guilt Acting nervous Features of Unipolar Depression The World Health Organisation says that 1 in 15 people (6-7%) suffer from an episode of serious depression every year They also state that unipolar depression affects twice as many females as males It also seems to affect women for longer than it does men Why do you think it affects Features of Unipolar Depression Episode Symptoms Features Mild Four symptoms A patient might find their displayed symptoms upsetting but they will probably be able to carry on with most day-to-day activities Modera Five or six A patient might have serious te symptoms problems doing day-to-day displayed activities such as going to work or to school Severe Seven or more A patient may have suicidal symptoms plus thoughts or engage in self-harm to general feelings cope with their feelings of worthlessness Incidence of depression over time More people are diagnosed nowadays Seligman 1988 reported that in 1980s people were 10 times more likely to be diagnosed with depression than they were in the 1940s The King’s Fund in 2008 reported on mental health and estimated that by 2026, 1.45 million people will be diagnosed with depression compared to 1.24 million in 2007 Is it because people are more aware nowadays? Hidaka 2012 suggests that modern living is just more stressful – how? Incidence of depression over time Twenge et al (2010) found that young people were more likely to be diagnosed with depression in 2007 than they were in 1938 – along with a whole range of other psychological issues – I’d imagine things like anxiety. The findings suggest that modern life is simply more stressful. One big link which has been made, is to the increased use of social media which especially targets teenagers. This usage has been linked to increased depression. Think about it – more social media use means more pressure to look a certain way, act a certain way, have a certain lifestyle and more to compare with which is often a negative experience as it causes young people to feel inadequate. It also open up more doors for bullying and there is little possibility to simply ‘switch off’. Exam Question Practice Marzia has missed a lot of school recently and her parents are very worried about her. She is sleeping a lot more than normal but constantly feels tired. On days when she does not go to school, Marzia spends most of her time in bed, not even getting up to eat. When her parents try to talk to her about how she is feeling, she usually ends up in tears and says she just feels sad all the time. Her parents take her to see the doctor who says Marzia is showing symptoms of depression Using your knowledge of unipolar depression, explain why Marzia’s symptoms might lead her doctor to think she is suffering from Effects on Individuals & Society Individuals Society - Increased risk - Time missed from work of suicide - In 2014/2015 9.9 million days of work were missed because of stress and depression (The Health and (one person Safety Executive) every 40 - Cost of treatment seconds) - Figures from 2007 estimate that depression costs - 10-15% will the NHS £1.7 billion in one year alone (it’s estimated commit that it may cost more than £6 billion now) suicide - Cost of suicide exceeded £500,000 per person – including services before, during and after – i.e. counselling, G.P time, medication, emergency services responses, funeral costs, medial care etc… Unipolar Depression: Recap In your book answer these questions in full sentences. 1. Scott is suffering from depression. Identify the three main symptoms of unipolar depression that Scott is likely to be experiencing (3 marks) 2. What criteria must be present for Scott to be diagnosed with unipolar depression according to the ICD-10? (2 marks) 3. Episodes of depression can me mild, moderate or severe. What is the difference between a mild episode and a sever episode? (2 marks) 4. What two reasons have been suggested for the increase in the incidence of depression over time? (2 marks) 5. A major effect of unipolar depression is the risk of suicide, with 10-15% of patients with severe depression likely to end their lives. Explain what feelings are likely to lead to this action. (2 marks) Unipolar Depression: Recap 1. Scott is suffering from depression. Identify the three main symptoms of unipolar depression that Scott is likely to be experiencing (3 marks) A low mood, feeling very sad or upset, a lack of energy even after resting for a long time and also a lack of motivation to do thins. 2. What criteria must be present for Scott to be diagnosed with unipolar depression according to the ICD-10? (2 marks) At least one of the three main symptoms need to be present most of the time on most days for at least two weeks. In addition, one other symptom needs to be present during this time. 3. Episodes of depression can me mild, moderate or severe. What is the difference between a mild episode and a sever episode? (2 marks) A mind episode involves four symptoms of depression being experienced whereas sever depression involves at least seven symptoms as well as general feelings of worthlessness. Unipolar Depression: Recap 4. What two reasons have been suggested for the increase in the incidence of depression over time? (2 marks) 4. The first reason suggested is that more people are more aware of the symptoms of depression now compared with in the past. A second reason, suggested by Hidaka, is that modern life is so much more stressful and includes more risk factors for depression such as sleep deprivation, poor diet and increased social isolation. 5. A major effect of unipolar depression is the risk of suicide, with 10-15% of patients with severe depression likely to end their lives. Explain what feelings are likely to lead to this action. (2 marks) 4. A person may feel worthless and sad and feel that they need a way out of their situation. A further feeling which can lead to suicide is that people will not care if this person is no longer around. Exit Ticket 1. What is unipolar depression? 2. List the 3 main symptoms of unipolar depression. 