Psych 101: Module 1 & 2 PDF

Welcome to Psych 101! Psych 101: Module 1 Introduction to Psychology  Module 1: Introduction to Psychology Historical Definition and 01 Goals 02 Foundations of Psychology Contemporary...

Welcome to Psych 101! Psych 101: Module 1 Introduction to Psychology  Module 1: Introduction to Psychology Historical Definition and 01 Goals 02 Foundations of Psychology Contemporary Careers in 03 Psychological 04 Psychology Perspectives What is Psychology to you? Psychology “Psyche” - human soul, mind, or spirit Scientific study of behavior and mental processes Behavior includes all of our outward or overt actions and reactions (e.g., talking, facial expressions, and movement) Mental processes refers to all the internal, covert (hidden) activity (e.g., thinking, feeling, remembering) Goals of Psychology Describ Predict e What are they doing? What would happen if I responded this way? Explain Control Why are they doing What can I do to get that? them to not do that again?  History of Psychology Wundt W. James Objective 1898 1900s Functionalism Introspection 1 2 3 4 5 Plato, Aristotle, Wertheimer, Descartes Titchener Freud, Pavlov Philosophical 1879 Structuralism & 1890 & Watson Foundations Introspection Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism Wilhelm Wundt German Philosopher Leipzig, Germany, 1879 “Father of Experimental Psychology” - distinguished psychology as a science from philosophy and biology Objective Introspection - process of examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities. Edward Titchener Wundt’s student New York, 1898 (Cornell University) Structuralism: focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind. Introspection and Empathie (~Empathy) 3 elementary states of consciousness: Sensations (sights, sounds, tastes), Images (components of thoughts), and Affections (components of emotions) William James American Philosopher USA, Harvard University Father of American Psychology Functionalism: focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. Evolutionary value, or function, of specific behaviors and mindsets Consciousness is a continuum James-Lange theory of emotion Theory of the Self - “I” and “Me” Max Wertheimer Gestalt Psychology - “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” Implications on Cognitive Psychology, Theory of Learning and Gestalt Psychotherapy Sigmund Freud Neurologist, Vienna, Austria Psychoanalysis - make the unconscious a conscious thought and motivations, and gain an"insight". Nervous system disorders with no physical cause - cause must be in the mind Model of the Mind - Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious Components of the Mind - Id, Ego, Superego Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson Behaviorism : focus only on observable behavior; “Science of Behavior” Ivan Pavlov - Reflex and Conditioning John B. Watson - Studies on Language, Speech and Memory ○ “Little Albert” Experiment and Phobias Psychology Today Perspective Major Focus and Concepts Major Theorists Psychodynamic Development of sense of self, motivation for Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, social/interpersonal relationships Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Anna Freud Behavioral Classical and operant conditioning, concept of Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, reinforcement, focus on observable behavior Edward L. Thorndike, B. F. Skinner Humanistic The ability of the individual to direct and control his Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, or her own life, free will, self-actualization Natalie Rogers Cognitive Perception, memory, intelligence, thought Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, processes, problem solving, language, learning, the Elizabeth Loftus, Howard Gardner, role of the brain and nervous system Fergus I. M. Craik, Raymond Cattell, Eleanor Rosch Psychology Today Perspective Major Focus and Concepts Major Theorists Sociocultural Relationship between social behavior and the Lev Vygotsky, John Darley, Bibb contexts of family, social groups, and culture Latané, Albert Bandura, Leon Festinger, Henri Tajfel, Philip Zimbardo, Stanley Milgram Biopsychological Influences of genetics, hormones, and the activity of Paul Broca, Charles Darwin, Michael the nervous system on human and animal behavior Gazzaniga, Roger Sperry, Carl Wernicke, S. Marc Breedlove, Lisa Feldman Barrett Evolutionary The biological bases for universal mental David Buss, Richard Dawkins, Leda characteristics that are shared by all humans Cosmides, Robert Trivers, David C. Geary, Todd K. Shackelford, Daved F. Bjorklund, Anne Campbell, Susan Oyama Careers in Psychology Psychologist Doctorate degree, licensed by PRC; specializes in the study of mind and behavior or in the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders Psychometrician Scientist who engineers, studies, validates, administers and analyze psychological tests Psychiatrist Trained as a medical doctor, specializes in the diagnosis and treatment (including the prescription of medications)  Careers in Psychology Conduct Research Apply Science Provide Health Care Teach and Study Learning