Models of Stress and Adjustment PSY 707 PDF

Models of Stress and Adjustment PSY 707 Dr. A.J. Fiocco Week 1 Introduction to the course Road Map Introductions Overview of the course Lecture (?) 2 Course Expectations Each Week: Lecture-based Experiential learning...

Models of Stress and Adjustment PSY 707 Dr. A.J. Fiocco Week 1 Introduction to the course Road Map Introductions Overview of the course Lecture (?) 2 Course Expectations Each Week: Lecture-based Experiential learning of different reflective and contemplative practices each week (in-class and mini-assignments) Weekly quizzes in class My Expectations: Come to class on time Participate and engage in the contemplative practices (have an open mind) Treat yourself and others with respect and kindness 3  Course Assessments (See syllabus) Evaluation Component Percentage of Final Grade Description Quizzes 5 Material covered in Monday’s lecture Mini-Assignments 10 Reflective practices Midterm test 25 Material before reading week Written Assignment 30 7-page Lit Review Final term test 30 Material post midterm Total 100 You are responsible for all material in blue Textbook Lecture = Lecture + readings that overlap with lecture 4 Remember…. 5 Any Questions? For the ENTIRE term…..there are no “stupid” questions 6 For the ENTIRE term….. 7 What Does Stress Mean to You? What is your mindset? 8 Week 1 & 2 Objectives Name and discuss the different major theories of stress Define stress and stressors Identify the ingredients to stress 9 Theories of Stress Stress System Theory (i.e., Biological) Fight-or-Flight (Cannon) GAS (Selye) Allostatic Load (McEwen) Resource Theory Transactional Model of Stress (Lazarus) Salutogenic Model of Stress (Antonovsky) 10 Walter Cannon (1871-1945) “Fight or Flight” Pioneering Physiologist of Human Emotion First to noticed that when animals were frightened or disturbed, digestion would stop (1911 publication on Mechanical Factors of Digestion) – led to his interest in the physiology of emotions Showed that when animals are aroused (stressed), sympathetic nervous system interacts with hormones of the adrenal medulla (epinephrine) to mobilize the animal for an emergency response = “Fight or Flight” Response 1920’s worked on the construct of Homeostasis = the maintenance of steady states in the body and the physiological processes through which they are regulated 11 Image: https://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/walter-bradford-cannon-2/ Fight-or-Flight (Cannon) Homeostasis Self-regulation of physiological processes to ensure properties of the organism remain within a stable range Fight-or-Flight A response to a stimulus that quickly increases heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol, in preparation to fight or flee This response is automatic, without awareness or conscious control via the autonomic nervous system (ANS) 12 Fight or Flight Response – Homeostasis is disrupted 13 Fight-or-Flight (Cannon) Sensory System Dermal System Cardiovascular Respiratory System System GI System GI System Muscular System Cardiovascular System 14 Updates on the Fight or Flight Response Fight-Flight or Freeze Response In some cases, freezing is an adaptive survival response Tend-and-Befriend Theory (2000, Shelley E. Taylor) Respond to stress by tending to young ones and befriending one’s social group Especially in females (protect offspring) 15 Hans Selye (1907-1982) General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) The Father of Stress Research 1930s: Long-term exposure to stress, or activation of the flight-or-flight response leads to a General Adaptation Syndrome Stress: “nonspecific response of the body to any demand “ 16  GAS Model (Selye) General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 3-phase process to explain effects of long-term stress - GAS Phase 1: Alarm Reaction Phase 2: Stage of Resistance Phase 3: Stage of Exhaustion Graph: Image: https://nga.gov.au/exhibition/karshshmith/detail.cfm?IRN=49450 17 Image: https://www.integrativepro.com/Resources/Integrative-Blog/2016/General-Adaptation-Syndrome-Stages GAS (Selye) The Triad of Stress: enlarged adrenal glands, thymic-lymphatic node atrophy, and gastrointestinal ulceration 18 Inverted U Curve/ Yerkes-Dodson “Stress is like spice - in the right proportion it enhances the flavor of a dish. Too little produces a bland, dull meal; too much may choke you.” ~Donald Tubesing 19 Image:https://www.vipinramdas.com/stress-really-need-will-help-decide/stress-curve/ Eustress vs. Distress Eustress: Adaptive stress. Positive experiences. Process of exploring potential gains Distress: Maladaptive stress. Negative experiences. Results in aversive state with inability to adapt completely 20  “Every stress leaves an indelible scar, and the organism pays for its survival after a stressful situation by becoming a little older.” ~ Hans Selye Image: https://gettingstronger.org/2011/09/voluntary-stress/selye-2/ 