3. Name 1 way in which depression affects individuals and society. Do Now: Exam Question Marzia has missed a lot of school recently and her parents are very worried about her. She is sleeping a lot more than normal but constantly feels tired. On days when she does not go to school, Marzia spends most of her time in bed, not even getting up to eat. When her parents try to talk to her about how she is feeling, she usually ends up in tears and says she just feels sad all the time. Her parents take her to see the doctor who says Marzia is showing symptoms of depression Using your knowledge of unipolar depression, explain why Marzia’s symptoms might lead her doctor to think she is suffering from  Topic Three: Psychological Problems Depression Addiction  Thursday 26 September 2024 How would you define addiction and what are the symptoms? Discuss: What are people addicted to? Definition: A mental health problem that means Characteristics: people need a particular thing – a substance or an activity – in order to be Compulsive, chronic, habit. able to go about their normal routine. Addiction Examples: Alcohol Non Examples: Drugs Sobriety Shopping Avoidance Video games What is Addiction? A psychological problem where people feel they need to ‘have’ or ‘do’ something to avoid negative feelings The person can be addicted to smoking, gambling, alcohol etc. International Classification of Diseases version 10 (ICD-10) calls addiction a ‘dependence disorder’ People with addictions often have symptoms of withdrawal if they cannot have or do what they are addicted to Withdrawal symptoms can make the person feel so bad that they believe they have to take or do the thing they are addicted to feel normal again The symptoms and diagnosis of addiction ICD-10 refers to addiction as a dependence disorder because the body depends on the substance in order to feel normal You must have at least three of the symptoms at the same time for 1 month or for repeated occasions over a year Symptoms of dependence disorder Complete the diagram into your booklets to show the symptoms of dependence disorder Symptoms of addiction Ignoring evidence that the substance is harmful Need to take the substance Stopping is difficult Physical withdrawal symptoms such as shaking and sweating Take an increasing amount of the substance over time Replacing normal activities with the substance https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzpTWaXshfM Symptoms of behavioural addiction Hinge questions: 1. How long does the ICD-10 say you need to have symptoms before you are diagnosed with addiction? 2. List two symptoms of dependence disorder. 3. List two symptoms of behavioural addiction. Features of addiction In 2014-2015 there were 141,646 adults being treated for addiction Most were addicted to drugs like heroin or alcohol 2 million people in the UK are suffering from some kind of addiction – hard to collate ICD-10 doesn’t recognise ‘internet addiction’ as it seems to be a new one – but in June 2018 a teenager was the first in the UK to be diagnosed with ‘gaming addiction’ 6% of the worlds population have an internet problem UK study in 2014 found that 16% of the 1800 18-24 year olds admitted to using the internet for 15 hours a day How incidences of addiction have changed over time The definition of addiction has changed Addiction now includes the internet and video games Addictions are rising in society – e.g. binge drinking A report by the Centre for Social Justice 2006 suggested that many sources of addiction are becoming cheaper to access which could increase the use of them 27% of people in 2008 said that they had used an illegal substance and 31% said they had in 2014 Complete the two questions in your booklet once we have read through the information…  How does addiction affect individuals and society? By ‘doing’ the thing they are addicted to, a person with the addiction may ignore their family and the things they regularly did, such as going to work or school. They may also spend money they would normally have used for other things, such as food or accommodation, on their addiction. This means their quality of life and their health could be affected because they are not able to invest in looking after themselves. One effect of addiction on society is the impact on the workplace. For example, people with addictions may develop health problems as a result of substance misuse, or lack of self-care due to time spent on their addiction. This could mean that they need to take time away from work, which will result in costs for the company in covering the workload of the individual. A further impact on society is the cost of health care services provided to support those with addictions. Figures from the NHS claim that every year substance misuse costs the NHS £488 million, including the cost of rehabilitation programmes and treatment for associated health problems such as lung damage from smoking. Some people with addictions will turn to criminal behaviour, including stealing and fraud, to get money to fund their addiction. As well as the emotional and physical costs for the victims, there is the cost of investigating these crimes. Figures presented by the NHS claim that drug-related crimes cost UK society £13.9 billion a year in total. This cost could include policing costs, the cost of trying a case in court, the cost of punishment and treatment programmes and the cost of supporting the victims of the crimes. Explain the impact addiction can have on individuals and how it affects society. Some points to include and expand on... Ignore family and friends May stop going to work or school May spend money that they don’t have Quality of life could diminish People may take time out of work – meaning this costs companies more money on cover staff Cost on NHS (every year substance abuse costs the NHS £488 million) Complete the two Criminal behaviour increases questions in your booklet using the information we have just read.  