PSY260 Chapter 4 PDF

have lots of overlap many Th there is a section where it wont be included for this midterm but will be talked abt in later chps BEHAVIOUR AND ATTITUDES Chapter 4 ARE WE ALL HYPOCRITES? ▪ Attitude feeling/reaction to anythin A favourable or unfavourable evaluative reaction toward somet...

have lots of overlap many Th there is a section where it wont be included for this midterm but will be talked abt in later chps BEHAVIOUR AND ATTITUDES Chapter 4 ARE WE ALL HYPOCRITES? ▪ Attitude feeling/reaction to anythin A favourable or unfavourable evaluative reaction toward something or someone, exhibited in one’s beliefs, feelings, or intended behavior our beleifs dont follow what we actually do ▪ Attitudes are not a great predictor of behaviour ▪ e.g., Cheating, church attendance, racism, safe sex, etc. iie. f u beleive its wrong < few ppl to resist that temptation to look at it in annoymous siutaions becomes more likely to do smth against ur beliefs 2 WHEN DO ATTITUDES PREDICT BEHAVIOUR? if they are annoymous that can impact the overall decision / idea < attitudes + behavs are more liekly yo match ▪ When social influences on what we say are minimal  Facial muscle responses, implicit association test (IAT), etc. ▪ When other influences on behaviour are minimal ▪ When attitudes specific to behaviour are examined more liely oto match if u have a deep knowledge or if its more personal to u ▪ When attitudes are strong  Something reminds us of it  We gained it in a manner that makes it strong 3 explains why attitude + behav dont easily match up THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR perceived control = subjective norms = beleifs what other ppl think what u should do thers one more but i didnt catch it lol - if ppl believe u should exercise = more pressured to exercise 4 ROLE PLAYING affects behav Role have hidden scripts/cues that just influence how we behav / pervasive ▪ Actions expected of those who occupy a particular social position ▪ e.g., teacher, soldier, business person, etc. ▪ Gender roles especially for women - behavs how u are expected to act + behave ie. conditionied to smile more / please ppl / 5  IMMORAL AND MORAL ACTS ▪ Immoral acts sometimes result from atttudes + behav initially thought was wrong but when a strssor clicks + does smth oppsoite to ur moral beleifs = start of immoral acts in gradual severity gradually escalating commitments:we come up w/ excuses to justiy theimmoral act/behav > keeps doing it + justifying it ▪ e.g., after harming their victim, aggressors often blame the victim, which serves to justify their behaviour gradually gets to this lvl of justification/behav ▪ Dehumanization and moral disengagement ▪ Moral acts can be arrived at similarly same way of reinfocement as commiting a immoral act just that ur holding ur temptations to commit it attitudes follow behav - not the other way around - attiudes is developed after pass behav - to change atttiudes is to change bahav gradually ie. seatbelt laws - in modern cars it would beep ifu didnt buckle seatbelts < operant conditioning lul 6 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS creation of new norms to align w/ goal - start out small and grdually esclate it the demands of a certain behav ▪ Public conformity can lead to private acceptance ▪ e.g., political rituals such as singing “O Canada” or greeting people with “Heil Hitler” ▪ “One does what one is; one becomes what one does” (Robert Musil, Kleine Prosa, 1930) ie. residential school systems - reinforce negative attiudes towads indigenous 7 SELF-PRESENTATION: IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT varies in impression made levels Impression management: ▪ Being concerned with making a good impression in order to gain social and material rewards, to feel better about ourselves, or to become more secure in our social identities ▪ Wanting to appear consistent can be in conflict w/ desire to appear consistent in behav - if swicthed to who u are = inconsistent to how u behave in settings self monitoring = a continum of degree of constanyl monirotring the impressions u made towards in certain settings high vs. low self mornitoring - high in wanting to make gud impresion = shifts more in behav to macth in settiings - low = attitudes + behavs likley yo mtach than those w/ high SM 8  SELF-JUSTIFICATION: COGNITIVE DISSONANCE related concepts: inssfficuient justication = justification of behav when given an incentive? going oppsite to attitude insufficent deterence = ??? - way to justify suffering < the harder to obtain = more we value it - when making a hard decision = we change our attitude to shift to that decision made (commited to stick to it becuz of decision they made uncomfy feeling when ur attidues + behavs dont match / ▪ Cognitive dissonance: ▪ We feel tension (dissonance) when we are aware that we have two thoughts that are inconsistent or incompatible. ▪ Also occurs when our behaviour is inconsistent with our attitudes way to remove this feeling of dissonance: ▪ Selective exposure: relates to confirmation bias ▪ People prefer to expose themselves to information that agrees with their point of view 9 SELF-JUSTIFICATION: COGNITIVE DISSONANCE 10  SELF-JUSTIFICATION: COGNITIVE DISSONANCE Dissonance after decisions: ▪ Occurs when we choose between two equally attractive (or equally unattractive) alternatives. ▪ This can create dissonance. ▪ We “manage” this dissonance by upgrading the chosen alternative and downgrading the rejected alternative. when put in a situation where both is good/bad choice: - when making the choice = the attitude shifts to that choice more positively - tries to downgrade the other option + upgrades the choice chosen 11 SELF-PERCEPTION there is a overlap w/ cog dissonance if hadnledy held attitudes = cog dissonce weakly held attitudes = self perception facial feedback hypothesis = we base on our behav to change our current feelings? how do i feel? smiling = i must be in a gud mood When we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by looking at our behaviour and the circumstances under which it occurs. 12 SELF-PERCEPTION overjustification effect = we can undermine intrisic motivation - reward must be decent/valuable/regualy get rewarded = will stop doing it for the activity + work for the reward instead *main thing self perception can explain ^ 13 COMPARING THE THEORIES Self-perceiving when not self-contradicting: ▪ Dissonance theory is inconsistent with two findings. ▪ People with no change arousal can have attitude change. ▪ Overjustification effect 14