Stress Management I Module 1 PDF

OE – Stress Management I Module 1 – Stress and Stress Psychophysiology Aditi Yadav Department of Psychology Annasaheb Vartak College, Vasai BY Aditi Yadav Definition of Stress ❑ Stress is the...

OE – Stress Management I Module 1 – Stress and Stress Psychophysiology Aditi Yadav Department of Psychology Annasaheb Vartak College, Vasai BY Aditi Yadav Definition of Stress ❑ Stress is the physiological and emotional response given to the adverse negative event or the challenging positive event. ❑ Stress is a natural state of mind caused by being unable to cope with specific demands of event. BY Aditi Yadav Stress Theories : Life – Event Theory This Theory given by Holmes and Rahe Person who experiences major stressful life events shows greater level of stress. Example – Death of Loved one Even routine but frequent stressful events in daily life are more stressful than major events. (by DeLongis and her colleagues) Example – Daily fights in married couple BY Aditi Yadav Stress Theories : Hardiness Theory By Kobasa and her collegues Hardiness is a state of mind and body that includes 3 Cs commitment control challenge. A hardy person perceives a potentially stressful event as challenge than threat thus stress is reduced. BY Aditi Yadav Stress Theories: Social Support Theory By Overholser and colleagues Social support helps to cope with the event and therefore reduces stress. It can be in form of emotional support, financial support or direct help. Low social support increases the stress level in the person. BY Aditi Yadav Stressors ❑ Stressor is a Stimulus that has potentials for triggering fight-or-flight response. ❑ Stressors are subjective for every individuals. ❑ Types of stressors  Positive Vs. Negative  Expected Vs. Unexpected  Controllable Vs. Uncontrollable  Multiple tasks in limited time ❑Negative, unexpected, uncontrollable stressors cause higher level of stress than positive, expected and controllable stress. BY Aditi Yadav Positive Stressors Vs. Negative Stressors BY Aditi Yadav Expected Stressors Vs. Unexpected Stressors BY Aditi Yadav Controllable Stressors Vs. Uncontrollable Stressors BY Aditi Yadav Multiple tasks in limited time BY Aditi Yadav  Stress Reactivity ❑ Stress reactivity is termed as Fight-or-Flight Response. ❑ Fight-or-Flight Response Fight – either we fight or face the event with courage Flight – or we avoid or run from the stressful situation. ❑ We need energy in both the cases (Fight-or-Flight) ❑ Thus, physiological changes take place to mobilize energy. Examples – ✓ Increasing glucose level in blood ✓ Deactivation of digestive process ✓ Increased speed of respiration to consume more oxygen BY Aditi Yadav  Stress Reactivity – Increased heartbeats Fight or Flight Response and blood pressure Increased sugar level Sweating Increased speed Trembling of respiration Digestive system is temporarily deactivated Sense organs become sensitive – eyes, ears, goosebumps on skin All These Changes Mobilize Energy to Fight or Flight. BY Aditi Yadav Symptoms of Stress A. Physical – Blood pressure, sugar level, headache, sleep and appetite disturbance, gastrointestinal upset, body pain B. Psychological – fatigue, burnout, lack of concentration, forgetfulness C. Emotional – fear, worry, sadness, irritability D. Behavioural – absenteeism, low performance, substance abuse, aggression BY Aditi Yadav  Stress Psychophysiology – Brain – Endocrine Glands and Autonomic Nervous System Sensory Organs Pituitary Brain Gland (Information Hypothalamus (Adrenocorticotrophic about Stressor) Hormone) Adrenal Autonomic Gland Nervous Sympathetic Nervous (Adrenalin & System System Noradrenalin) (ANS) Physiological Mobilization Fight or Flight Changes in of Energy Response Body BY Aditi Yadav Stress Psychophysiology – Brain – Endocrine Glands and Autonomic Nervous System  Our sensory organs like eyes, ears, skin give us information about event triggering stress.  Our neurons take this information to the area of brain called thalamus, then it is further sent to hypothalamus in the brain.  Once it reaches to hypothalamus, it stimulates Pituitary gland in the brain. It is a master gland that controls all other glands.  Pituitary gland secrets hormone called adrenocorticotrophin that further stimulates Adrenal glands which are located above two kidneys.  Then Adrenal gland secretes two hormones called adrenalin and noradrenalin.  