Introduction to Psychology - AUA-CAS Psy100 PDF

Introduction to Psychology: PSY100 AUA-CAS Presenter: Navida Edwards  Objectives Students will be able to: Define the key term Psychology Definition and breakdown of the terms. Understand Psychology as a science Jens Martensson Is Psychology...

Introduction to Psychology: PSY100 AUA-CAS Presenter: Navida Edwards  Objectives Students will be able to: Define the key term Psychology Definition and breakdown of the terms. Understand Psychology as a science Jens Martensson Is Psychology a science? 2 Introduction Write your Name: First job: What you learnt from the experience? Jens Martensson 3 What do you think of when you hear, Psychology? Jens Martensson 4 Definition Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. It seeks to describe explain predict and control behaviour and mental processes (human dignity is paramount as individuals make their own decisions) Jens Martensson Psychology has many areas of interests particularly the role and function of the nervous system, (pleasure) sensation and perception, learning and memory, intelligence, language, thought, development, personality, stress and health, psychological disorders and how they can be treated as well as the behaviour of people in a social setting are just a few. 5  Jens Martensson 6 Psychology The Bystander Effect Kitty Genovese case Jens Martensson 7 Phineas Gage: an iron bar through the head Jens Martensson 8 What do you understand here? Scientific method uses a systematic approach to test a cause and effect relationship to arrive at a logical answer to things which are perceivable and measurable. Where Jens Martensson this differs in Psychology is that It is difficult to measure something abstract connected to psychology such as hate, love, and happiness. However, what is measurable is why something is done with a given reason. Therefore, the science behind Psychology uses empirical; from observation or experiment. 9 Empirical Research An example of empirical analysis would be if a researcher was interested in finding out whether listening to happy music promotes prosocial behaviour. Jens Martensson 10  Jens Martensson 11 Questions  Objectives Analyse facts and myths in Psychology Apply the goal of Psychology to learning Recognise and recall facts as it relates to the history of Psychology and its role as a science. Understand requirements and opportunities for a career with Psychology degrees. Jens Martensson 12 Introduction How would you define Psychology? Is Psychology a science? Is critical thinking essential to psychology? Why or Why not? Jens Martensson 13  Myths vs Facts! We only use 10% of our brains? We use all functions of our brains. The Polygraph Test Is an Accurate Means of Detecting Lies Jens Martensson It compels you to be honest. It merely measures changes against a chart. Think of wonder woman and her lasso. Human Memory Works Like a Video Camera Memory can be preserved like a film. However, overtime it can be distorted by way of feelings, bias, emotions and other factors which can reconstruct the truth. People with Schizophrenia Have Multiple Personalities Rather it is a mental disorder characterized by hallucination, disorganized thinking and delusions. Hypnosis Is a Unique "Trance" State Differing In Kind from Wakefulness It does not render the person under mind control.You are in charge o f your actions 14 The four (4) goals of Psychology To describe-Behaviour (is it overt or covert behaviour?) Mental processes-sensation and perception, dreams and thoughts To explain- Why does an occurrence happen? Jens Martensson To predict- Will this happen in the future? To control- Can this be changed? Can a more desirable outcome happen? 15  History of Psychology. From Philosophy to Science! Moving from Philosophers such as John Lock and Darwin to name a few we see the change in the history of Psychology. Structuralism The Cognitive Jens Martensson Functionalism Revolution Humanism Psychoanalytic Theory Behaviorism Gestalt Psychology 16 Structuralism-Wundt Wilhelm Wundt(1832–1920) is regarded as “The Father of Psychology” He used the scientific study of conscious experience through a focus on Introspection (Subjective measures) He further posits the point of voluntarism Jens Martensson His book Volkerpsychologie (1904) highlighted the association culture has on an individual. Edward Titchener, one of his students, went on to develop structuralism. Wundt established his psychology laboratory at the University at Leipzig in 1879 Wilhelm Wundt Edward Titchener 17 Functionalism-William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders Peirce They accepted Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection Viewed the function of behaviour in the world through adapting for survival, therefore, the brain and mind Jens Martensson of constantly changing. It differs from Structuralism as it focused on the entire mind rather than individual parts and used more objective measures of the use of introspection. 