Introduction to Psychology Basics
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Questions and Answers

What does the term "Psyche" refer to?

human soul, mind, or spirit

What two things does Psychology scientifically study?

behavior and mental processes

What does "Behavior" include?

All of our outward or overt actions and reactions (e.g., talking, facial expressions, and movement)

What are "Mental processes"?

<p>All the internal, covert (hidden) activity (e.g., thinking, feeling, remembering)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four primary goals of Psychology?

<p>Describe, Predict, Explain, Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is the "Father of Experimental Psychology"?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did Wundt use to study the mind?

<p>Objective Introspection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was a student of Wundt's and established the school of Structuralism?

<p>Edward Titchener</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Structuralism focus on?

<p>The structure or basic elements of the mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two methods were used by Structuralism to study the mind?

<p>Introspection and Empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Structuralism and Functionalism?

<p>Structuralism focuses on the structure of the mind while Functionalism focuses on what the mind does and how it functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the "Father of American Psychology"?

<p>William James</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Functionalism focus on?

<p>How the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is best known for his work with Gestalt Psychology?

<p>Max Wertheimer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core idea behind Gestalt Psychology?

<p>The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Psychoanalysis?

<p>Make the unconscious a conscious thought and motivations, and gain an &quot;insight&quot;.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?

<p>A psychologist specializes in the study of mind and behavior or in the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. A psychiatrist is trained as a medical doctor, specializes in the diagnosis and treatment (including the prescription of medications).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main components of the mind according to Freud?

<p>Id, Ego, Superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Behaviorism?

<p>Focus only on observable behavior; &quot;Science of Behavior&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is best known for their work with Reflex and Conditioning?

<p>Ivan Pavlov</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the "Little Albert" experiment?

<p>An experiment where John B. Watson studied the development of phobias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

<p>Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response, while operant conditioning involves learning through reinforcement and punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Humanistic psychology?

<p>The ability of the individual to direct and control his or her own life, free will, self-actualization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main areas of focus in Cognitive psychology?

<p>Perception, memory, intelligence, thought processes, problem solving, language, learning, the role of the brain and nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Sociocultural psychology?

<p>Relationship between social behavior and the contexts of family, social groups, and culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Biopsychological psychology explore?

<p>Influences of genetics, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system on human and animal behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Evolutionary psychology examine?

<p>The biological bases for universal mental characteristics that are shared by all humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a major area of specialization in Psychology?

<p>Animal Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way is psychology considered a science?

<p>Psychology follows a systematic approach to studying behavior and mental processes, relying on scientific methods and principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the scientific method?

<p>Generating research questions or hypotheses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main research methods used in Psychology?

<p>Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of conducting an experiment?

<p>To establish a cause-and-effect relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between naturalistic observation and laboratory observation?

<p>Naturalistic observation takes place in a natural, uncontrolled environment, while laboratory observation occurs in a controlled setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of observational research methods?

<p>Naturalistic Observation, Laboratory Observation, Case Studies, Surveys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key ethical considerations in psychological research?

<p>Respect for participants' rights and dignity, informed consent, and ensuring ethical research practices to protect participants and maintain scientific integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Naturalistic observation is used to identify a cause and effect relationship between variables in a scientific study.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of case studies?

<p>Limited generalizability of results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "Observer Effect" refer to?

<p>The tendency of individuals to modify their behavior because they are being observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surveys are the best type of research for identifying a cause and effect relationship between variables.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of measures frequently used in psychological research?

<p>Self-reports, Behavioral Measures, and Physiological Measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some limitations of self-report measures?

<p>Social desirability bias and lack of clear insight into one's own behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some limitations of physiological measures?

<p>Specialized training, expensive equipment, and challenges in data interpretation are some limitations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Psychology

  • Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
  • "Psyche" refers to the human soul, mind, or spirit.
  • Behavior includes outward actions like talking, facial expressions, and movement.
  • Mental processes are internal activities like thinking, feeling, and remembering.