It is called as HPA Axis (Hypothalamus – Pituitary - Adrenalin Axis) BY Aditi Yadav HPA Axis – Hypothalamus – Pituitary - Adrenalin Axis BY Aditi Yadav Stress Psychophysiology – Brain – Endocrine Glands and Autonomic Nervous System Adrenalin and Noradrenalin stimulate Sympathetic Nervous system which is a component of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). Sympathetic Nervous System generates Physiological changes in body to mobilize energy. Thus, body becomes ready to give Fight-or-Flight Response in the event triggering stress. When the stressful event is over Parasympathetic Nervous System (second component of Autonomic Nervous System) is activated. It relaxes all physiological changes that were evoked during Fight-or- Flight Response. Thus, it calms down the body for routine functions. BY Aditi Yadav  Autonomic Nervous System - Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System ❑ Sympathetic Nervous System ❑ Parasympathetic Nervous System ✓ Heartbeats increase ✓ Heartbeats calms down ✓ Blood pressure increases ✓ Blood pressure comes to normal ✓ Sugar level in the blood increases ✓ Sugar level in the blood comes to ✓ Speed of respiration increases allowing to normal consume more oxygen ✓ Speed of respiration comes to ✓ Shivering or Sweating normal ✓ Digestive system is temporarily deactivated. ✓ Shivering or Sweating stops ✓ Sense organs become more sensitive to ✓ Digestive system is activated again. gather all possible information ✓ Sensitivity of sense organs reduces. ✓ Pupils enlarge, sensitive ears, goosebumps on skin BY Aditi Yadav  Stress and Illnesses 1. Psychosomatic Diseases – Experiencing a physical disease or physical symptoms due to emotional distress. ✓ Example – Headache, Body pain, Asthma, Allergy, Ulcer, Stroke, Migraine, Hypertension. 2. Somatogenic Diseases – Due to chronic stress, some cells in the body are degenerated or over generated leading to cancer. 3. Effect on Immunity – Due to chronic stress and continuous activation of Sympathetic Nervous System; white blood cells are destructed in large amount that weakens the immunity, making body vulnerable to infections and diseases. 4. Coronary heart diseases. Chronic stress is found to increase level of cholesterol that blocks the blood vessels and increases the risk for heart attack. Stress accelerate heart rate, increases blood pressure and cholesterol leading to coronary heart diseases BY Aditi Yadav  Stress and Illnesses 5. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Experienced after exposer to severe traumatic/disastrous event. Examples – natural calamity, rape or sexual abuse, death of loved one, accident Traumatic event generates huge stress in the person. Common symptoms – a. Emotional distress b. Recurrent flashbacks and repetitive memories of traumatic event c. Ruminative thoughts about traumatic event d. Emotional numbing – inability experience any emotions e. Threatening dreams and vivid imagery of traumatic event Manifestation of PTSD in children – regressive behaviour, bed-wetting, re-enacting event in play, lack of concentration, nightmares, low confidence BY Aditi Yadav  Two Factor Model of Stress Schachter and Singer  According to Schachter and Singer, stress is caused by two factors 1. Physiological Arousal – Physical changes in body 2. Cognitive Appraisal – Interpretation of the reason for Physiological arousal a) Primary Appraisal – (Interpretation about event) Severity of the event Consequences of the event Experience with similar events in the past b) Secondary Appraisal – (Interpretation about oneself) Do I have essential abilities to deal with the event Do I have enough resources to deal with the event BY Aditi Yadav Two Factor Model of Stress Schachter and Singer BY Aditi Yadav Two Factor Model of Stress Schachter and Singer ❑ Event – Physiological Arousal – Cognitive Appraisal – Emotions ❑ Prolonged physical arousal leads to stress and illnesses BY Aditi Yadav Eustress and Distress Model ❑ This Model suggest that stress is not bad for us all the time. Sometimes it has positive outcomes also. ❑ Stress is of two types. 1. Eustress – Stress that results in positive consequences such as enhanced performance and personal growth. 2. Distress – Stress that results in negative consequences like decreased performance, deterioration of health, decreased growth BY Aditi Yadav Eustress and Distress Model – Yerkes- Dodson Curve ❑According to Yerkes- Dodson Curve - Stress is productive and it increases performance when it increases up to a level. (Eustress) But After reaching to threshold, it has no more positive effect. Rather it decreases the performance and affects the growth, health in negative way. (Distress) BY Aditi Yadav Eustress and Distress Model – Yerkes- Dodson Curve BY Aditi Yadav Goals of The Stress Management ❑ Not to eliminate all the stress in life as some amount of stress is a motivator for peak performance and cause for joyful events. ❑ Goal of the Stress Management is to limit the harmful effects of stress while maintain the quality of life. BY Aditi Yadav Thank You BY Aditi Yadav