Model answer (examples) When an addict is engaging in their addiction, they are likely to ignore their friends and family, especially if friends and family do not know about their addition or do not approve. A further impact can be that the addict may find it impossibly to maintain a work life or school life. If the addition is to drugs or alcohol, they may spend a lot of time recovering from their latest drug or alcohol binge and this may mean they cannot function well enough to work or go to school. If the addiction is to activities such as gaming, they may be staying awake all night and so are too tired to get to work or school on time, or even at all. If the addition has a financial cost, the addict may be spending their money on their activity and so may not be paying bills or buying food, which can lead to issues within the household and extremely conflicted relationships and can also lead to the addict losing their home in the case of bills left unpaid. The addicts quality of life may also be impacted in terms of their health. Some addictive substances can have devastating and serious side effects for physical health, but also the emotional wellbeing will suffer through stress or feelings of being out of control. In terms of the impact on society, addictions can include workplace issues. If addicts are missing work days, there may be decreased production or a cost to the employer in hiring temporary or covering staff to fill in. Either way the workload of that person then creates a burden to others. The cost of additions on health services such as the NHS is significant. Every year, figures suggest almost £500 million is spent on supporting those with substance abuse issues. This includes costs of rehabilitation, counselling, medicines and other treatments. This is money which cannot then be used for other important health issues. Finally there is a cost to society as addition often, though not always, leads to criminal activity as people may turn to stealing and other criminal acts to fund or support their habit. There is also a physical and emotional cost to those people who are victims of such crimes. Financial costs include increased policing, court fees, incarceration costs and supporting victims. To be considered ‘addicted’ to something, what does the ICD-10 state must be the case? You must have at least three of the following symptoms at the same time for 1 month or for repeated occasions over a year The symptoms include feeling a need to take the substance, ignoring evidence that the substance is harmful, replacing normal, fun activities with addiction based behaviours or spending time recovering after engaging in the addictive behaviours, finding it hard to stop, having physical withdrawal symptoms or finding that there is a need to increase the amounts of the substance to get the same effect due to having built up a tolerance to it. Exit ticket: 1. What is an addiction? 2. The ICD-10 recognises internet addiction as an actual addiction. True or false? 3. identify two impacts addiction has on society.  Characteristics: Definition: Something can act as a trigger, A biological tendency to develop a and the genes become ‘active’. particular behaviour as a result of Not everyone related to that the genes someone has person will have the same mental heath problem Genetic Examples: predisposition Cancer Diabetes Non Examples: Asthma Broken arm Depression Genetic Explanation If someone in your family is diagnosed with depression then there is a chance that you will be too So unipolar depression may be inherited through genes It is not clear which genes contribute Hyde et al 2016 found that 17 different gene variations were linked to developing depression This makes it challenging to identify people at risk  Twin Studies Identical twins share 100% of the same genes (monozygotic) Non identical share 50% of their genes - they are no more similar than any other siblings (dizygotic) McGuffin 1996 found that if one identical twin became depressed there was a 46% chance that the other twin would too But with non identical there was only a 20% chance that they would both be depressed What does this tell us? //www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTYCv1ObZrI Answer on p10 in your booklet. Answer – what do twin studies tell us? It tells us that depression must have a genetic cause, at least for some people. The reasons this suggests that genetics play a role is that the twins who are genetically identical (monozygotic) had a much greater risk of becoming depressed if one of them was diagnosed than the twins who were not genetically identical (dizygotic).  Not all family members related to someone with depression will become depressed themselves. It cannot JUST be explained by genetics! There may need to be something in the environment that triggers the depression to start even if they are carrying that gene So some people may have a genetic predisposition which increases their risk but which needs triggering. For example, a person may be genetically predisposed to depression BUT it they don’t experience a trigger (let’s say losing their job or being bullied) they wouldn’t become depressed. Describe a range of This combines genes and environment and is called the diathesis stress model environments or situations which you feel could trigger Answer – what environments or situations could trigger depression? There are lots of lots... Death of a family member of friend Diagnoses of an illness Failing exams Losing a job Being in a negative relationship Getting divorced / Relationship breakdown Losing a child Financial issues Being bullied / feeling socially isolated A negative domestic living situation – parents always fighting / alcoholism in the home Being neglected And so many more..... Hinge questions – true or false? 1. Identical twins share 50% of the same genes. 2. Genetic predisposition means that someone is more likely to develop a particular behaviour as a result of shared genes. 3. The Diathesis-stress model explains that some people may have a gene that makes them 100% likely to develop depressions. Hinge questions – true or false? 