Goals of Psychology

  • Describe: Observing and documenting behavior. What are they doing?
  • Predict: Anticipating future behavior. What would happen if...?
  • Explain: Understanding the reasons behind behavior. Why are they doing that?
  • Control: Influencing behavior to achieve desired outcomes. What do I do to stop that?

History of Psychology

  • Wilhelm Wundt (1879): Considered the "Father of Experimental Psychology". Objective introspection—examining one's own thoughts and mental activities.
  • Edward Titchener (1898): Wundt's student at Cornell University. Structuralism—focused on the basic elements of the mind (sensations, images, affections).
  • William James (1898): Functionalism—focused on studying how the mind allows people to adapt, survive, and flourish. Consciousness as a continuum.
  • Max Wertheimer: Gestalt psychology—"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts", implications on cognitive psychology, theory of learning and Gestalt psychotherapy.
  • Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis—stressed the importance of the unconscious mind on behavior.
  • Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson: Behaviorism—focused only on observable behavior. (Pavlov - reflex/conditioning; Watson - studies on language, speech, memory, the Little Albert experiment and phobias.)

Psychology Today

  • Perspective:
    • Psychodynamic: Development of self/social/interpersonal relationships (Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney, Erikson).
    • Behavioral: Classical/operant conditioning/reinforcement/observable behavior (Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, Skinner).
    • Humanistic: Free will/self-actualization (Maslow, Rogers, Rogers).
    • Cognitive: Perception/memory/intelligence/thought/learning/brain/nervous system (Piaget, Chomsky, Loftus, Gardner, Cattell, Rosch).
    • Sociocultural: Influences of family/social groups/culture on behavior (Vygotsky, Darley, Latané, Bandura, Festinger, Tajfel, Zimbardo, Milgram).
    • Biopsychological: Influence of genetics/hormones/nervous system activity (Broca, Darwin, Gazzaniga, Sperry, Wernicke, Feldman Barrett).
    • Evolutionary: Biological bases of universal mental characteristics (Buss, Dawkins, Cosmides, Trivers, Geary, Shackelford, Bjorklund, Campbell, Oyama).

Careers in Psychology

  • Psychologist: Doctorate degree; studies the mind and behavior.
  • Psychometrician: Scientist who studies psychological tests.
  • Psychiatrist: Medical doctor; diagnosis and treatment, including medications.
  • Specializations like assessment, clinical, counseling, developmental, educational, social, forensic, industrial/organizational, health, sport, design, cross-cultural, neuropsychology, cyberpsychology, positive psychology, geropsychology.

Research Methods in Psychology

  • Descriptive: Observe and record behavior.
    • Naturalistic observation: Observing behavior in natural settings.
    • Laboratory observation: Observing behavior in controlled environments.
    • Case studies: In-depth study of single cases.
    • Surveys: Collecting self-reported data.
  • Correlational: Determining relationship between variables.
  • Experimental: Manipulating variables to determine cause-and-effect.

Research Methods in Psychology: Methods

  • Self-reports: Participants' accounts of thoughts/feelings/actions (interviews/questionnaires).
  • Behavioral Measures: Objective observation of behavior (small-scale/natural/lab).
  • Physiological Measures: Bodily responses under certain conditions.
  • Multiple Measures: Combining several measures to study a behavior in depth.

Ethics in Psychological Research

  • Participants' rights: Informed consent, confidentiality, protection from harm.
  • Animal research: Humane care/responsible use.
  • Research integrity: Data accuracy/reporting/publication.
  • Limitations: Honesty about limitations/bias/impact of study.

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Psych 101: Module 1 & 2 PDF

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Explore the fundamentals of psychology, including its definition, goals, and historical context. Learn about key figures like Wilhelm Wundt and the concepts of behavior and mental processes. This quiz will help you understand the core principles that guide psychological research.

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