PSYC Chapter 3 Lecture PDF

Models of Psychopathology ​ The models of psychopathology ○​ Used by scientists and clinicians to treat psychopathology ​ Delineate basic assumptions ​ Give order to field of study ​ Set guidelines for research ​ The psychodynamic model​...

Models of Psychopathology ​ The models of psychopathology ○​ Used by scientists and clinicians to treat psychopathology ​ Delineate basic assumptions ​ Give order to field of study ​ Set guidelines for research ​ The psychodynamic model​ ○​ Freud (1856-1939): ○​ Behavior is determined by underlying unconscious, dynamic, psychological forces ○​ Psychopathology are the result of conflict among these forces ​ Freud and psychological functioning ○​ Three unconscious forces ​ Id: pleasure principle ​ Ego: reality principle; defense mechanisms ​ Superego: morality principle ○​ Conflicts ​ Some degree of conflict ​ Healthy personality= low conflict ​ Dysfunction= excessive conflict ​ The defense never rests ○​ Common defense mechanisms: denial, repression, projection, displacement, regression, rationalization, sublimation, compartmentalization, reaction formation, intellectualization ​ Psychodynamic therapies ○​ Goal: uncover past trauma and inner conflicts ○​ Therapist as a guide ○​ Major techniques ​ Free association ​ Therapist interpretation ​ Transference ​ Dreams ​ Resistance ○​ Push for: ​ Time limited ​ More efficient ​ More affordable ​ Examples: ​ Short term psychodynamic therapies ​ Relational psychoanalytic therapy ​ Assessing the psychodynamic model ○​ Strengths  ​ Recognizes the role of conflict and systematic treatment ​ Recognizes role of the unconscious and childhood ○​ Weaknesses ○​ Hard to study ○​ Long term psychodynamic= lower efficacy ​ The cognitive-behavioral model ○​ Focus on thoughts and behaviors and their interplay ○​ CBT triangle (behaviors, thoughts, emotions) ○​ Behavioral dimension ​ Classical conditioning ​ Operant conditioning ​ Modeling ○​ CBT seeks to help replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate behaviors ○​ Cognitive dimension ​ Assumptions ​ Illogical thinking patterns ○​ Therapists help clients recognize, challenge, a change problematic thinking ○​ Components of CBT are interwoven in most contemporary therapies ○​ Ex: social anxiety ​ Anxiety levels increase when clients enter social situations; avoidance and safety behaviors appear ​ 3rd wave cognitive behavior therapies ○​ Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) ​ Assessing the cognitive behavioral model ○​ Strengths ​ Measurable ​ Testable ​ Efficacious ​ Popular ​ CBT: drawbacks ○​ The precise role of cognition in psychopathology is unclear ○​ CBT is not effective for everyone ○​ Less focus on early life experiences and relationships ​ The humanistic existential model ○​ Existentialist view ​ Focused on ​ Death ​ Meaning ​ Freedom and responsibility ​ Isolation  ​ Goals ​ Foster self awareness ​ Encourage authentic living ○​ Humanistic therapy ​ Basic human need for unconditional positive regard ​ If received, leads to unconditional self regard ​ If not, leads to conditions of worth ​ Carl Rogers’ client centered therapy ​ Therapist skills: ​ Unconditional positive regard ​ Genuineness ​ Accurate empathy ​ Little research support but positive impact on clinical practice ○​ Existential therapy ​ Arises when client uses self deception to hide from responsibilities ​ Clients feel overwhelmed by present day society quitting becomes habitual ​ Clients are encouraged to responsibility for their lives and problems ​ Assessing the humanistic existential model ○​ Strengths ​ Promising but overlooked concepts ​ Optimistic and hopeful tone ​ Emphasis on wellness/health ○​ Weaknesses ​ Difficult to research ​ Sometimes anti-research ​ Family social treatments ○​ Psychological problems emerge and are best treated in family and social settings ​ Treatment approaches ○​ Interpersonal therapy ○​ Group therapy ○​ Family therapy ○​ Couples therapy ○​ Community treatment ​ The multicultural perspective ○​ Equal focus on differences within cultural groups and differences between cultural groups ○​ An individual’s potential membership to multiple diverse groups is considered  ​ Intersectionality ○​ Culturally responsive treatments ​ Approaches that are designed to help address the unique issues faced by members of different cultural groups ​ Assessing the sociocultural model ○​ Strengths ​ Highlights social factors ​ Can be efficacious ○​ Weaknesses ​ Correlation does not equal causation ​ Poorer predictive predictability ​ Comparing models ○​ Look at chart ​ The developmental psychopathology perspective ○​ Uses a developmental framework to understand how principles from the various models may collectively account for human functioning ​ Equifinality ○​ Different developmental factors can lead to the same psychological disorder ​ Multifinality ○​ Similar developmental factors can lead to the different clinical outcomes ​ The biological model ○​ Strong biomedical perspective ○​ illness= brought about by irregularities in the brain ​ Biological explanations of psychopathology ○​ Irregular activity of neurotransmitters: ​ Serotonin and depression ○​ Chemical activity ​ Irregular chemical activity in endocrine system (hormones) ​ Cortisol and depression/anxiety ​ Brain anatomy, circuitry, and psychopathology ○​ Increasingly, research focuses on brain circuits as the key to psychological disorders rather than a single brain chemical ○​ Brain circuit neurotransmitters, structures, and functions ​ Proper connectivity among circuit structures ​ Sources of biological irregularities: genetics ○​ Psychopathology in brain anatomy or chemistry is sometimes the result of genetics ○​ More relevant for certain mental disorders ​ Biological treatments  ○​ Biological practitioners attempt to identify the physical source of dysfunction to determine the course to treatment ○​ Leading biological treatments today ​ Drug therapy ​ Brain stimulation ​ Psychosurgery ○​ Brain stimulation (direct or indirect) ​ ECT ​ TMS ​ VNS ○​ Psychosurgery/neurosurgery: ​ Brain surgery for mental disorders ​ Trephining; lobotomy ​ Deep brain stimulation ​ Assessing the biological model ○​ Strengths ​ Respected in the field ​ Produces new scientific knowledge ​ Sometimes efficacious ○​ Shortcomings ​ Minimizes non-biological factors ​ Significant side effects ​ Often costly