1. Identical twins share 50% of the same genes. FALSE – It is 100% 2. Genetic predisposition means that someone is more likely to develop a particular behaviour as a result of shared genes. TRUE 3. The Diathesis-stress model explains that some people may have a gene that makes them 100% likely to develop depressions. FALSE – it says that they are more likely to develop depression IF they face a stressful situation which may trigger depressive thoughts. Strengths and weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses - If genes explain depression then we can - Very deterministic take away the stigma - Reductionist: fails to consider other - Research support: Caspi 2003 found that factors that could cause depression people with a variation of the serotonin transporter gene were more likely to react negatively to stressful life events and develop depression Use the information on the following slide to develop these strengths and weaknesses. You need to evaluate why this is a strength or weakness. P11  Strengths Weaknesses - Stigma - Very deterministic We can explain depression by looking at it is very deterministic because it the genes people might inherit, we can assumes that if you have certain genes take away the stigma of being you are likely to become depressed, and diagnosed with depression. If becoming you have no way to change that. depressed is in your genes, people However, some people argue that this is cannot not the case and instead believe you blame you for being depressed. This have a certain amount of free will to means society might be more accepting choose whether or not to ‘let yourself’ of people with mental health disorders become depressed. such as depression. - Reductionist - Research support Some people argue that the genetic This supports the idea that some people explanation of depression is reductionist are more prone to depression than because it fails to take into account others. For example Caspi et al. (2003) other factors that can explain why found that people with a variation of the someone may develop depression. serotonin transporter gene were more People often think depression is linked likely to react negatively to stressful life to life events such as a death in the events and develop depression. This family or someone losing their job. It is would support the claim that genes play too simplistic to assume that it is just an Strengths and weaknesses – Model evaluation Strengths Weaknesses - If genes explain depression then we can take away the stigma which is a good thing as people cannot be blamed for depression if it is accepted as an illness caused by genetics. Therefore more people will admit to how they are feeling and seek help.  Strengths Weaknesses - If genes explain depression then - Very deterministic which is a we can take away the stigma weakness because it suggests which is a good thing as people that there is nothing a person can cannot be blamed for depression if do to help themselves or prevent it is accepted as an illness caused depression – it’s inevitable – but by genetics. Therefore more this is not a positive things people will admit to how they are because people can still choose to feeling and seek help. help themselves and may not - Research support: Caspi 2003 even try if they feel it is pointless found that people with a variation - Reductionist: fails to consider of the serotonin transporter gene other factors that could cause were more likely to react depression which is a weakness negatively to stressful life events because it is far too simplistic to and develop depression which is a assume that depression is only strength because it provides linked to a specific gene. People supporting evidence to the claim become depressed for many that genetics play a role in different reasons and if we Exit Past Ticket paper -Qs Exam Question In your books copy out the following question and answer it: Explain one genetic theory why someone may suffer with depression. (2) Do now: Think back to last lesson - What might the genetic explanation say about why addiction exists?  Thursday 26 September 2024 What is the genetic explanation of addiction? Genes Addiction can run in families If addiction is genetic then this would help to explain why not everyone gets addiction to alcohol for example Carmelli et al 1992 found that in identical twins, if one was a smoker then there was a higher chance the other would be too As they share more genes than non identical twins this suggests that smoking could be genetic Goodwin et al 1973 found that adopted children who had at least one biological parent with alcohol addiction would be more likely to be addicted themselves Genes This may suggest that one has inherited a gene from their biological parent that makes them an addict Cadoret et al found that adopted children who shared a biological link with someone with alcohol problems were more likely to have alcohol problems themselves So what does They also found a link between alcohol abuse in adopted parents and the person this mean becoming addicted so there is about the environment playing a role too genetic explanation for addiction? Genes DDR2 is a gene that has been shown to be related in addiction Many different addictions like gambling and alcohol have been linked to this gene (a variation of the gene called A1) This gene is thought to affect the way the brain reacts to pleasure Matinez et al 2004 found that a group of heavy users of cocaine were more likely to have a particular version of a dopamine receptor in the brains of people with this form of the gene Strengths and weaknesses of this explanation Strengths Weaknesses - Scientific evidence to support - Reductionist genetics - Carmelli 1992 looks at - Twin studies and adoption environment too which clearly studies plays a role - Explains why only some - No single gene identified so people become addicted hard to distinguish between Use the information on the following slide to develop these strengths and weaknesses. You need to evaluate why this is a strength or weakness. P11  Strengths Weaknesses - Scientific evidence - Reductionist there is a lot of scientific evidence to One weakness of the genetic explanation of support the genetic explanation for addiction is that it is reductionist because it addiction. Twin studies and adoption fails to take social factors into account. studies act as a control for possible factors There is that could explain addiction. The control evidence that family members might share makes it easier to be sure that the most genes that would explain why addiction likely explanation comes from the genes