21 Bruce McEwen (1938 – 2020) Allostatic Load Allostasis Adaptive way in which the body changes it’s set point, depending on the environment/situation. Allostatic Load (AL) Consequence of chronic or repeated activation of stress sensitive systems; cumulative wear and tear across interconnected biological systems Measured using a composite score (AL index): neuroendocrine, metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune function 22 Image: https://www.everydayhealth.com/wellness/advisory-board/bruce-mcewen-phd/ Allostatic Load Allostatic Load Index Neuroendocrine: cortisol, NE, E Cardiovascular: blood pressure Metabolic: adiposity, glucose, insulin Immune: inflammatory markers McEwen, 1998 23 Image:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13801246_McEwen_BS_Protective_and_damaging_effects_of_stress_media tors_N_Engl_J_Med_338_171-9/figures?lo=1 Richard Lazarus (1922-2002) Transactional Model of Stress Hassles vs. Uplifts Hassles: family health, rising prices, discrimination Uplifts: Good social support Emphasizes the person’s evaluation of the situation, or appraisal Stress: The relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised as personally significant and as taxing or exceeding resources for coping 24 Image: https://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2002/12/04_lazarus.html Transactional Model of Stress 3-process cognitive model 1. Primary appraisal 2. Secondary appraisal 3. Re-appraisal Lazarus & Folkman 1984 25 Transactional Model of Stress Primary Appraisal: Is this harmful? Is there a personal stake or threat? Significance of encounter Not significant/irrelevant Benign-positive (desirable) Harm/loss appraisal (past or present) Threat appraisal (future) Challenge appraisal (growth) 26 Transactional Model of Stress Secondary Appraisal: How do I deal? Coping options Evaluate internal (inner strength) and external options (peers, resources) Problem-based; emotion-based coping Reappraisal Phase: The stress is reappraised and coping resources are evaluated 27 Transactional Model of Stress Coping: the process of ‘constantly changing cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific internal and/or external stressors that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of a person’ (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) 28 Aaron Antonovsky (1923 – 1994) Antonovsky’s Salutogenic Model Stress is not inherently pathogenic Depends on how the tension is managed Generalized Resistance Resources (GRR) (vs. Deficits) Sense of Coherence (SOC): Comprehensibility, Manageability, Meaningfulness. 29 Antonovsky’s Salutogenic Model 30 Antonovsky’s Salutogenic Model Sense of Coherence (SOC) comprised of: Comprehensibility: ability to make cognitive sense of the stimuli/experience. Consistency and predictability of the event in our world vs. confusion and paralysis Manageability: ability to access internal and external coping resources Meaningfulness: ability to emotionally make sense of the stimuli/experience. Seeing something as a challenge rather than a burden Research: SOC promotes resilience and positive health outcomes in Holocaust survivors (Hirsch et al., 2015) and their offspring (Fossion et al. 2015; Goldberg & Wiseman, 2014). 31 Week 1 & 2 Objectives Name and discuss the different major theories of stress Defining stress and stressors Identify the ingredients to stress 32 Defining Stress Stress is a Multidimensional construct: Inputs (stressors) Processes (coping, personality) Outputs (stress response – physiological and psychological) 33 Inputs: Stressors Stressors can be: Physical or Psychological Absolute or Relative The stressor can be: External or Internal The exposure of stress can be Acute or Chronic 34 Week 1 & 2 Objectives Name and discuss the different major theories of stress Define stress and stressors Identify the ingredients to stress 35 STUN Conceptualization of stress beyond physiology → John W. Mason 1970s: The experience of stress is largely psychological and is dependent on individual difference factors, including context (John W. Mason) First to recognize that the stress response is largely determined by characteristics of the stressor, namely uncontrollability and unpredictability S.T.U.N. = features, or ingredients to the perception of stress Sense of control is low Threat to ego Unpredictability Novelty 36 Ingredients to Stress: STUN Sense of control is low = you are unable to control or change the object/situation/person Threat to the ego = the threat of being evaluated negatively by others (or self-judgement) Unpredictability = you do not know what to expect, or how long the situation will last Novelty = this is your first encounter with this object/situation/person … More ingredients in the mix = more stress 37  Take Home Message!!! Although we have no control over the situation at hand, we have control over our response to that situation. 38