PSY108 - 1 - Introduction to Health psychology.pptx

Health psychology Chapter 1: Introduction to Health Psychology  Psychology Branch of Psychology that considers how individual behaviours and lifestyles affect  Statistics in South Africa South Africans living with HIV is estimated at approximately 7,03 million in 2016. (12% of...

Health psychology Chapter 1: Introduction to Health Psychology  Psychology Branch of Psychology that considers how individual behaviours and lifestyles affect  Statistics in South Africa South Africans living with HIV is estimated at approximately 7,03 million in 2016. (12% of South Africans) Still engaging in risky sexual behaviours: SA adults age 15-49 years, (17% of men and 5% of women reported having 2 or more sexual partners in the past 12 months). Inadequate condom use during the last sexual intercourse: reported by 58% of women and 65% of men who had multiple partners in the past year. Chapter 1 Objectives 1) How have views of health changed? 2) How did psychology become involved in health care? 3) Health psychology in South Africa.  Real life Profile A health psychologist from the university of Colorado Boulder Develops interventions that promote healthy behaviour such as safe sex and physical activity. As an adolescent Angela thought of herself as a “rebel” It was only at college that she discovered her passion for health psychology HIV/AIDS epidemic was peaking in the U.S, condom use was an effective way to prevent the disease. As a Ph.D. student, she developed a program to promote condom use among college women Expanded her work, she worked with incarcerated adolescents, intravenous drug users, HIV+ individuals, and truck drivers in India “Think broadly and optimistically about health. A health psychologist’s work is difficult, but it can make a difference”  Patterns of Disease A century ago theand average life expectancy in the U.S was 50 years of Death age. People died from infectious diseases: Pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea, and enteritis. Causes: Impure drinking water, contaminated foods, sick people. A person either died or got well in a  Present-day disease Now life expectancy in U.S is nearly 80 years of age (63 years In South Africa) Industrialized nations have better public sanitation systems Vaccines and treatments exist for many  Different class of Disease Different class of disease, the New century KILLERS Chronic Disease- heart disease, cancer, and stroke Leading causes of mortality in the U.S Chronic Disease > Infectious disease Chronic- affects people over a longer periods of time Every year, over 2 million people in the U.S die from chronic diseases 130 million people (1 out of 2 adults) live with at least one chronic disease This chapter focuses on Two basic questions: 1. How have views of health changed? Changing Pattern of Disease and Leading cause of death in theDeath 1900s Infectious diseases Leading cause of death in the 2000s Chronic diseases Changes in Life Expectancy Factors that contributed to increase in life expectancy Disease prevention, vaccinations, safer drinking water, better nutrition, healthier lifestyle, more efficient disposal of sewage Lower infant mortality rates Chronic Diseases Chronic disease - a long lasting, or recurrent, disease Examples - heart disease, cancer, stroke - TB - Diabetes - Heart disease - HIV (20% of deaths in SA) (Stats SA, 2016) Factors Related to Mortality Age Ethnicity Income Education level Age and Mortality How age relates to mortality: Older people are more likely to die than younger people 60-64 years highest mortality rate in SA (Stats SA, 2016) Differential causes of death based on age Unintentional injuries are leading cause of death for those under 44 years in the U.S. Chronic diseases are leading cause of death for those 45-64 years old in the U.S. Ethnicity and Mortality How ethnicity relates to mortality: Leading causes of death vary among ethnicities #1 cause of death for European and African Americans is heart disease #1 cause of death for Asian and Hispanic Americans is cancer Income and Mortality How poverty relates to mortality: Limited access to health insurance and medical care Poor mothers more likely to have low-birth weight babies, be survivors of prenatal abuse, and have increasing infant mortality rates Education and Mortality How education relates to mortality: Those who have been to college have lower death rates than those who have not Higher educated people report Better jobs, higher incomes, better access to health care, fewer daily health symptoms, less stress, healthier habits Discussion Question 1 What is the interrelationship between health and age, ethnicity, income, and educational level? How have health views changed? 