runs in families, but the results could also rather than other variables. Thus the be explained by other research is more reliable. shared factors. For example, many of the - Some people are prone to addiction identical twins in Carmelli et al.’s (1992) Another strength of the genetic explanation study would have shared the same home is that it would explain why only some environment, which might people are prone to becoming addicts. be a factor in their smoking addiction. Some people seem naturally more likely to Reductionist develop addictions, while others might take Another weakness is that research has not part in many potentially addictive been able to find a single gene that behaviours but find it easy to stop and explains where addiction comes from. This start. This could help us be more makes it difficult to pinpoint exactly what is understanding of those in treatment for causing the addiction. One of the genes addiction because if it is in their genes, that has been linked to addictions (DDR2 Strengths and weaknesses – answers Strengths Weaknesses - Scientific evidence to support genetics - Reductionist which is a weakness as it which is always a strength as scientific fails to take into account the social research usually comes from control factors which might cause someone to experiments which have established become addicted cause and effect - Carmelli 1992 looks at environment too - Twin studies and adoption studies are a which clearly plays a role which is strength of the theory as they act as a contradictory evidence against the idea control group to compare possible factors that genes cause addictions. The which could explain addiction and this evidence in this study showed that a makes it much easier to be sure that shared home environment can be just as genetics are the most likely explanation much of a reason for addictions such as and increases reliability. smoking, and so this goes against the - Explains why only some people become genetic explanation addicted which is a strength because it - No single gene identified so hard to helps us to be more aware and show distinguish between which is a weakness more understanding towards those who because a gene called DDR2 A1 has been develop addictive behaviours rather than associated withy both addiction and judging them autism and yet those two conditions Exam question Amaya lives with her adopted parents, neither of whom drink alcohol. Recently she met her biological mother, who explained why she arranged for Amaya to be adopted when she was a baby. At the time, her mother was being treated for a serious addiction to alcohol that make looking after Amaya more difficult. Amaya started to worry that she might be more likely to become an alcoholic because of this. Explain why Amaya might be worried about this, referring to the genetic explanation for addiction in your answer (2 marks) Model Answer Amaya shares genes with her biological mother and she might be worried that she has inherited a gene that makes her more prone to becoming an addict. Adoption studies have found that an adoptee with a biological parent who is an alcoholic are more likely to develop problems with alcohol themselves and this is why Amaya might be so worried. Exam Question Explain one strength and one weakness of the genetic explanation of addiction (4 marks) Answer Strengths could include: One strength of the genetic explanation of addiction is that it might help to explain why some people develop addictions to common behaviours or substances while others don’t. If someone has a gene variation that makes them prone to addiction, then they may become addicted while another person without the gene could avoid becoming addicted. Weaknesses could included: One weakness of the genetic explanation of addiction is that it is reductionist as it fails to take into account the more complex social factors involved in developing addictions. For example, it is unlikely that something as diverse and complicated to diagnose as addiction can be explained simply by the presence or absence of a certain gene variation. Do now: 1. What does the genetic explanation say about what causes depression? 2. What studies are conducted to prove the genetic explanation? 3. What did they find?  Thursday 26 September 2024 How does the cognitive theory explain depression? Discuss: What does the word ‘cognitive’ mean and How does the cognitive theory explain depression? Characteristics: Cognitive theory sees depression as Definition: being caused by the way a person Behaviour can be explained by looking at thinks about themselves, the world and how the brain processes information and the future. The idea is that if a person therefore, how we think. has irrational and negative ways of thinking, this will cause depression or make it worse. Cognitive Theory Examples: Non Examples: Cognitive theory states that… Behaviour can be explained by looking at how the brain processes information and therefore, how we think. So, cognitive theory sees depression as being caused by the way a person thinks about themselves, the world and the future. The idea is that if a person has irrational and negative ways of thinking, this will cause depression or make it worse.  Beck’s cognitive triad Beck thought that depression could be explained by negative thought patterns which leads to a person with depression developing negative views of themselves and the world around them and about the future. These irrational thoughts become part of a persons schema. Beck called this a negative triad and said it usually happened based on a persons previous bad experiences. Once those negative thoughts exist, the person is more likely to see life in a more negative way and this feeling can be magnified – in other words they see their problems as being bigger than they are. E.g, I failed a psych test so I’ll probably fail the next one and I’m no good at psych so I’ll probably just fail it. /www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_q_gP6bXC8  Ellis’s ABC Model Ellis thought a bit differently to Beck He said there are three stages which can lead to depression /www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRRdSm4ZjX4 Hinge questions – true or false? 