Psychology Final Notes PDF

WEEK 7: SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Difference between Sensation and Perception: ○ Sensation: Raw data our senses receive from the environment. ○ Perception: How our brain interprets these sensory signals. Sensory Processes and Systems: ○ Six Senses: Sight, hearing, taste,...

WEEK 7: SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Difference between Sensation and Perception: ○ Sensation: Raw data our senses receive from the environment. ○ Perception: How our brain interprets these sensory signals. Sensory Processes and Systems: ○ Six Senses: Sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch, balance. ○ Sensory Receptors and Neurons: Detect stimuli and send information to the brain. Key Concepts: ○ Transduction: Conversion of stimuli into neural signals. ○ Sensory Adaptation: Reduced sensitivity after constant exposure. ○ Pathways to the Brain: Routes through which sensory signals travel to be processed. Specific Senses: ○ Smell and Taste: Chemical senses detecting flavor and odor. ○ Pain: Warning mechanism of the body. ○ Stress-Induced Analgesia: Reduced pain sensitivity during stress. WEEK 8: LEARNING Basic Learning Concepts: ○ Reflexes and Instincts: Involuntary responses vs. innate behaviors. ○ Learned Behaviors: Changes resulting from experience. Types of Learning: ○ Associative vs. Non-Associative Learning: Linking stimuli vs. response changes without linking. Classical Conditioning (Pavlov’s Dog): ○ Key Terms: Conditioned/Unconditioned Stimuli and Responses. ○ Concepts: Extinction, Generalization, Discrimination. Operant Conditioning (Skinner’s Box): ○ Reinforcements and Punishments: Positive vs. Negative effects on behavior. ○ Schedules: Continuous vs. Partial Reinforcement, Shaping. Additional Learning Models: ○ Observational Learning: Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment. ○ Four Cognitive Processes: Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation. WEEK 9: EMOTIONS AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE Understanding Emotions: ○ Definition and Adaptive Value: Emotions as responses to stimuli. ○ Differences: Emotions vs. Moods.  Emotional Theories: ○ Ekman vs. Plutchik's Basic Emotions. ○ Brain Structures: Neo Cortex, Amygdala, Thalamus, Hippocampus. Key Concepts: ○ Emotional Highjack: Overpowering emotional responses. ○ Facial Expressions: Universal emotional indicators. ○ Emotional Intelligence: Managing emotions effectively. WEEK 9: MEMORY Memory Basics: ○ Definition and Stages (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval). Memory Types: ○ Three Stores: Sensory, Working, Long-term. ○ Declarative (Explicit) vs. Non-Declarative (Implicit) Memory. Additional Concepts: ○ Emotions' Effect: Influence on memory strength. ○ False Memories: Memory inaccuracies. WEEK 10: PERSONALITY AND PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT Understanding Personality: ○ The Big 5 Traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. ○ Psychodynamic Approach: Freud, Jung, Adler. Other Perspectives: ○ Behavioral Approach: Skinner, Bandura. ○ Humanistic Perspective: Rogers, Maslow. Assessments: ○ Self-Report Inventories: MMPI, 16PF, NEO. ○ Projective Tests: Rorschach Test, Thematic Apperception Test. WEEK 11: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS DSM-V Structure: Classification of mental disorders. Key Disorders: ○ Anxiety (GAD, Panic, Phobias, OCD). ○ Mood (Depression, Bipolar Disorder). ○ Schizophrenia, Personality Disorders. WEEK 12: PSYCHOTHERAPY APPROACHES Types of Therapy: ○ Family, Humanistic, Gestalt, Cognitive Behavioral, Psychodynamic. WEEK 13: STRESS AND COPING MECHANISMS Understanding Stress: ○ Stress, Stressor, Strain, and Burnout. ○ Models of Stress: Response, Stimulus, Interactionist. Managing Stress: ○ Causes, Symptoms, Consequences. ○ Coping Mechanisms and Resilience.