18 Psychoanalytic Theory-Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) posits that problems arose from the unconscious mind through dream analysis, and innocent slips of the tongue(Freudian slips). Jens Martensson He is credited as the founding father of psychoanalysis which centres on treating mental illness as well as a theory to explain human behaviour. He saw the connection between early childhood and adult 19 Freudian slips. Have you ever…? Called a teacher “mom” A partner by another name? Using the wrong word Jens Martensson 20 Childhood trauma and adult life. Inability to deal with confrontation or conflict- Adult Unhealthy patterns as adults from a lack of boundary setting.-Childhood Jens Martensson 21 Gestalt Psychology-Wertheimer, Koffka, and Köhler Max Wertheimer (1880–1943), Kurt Koffka (1886–1941), and Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967) were Jens Martensson German psychologists who introduced America to Gestalt principles. It highlights sensation and perception. (perception encompasses how the individual parts during sensation relate to each other) 22 Can you read this? Organising visual elements into groups oppose to reading each letter. Jens Martensson 23  Behaviorism-Pavlov Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) -The production of an unconscious response (reflex) to a stimulus and over time learning a desired response to a different stimulus. HE tested his theory with dogs and salivation to food classical conditioning” Jens Martensson 24 Classical Conditioning Jens Martensson 25 Behaviorism-Watson John B. Watson (1878–1958) focused directly on observable behaviour and tried to bring that behaviour under control. Focus shift in psychology from the mind to behaviour, Behaviorism. Jens Martensson Can animal experiments be used to replicate humans? Behaviorism is largely responsible for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline through its objective methods. 26 Little Albert Jens Martensson 27 Behaviorism-Skinner B. F. Skinner (1904–1990) spoke of reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behaviour and is famously known for creating The Skinner box. Jens Martensson 28 Humanism-Maslow Humanism is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) was an American psychologist who is best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behaviour. According to Maslow, the highest-level needs relate to self-actualization, a process by which we Jens Martensson achieve our full potential. 29 Humanism- Rogers Carl Rogers (1902–1987) Rogers used a therapeutic technique known as client-centered therapy in helping his clients deal with problematic issues that resulted in their seeking psychotherapy. The success of which is dependent on unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy. Jens Martensson 30 The Cognitive Revolution The Cognitive revolution highlights a shift where the focus was on the mind oppose to behaviour. Although, no one person is entirely responsible for starting the cognitive revolution, Noam Chomsky was very influential in the early days of this movement with language and learning. Jens Martensson 31  Multicultural And Cross-Cultural Psychology Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan discuss how WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic. ) societies have been over studied and their relevance to societies who fall outside this demographic. Jens Martensson In 1920, Francis Cecil Sumner (African American) established a psychology degree program at Howard University George I. Sanchez being of Mexican Heritage contested standardized testing highlighting language and cultural barriers which can hinder equal opportunities African American researchers and psychologists: Phipps Clark and her husband, Kenneth Clark and their studies on African American children and doll preference, 32 Mamie Phipps Clark, PhD, and Kenneth Clark, PhD The Clarks were influential given their role in the Civil Rights movement. Further, their knowledge and research with African Americans proved pivotal to be key witnesses in several school desegregation cases, Jens Martensson including Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954 33 WOMEN IN PSYCHOLOGY In 1894, Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman awarded the doctoral degree in psychology. In the mid 1890s, Mary Whiton Calkins completed all requirements toward the PhD in psychology, (Despite not being recognized because of gender) Jens Martensson Mary Cover Jones, conducted the first Latina to earn her doctoral degree in psychology (1962) conducted much of her research with Mexican American children. Inez Beverly Prosser was the first African American woman awarded the PhD 34  Careers in Psychology Professional counselors School psychologists Sports psychology consultants in various industrial settings psychiatric social work or psychiatric nursing Jens Martensson Teaching Conducting research 35 Closure- Exit Slip-No name How does the goal of psychology help with the its role? Name one key figure in the history of psychology and explain their contribution to the field. Which school of psychology do you agree with most? Why? Jens Martensson Can you see yourself with a career from psychology? 36 Thank You