1. Cognitive theory sees depression as being caused by the way a person thinks about themselves. 2. Becks thought that there was 3 stages which can lead to depression. 3. ABC stands for activating event, beliefs, causes.  Apply it! Vijay was in a text conversation with Aaron organising a night out for his birthday. Aaron sent a message suggesting they meet at the cinema to watch the new horror film but Vijay had already seen the film. Vijay sent a message back to Aaron saying he had seen the film and could they instead watch a comedy. Vijay saw that Aaron read his message but did not reply. Explain how the activating event could lead to either a rational belief and positive emotional consequence or an irrational belief and a negative emotional consequence depending on how Vijay thinks about it Model answer If Vijay believes that the text message was not answered straight away because Aaron was busy, then he would feel confident that Aaron will reply when he has time and will not be worried. If Vijay believes that the text message was ignored because Aaron was annoyed with him having seen the film already not wanting to see the comedy film, then Vijay may be worried about not hearing from Aaron. Vijay might start to feel bad about himself for seeing the film without Aaron and think that Aaron might not want to be his friend any more. Strengths and weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses One strength of the cognitive theory A weakness is that it is difficult to tell explanation of depression is that it takes whether irrational thoughts are a cause of into account the events in a person’s life. It depression or a symptom of being also recognises that these events could depressed. Most people who have explain why the person has become depression will only be monitored after they depressed. Unlike the genetic explanation, have been diagnosed with the illness. This which claims that some people are just means that it is unclear how their naturally likely to become depressed, the behaviour or thought processes changed cognitive theory accepts that there is often before the diagnosis. an event that triggers depression. It is a combination of nature and nurture Another weakness is that although some factors that make people become cases of depression can be seen to follow depressed. obvious activating events, such as a death Another strength of the cognitive theory in the family, some types of depression explanation is that it has been applied to may not be so easily explained by thought therapy. Cognitive behavioural therapy processes. For example, something like (CBT) is one of the leading treatments for post-natal depression (depression after depression. CBT can challenge irrational giving birth) may have a lot to do with  Strengths and weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses - Takes into account life - Difficult to tell whether the events irrational thoughts are a - Combines nature and cause of the depression or nurture a symptom - Applied to therapy (CBT) - Is there always an activating event Expand on each of these points in the table on page 15 to explain WHY this was a strength or weakness. Strengths and weaknesses – anything to add? Strengths Weaknesses - Takes into account life events and - Difficult to tell whether the irrational life events can sometimes explain thoughts are a cause of the why a person becomes depressed – depression or a symptom which is a for example, if someone loses their weakness because most people are job, that life event can lead to only monitored after they have been depression diagnosed, making it unclear as to - Combines nature and nurture which how their thoughts or behaviour is a strength because it takes changed before the diagnosis and account of both nature and nurture makes it harder to establish the rather than trying to claim that all cause for the depression depression is caused by one single - Is there always an activating event? factor (it is more holistic) This is a weakness because - Applied to therapy (CBT) which is a sometime there is no apparent or real strength because CBT is the clear reason for depression – no leading treatment for depression and specific event which triggers it. Post reduces the need for drug natal depression for instance, is Question Practice In your books copy out the questions below and answer them: 1. Describe the cognitive theory of unipolar depression. (3 marks) 2. Explain one strength and one weakness of the cognitive theory of unipolar depression. (4 marks) Exit ticket: 1. What is the ABC model? 2. What is the cognitive triad? Do now: 1. What does the genetic explanation say about what causes addiction? 2. What does the cognitive theory say about what causes depression?  Thursday 26 September 2024 How does the learning theory explain addiction?  Learning theories Learning theories for addiction believe that the behaviour of addicts have been learned through some kind of experience they have had. There are three main learning theory explanations you can use to understand addiction: classical conditioning, operant Classical conditioning and Operant social Social learning Learning theory. Conditioning Conditioning Theory Learning by Learning from the Behaviour is associations. consequences of learned through actions. observation and In your booklet imitation (p16) of role models. write down the ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6LEcM0E0io definition of these  Classical Conditioning Theory Behaviour is learned through association When two or more things happen at the same time our brain associates them together E.g. if you have been unwell after eating a certain food then you won’t want to eat that food again How could this theory be applied to addiction? p16https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd7Jdug5SRc&t=39s Classical Conditioning applied to Addiction This may explain why people first become addicted to something If a substance causes people to feel good in some way the person learns to associate it with the positive feelings. Classical conditioning suggests that a behaviour can become associated with an outcome and if the outcome is positive it will increase the behaviour.  