Promote Community and Individual Well-Being Advise Business, Industry, and Policymakers  Areas of Specialization PAP Specialty Divisions Assessment Psychology Clinical Psychology Counseling Psychology Developmental Psychology Educational Psychology Social Psychology See more here  Other Areas of Specialization Forensic Psychology Cross-cultural Psychology Industrial and Neuropsychology Organizational Cyberpsychology Psychology Positive Psychology Educational Psychology Geropsychology Health Psychology Sport Psychology Design Psychology Psych 101: Module 2 Psychology as a Science Psychology as a Science Goals of Psychology Describ Predict e What are they doing? What would happen if I responded this way? Explain Control Why are they doing What can I do to get that? them to not do that again?  Research Methods in Psychology Descriptive Correlational Experimental Naturalistic Observation Measure of the Involves manipulating Laboratory Observation relationship between variables to determine if Case Studies two or more variables there is a cause-and-effect Surveys relationship  Descriptive Research Methods in Psychology Naturalistic Observation Watch individuals or animals behave in their normal environment to explore their behaviors without any outside influence or control Observer effect: Tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed. Pros: More realistic, more affordable, can support external validity of research Cons: Inability to manipulate or control variables, Lack of control, Lack of validity, Observer bias  Descriptive Research Methods in Psychology Laboratory Observation Observing the behavior of subjects that are in a controlled environment Pros: Specific conditions, variables, and procedures to systematically observe and measure behavior, allowing for greater control and comparison of different conditions or groups Cons: Artificial situation might result in artificial behavior  Descriptive Research Methods in Psychology Case Studies In-depth study of one person, group, or event; collect information through psychometric testing, observation, interviews, experiments and case study archives Pros: Allow researchers to observe and record information about rare, impractical, or unethical conditions and behaviours Cons: Limited generalizability of results Phineas Gage  Descriptive Research Methods in Psychology Surveys Series of questions asked to the respondents in order to understand their thought processes and mental state Pros: Get private information on a large scale sample, cost-effective, quick to administer Cons: Social desirability bias, Errors in survey construction and administration, Poor response rates  Correlational Research Method Correlation Measure of the relationship between two or more variables Knowing the value of one variable allows predicting the value of the other variable Pros: May predict causal relationships, cost-effective Cons: Correlation does not prove causation, No cause only relationships, possible confounding variable Bobo Doll Experiment  Experimental Research Method Experimental Involves manipulating variables to determine if there is a cause-and-effect relationship Pros: Establish cause and effect relationships between variables Cons: May produce artificial results, low reliability Stanford Prison Experiment  Description Use Limitations Self-reports Participants’ written or Interviews and Social desirability bias oral accounts of thoughts, questionnaires Lack of clear insight into one’s actions, own behavior feelings. Behavioral Objective observation Small scale studies on Time required to train coders Measures of actions in either behavior and conduct coding natural or lab settings. Participants may modify their behavior Physiological Data collection of bodily Studies to determine the Specialized training on Measures responses under certain magnitude of physiological expensive equipment, on how conditions. change to collect measurements, and on data interpretation Multiple Several measures Offset limitation of any Expensive and time consuming Measures combined to acquire single measurement data on one aspect of Complex behaviors to behavior. study  Ethics of Psychological Research Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) Code of Ethics - Research Rights and Dignity of Participants Informed Consent to Research Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research Research Participation of Client, Students and Subordinates Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research Offering Inducements for Research Participation Deception in Research Debriefing  Ethics of Psychological Research Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) Code of Ethics - Research Observational Research Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research Reporting Research Results Plagiarism Publication Credit Duplicate Publication of Data Sharing Research Data for Verification Reviewers Limitations of the Study  References Cicarelli, S. & White, J. (2021). Psychology (6th Edition). Pearson. Rathus, S. (2020). Psych 6: Introductory Psychology. Cengage. Feist-Rosenberg (2009). Psychology: Perspective and Connections (5th Edition). McGraw Hill.