Operant Conditioning Theory Behaviours are repeated when they lead to positive consequences If behaviour is rewarded, it will be repeated This positive consequence is a form of reinforcement This strengthens the behaviour and means its more likely to be repeated If you are praised for helping wash up at home then you’ll do it again Discuss: How could this ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ne6o-uPJarA theory be Operant Conditioning Theory Reinforcement Punishment Positiv Behaviour is Behaviour is encouraged by giving discouraged by e the ‘actor’ something giving the actor good in return something unwanted Negativ Behaviour is Behaviour is encouraged by discouraged by e removing something removing something negative as a reward that the actor likes Operant Conditioning applied to Addiction This could explain why people become addicted If the thing they are addicted to makes them feel good then it positively reinforces the behaviour and makes them want to do it again If friends say you’re cool for smoking, the behaviour is reinforced and so you’ll do it again, and again and may become addicted – if you play online bingo and win £100 after spending £20, you might do it again and again to get the buzz from winning – if you have a stressful day and a glass of wine that night relaxes you, you might start it do that every night. With substances, stopping can make you feel bad so to remove the unpleasant feelings, you turn to the substances again (Negative Reinforcement). Social Learning Theory This theory claims that behaviour is learned as a result of observing other people especially those we consider to be role models and modelling our behaviour on theirs How could this theory be applied to Social Learning Theory applied to Addiction If a child grows up with a parent who smokes they may imitate this behaviour This can explain how the behaviour starts as they believe this is normal behaviour as it is what they have observed  Do now: Match up the learning theories with their definition: 1. Classical A. Behaviour is learned conditioning through observation and imitation of role models. 2. Operant conditioning B. Learning by associations. 3. Social Learning C. Learning from the Theory consequences of actions.  Do now: Match up the learning theories with their definition: 1. Classical A. Behaviour is learned conditioning through observation and imitation of role models. 2. Operant conditioning B. Learning by associations. 3. Social Learning C. Learning from the Theory consequences of actions.  Strengths and weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses A strength of this explanation is that by One weakness of the learning theory of addiction assuming addictions are the result of learning, is that it ignores the role of biological factors that they are behaviours we can unlearn. This is an could influence addiction. However, the operant important factor in treating addiction because it conditioning explanation does take into account means that any addiction should be treatable if that some biological factors influence addiction the association of the consequences can be re- because the reinforcement for taking drugs is learned to avoid the problem behaviour. often the feeling you get from taking them, Another strength of classical conditioning is that which is the result of how the drug affects your it helps to explain why previous addicts brain chemistry. There are pathways in the brain sometimes relapse (go back to their addiction) that can reward us internally when we do certain even years after they have stopped. A smoker things by releasing certain ‘feel good’ chemicals who quit a long time ago may still find they get into the brain. This suggests an interaction the urge to smoke when they are in a situation between the internal and external factors in they used to associate with smoking cigarettes. addiction. For example, if they used to smoke more when Another weakness is that conditioning theories stressed they might find that they have the urge do not explain why lots of people try drugs, to smoke when they feel stressed, even years alcohol and gambling but only a small number later, because of the association between become addicted. If the cause was simply based smoking and relaxing. on learning from associations and consequences, then anyone with experience of these should go on to develop an addiction. However, social learning theory may help explain this because if Strengths and weaknesses – anything to add? Strengths Weaknesses - If we learn behaviours then perhaps we - Ignores the role of biology – biological can unlearn them which means any factors are completely ignored which addiction should be treatable with the means it is a reductionist approach and right approach by re-learning a new can be seen as limited. Operant association conditioning does take some biology into - Classical conditioning helps explain account as it suggests that behaviours relapse – learning theories help us are repeated if they make us feel good understand why so many people relapse and those feelings come from brain – associations can spontaneously recover chemistry. This suggests an interaction and so a person may suddenly find between internal and external factors themselves in a situation which they that the other two theories don’t associate with the addictive behaviour consider. and feel an urge to engage in it again. - Conditioning theories don’t explain why lots of people try drugs, alcohol and gambling but only a small number become addicted – if the cause of addiction was simply learning through Exit Ticket: 1. How does the Social Learning Theory explain addiction? 2. Name one strength of the Learning Theory. 3. Name one weakness of the Learning Theory. Evaluate the learning approach to addiction. [6 marks]  CBT CBT aims to help a patient change the way they think (cognitive) and change the way they act (behave) to improve their symptoms. It is based on the understanding that the way we think affects the way we feel and then the way we behave. The first stage is for the patient to discuss their symptoms and explain how they feel. The therapist then tries to help them recognise and challenge irrational ways of thinking and replace them with rational thoughts. There are multiple sessions and patients will do work between sessions – like homework! Evidence suggests that when used alongside other treatments, there is a more significant improvement in the patients symptoms and quality of life.  How does the process help to improve quality of life? Copy these procedures in to your booklet page 19/20.  How does the process help to improve quality of life? Copy these procedures in to your booklet page 19/20.  Strengths Weaknesses - Beltman (2010) found that - Relies on patients wanting to depressed patients treated change. with CBT improved more than those who were still waiting for - Expensive. treatment or not receiving any. - Unethical as it tells people that - Longer lasting than anti- how they think is wrong. depressants. - Helps them to feel better. Expand on each of these points to make them evaluation points STRUCTURE: AO1 - State a point, make it a strength or weakness AO2 - Give evidence from the scenario for each point  Strengths and weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses One strength of CBT for depression is that there is One weakness is that CBT relies on patients wanting evidence to suggest it is effective. For example, to change their behaviour and being able to recognize Matthijs Beltman et al. (2010) found that depressed when their thoughts are irrational. A symptom of patients treated with CBT improved more than those depression is lack of motivation, so the patient might who were still waiting for treatment or not receiving not be able to do all the CBT sessions and homework. any treatment. This suggests that it does help to This would make the therapy ineffective. For this reduce patients’ symptoms. reason, some patients may be offered drug therapy Another strength is that it may be a longerlasting first to alleviate their symptoms and help them treatment for depression than only using prepare for therapy. antidepressants. Patients learn how to control their symptoms by looking at their own thoughts and trying Another weakness concerns some ethical issues in the to change the negative ones. They then have the use of CBT. Some people argue that the therapist is skills to do this whenever they need to. In contrast, encouraging the patient to think that their own antidepressants can cause problems if they are used though processes are a problem and that they should for a long time, or they can stop working think in a different way. This could change the way after a period of time. they interact with others or make some people feel A third strength of CBT is that it may help depressed that the way they think and behave is in some way patients feel better because they learn how to deal wrong. The implication of this is that the therapist with their own symptoms. The feelings of may have the opportunity to abuse their position of helplessness power by telling the patient that they should change  Strengths and weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses - Evidence to suggest it works – Beltman (2010) - Relies on patients wanting to change and on found that depressed patients treated with CBT them recognising that their thoughts are causing improved more than those who were still waiting their depression. A main symptom of depression for treatment of not receiving any which is a lack of motivation and so a depressed suggests that CBT can and does lead to an patient may not benefit from CBT as they will improvement in the symptoms of depression not attend all the sessions or complete the work - Longer lasting than anti-depressants which between sessions. suggests that the skills the patients learns - Expensive This treatment is expensive long-term during CBT can be applied beyond the as only a limited number of sessions are counselling because the patient has learned to available on the NHS and the waiting list can be control their irrational thinking and to change very long. Some people cannot afford to access negative thoughts meaning they are less likely counselling therefore. to relapse - Unethical (tells them how they think is wrong…) - Helps them to feel better because they have so a patient may feel that they are to blame for learned to take control over their own feelings their depression and this can have a negative and thoughts and are now able to remove the impact on how they see themselves or interact negative symptoms of depression that they with others. This also allows a therapist to have caused. They feel empowered and less helpless. power over a patient and to abuse that power  Strengths and weaknesses Strengths - Evidence to suggest it works – Beltman (2010) found that depressed patients treated with CBT improved more than those who were still waiting for treatment of not receiving any which suggests that CBT can and does lead to an improvement in the symptoms of depression - Longer lasting than anti-depressants which suggests that the skills the patients learns during CBT can be applied beyond the counselling because the patient has learned to control their irrational thinking and to change negative thoughts meaning they are less likely to relapse - Helps them to feel better because they have learned to take control over their own feelings and thoughts and are now able  Strengths and weaknesses Weaknesses - Relies on patients wanting to change and on them recognising that their thoughts are causing their depression. A main symptom of depression is a lack of motivation and so a depressed patient may not benefit from CBT as they will not attend all the sessions or complete the work between sessions. - Expensive This treatment is expensive long-term as only a limited number of sessions are available on the NHS and the waiting list can be very long. Some people cannot afford to access counselling therefore. - Unethical (tells them how they think is wrong…) so a patient may feel that they are to blame for their depression and this can have a negative impact on how they see themselves or Exit Ticket: 1. What does CBT stand for? 2. How does CBT help? 3. Name one strength of CBT as a treatment for depression.