2) Escalating Cost of Medical Care In the US, medical costs have increased much faster than inflation People who have chronic diseases tend to require expensive and extensive medical treatments How have health views changed? Traditional view of health is the biomedical model Views health as the absence of disease A disease results from exposure to a pathogen Sheldon Cohen’s research on colds Participants receive a cold virus and then are quarantined Not all participants develop a cold Those who do develop a cold are more likely to have had a stressful experience, experience fewer positive emotions, be less sociable, and have less diverse social networks than who do not develop a cold  How have health views Changed? 3) Current view of health is the biopsychosocial model A disease results from a combination of biological, psychological, and social influences Views health as a positive condition What is Health? Part 3 World Health Organization currently defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” Discussion Question 3 The WHO definition sets a very high standard of health. According to this definition, are you healthy? Psychology and Health How did psychology become involved in health care? Psychology is the scientific study of behavior Health Psychology Health Psychology Branch of psychology that concerns individual behaviors and lifestyles affecting a person’s physical health Recognized by the APA as a sub-field of psychology in 1978 Behavioral Medicine A similar discipline to health psychology is behavioral medicine Concerned with the integration of biomedical science with behavioral sciences Developed around the same time as behavioral medicine The Biopsychosocial Model The Profession of Health Psychology What training do health psychologists receive? Graduate training in psychology Special courses and training in health The Profession of Health Psychology, Continued What jobs can health psychologists do? Health research, in university or government agency settings Hospitals or clinics Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) Private practice Conclusions The definition of health and our expectations of good health and long life have expanded since the 1900s. Since the 1970s, psychologists have partnered with medical professionals to better understand the social determinants of health. Health psychologists receive graduate training and take advanced classes in both traditional psychology and biological health. Lifestyle Diseases Most deaths today are attributable to diseases associated with individual behavior and lifestyle. Heart Disease Cancer Stroke Diabetes Chronic lower respiratory diseases All due in part to: cigarette smoking alcohol abuse unwise eating stress sedentary lifestyle People have a great deal more control over their than they did in the past. However, many people do not exercise this control. UNHEALTHY BEHAVIOUR IS AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM  How have views of health changed? 2. Increased Medical Cost - Annual cost of health care 1970 per person R13, 871 2007 per person R 96, 228 Rising costs have a relationship to increased life-expectancy -As people live to middle ages to old ages they tend to develop chronic diseases (requires extended and expensive medical treatment) 78 % of money spent on health care treatment of chronic diseases -Even though today’s aging population is experiencing better health than past generations, their increasing number will continue to increase medical costs.  How have views of health changed? 3. Growing Acceptance of a view of The traditional view of health was the biomedical model: - a disease results from exposure to a pathogen health - views health as the absence of disease The current view of health is the biopsychosocial model: - a disease results from a combination of biological, psychological, and social influences - views health as a positive condition The World Health Organization currently defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” How have views of health changed? 4. An emerging new biopsychosocial model of health Health Care System has see a rise in interdisciplinary fields such as: - Health Psychology - Behavioural medicine Psychology and health How did psychology become involved in health care? Psychology is the scientific study of people’s behaviours. Health Psychology (p. 13) branch of psychology that concerns individual behaviors and lifestyles affecting a person’s physical health - enhancement of health -prevention and treatment of disease - identification of risk factors -improvement of the health care system - shaping public opinion with regard to health recognized by the APA as a sub-field of psychology in 1978 How have views of health changed? 1. Changing pattern of disease and death from infectious diseases to chronic diseases 2. Increase in medical costs 3. Growing acceptance of a view of health that includes not only the absence of disease but also the presence of positive wellbeing 4. An emerging new biopsychosocial model of health that departs from the traditional biomedical model by including not only biochemical abnormalities but also psychological and social conditions Not to be confused with Behavioural medicine A similar discipline(P.13) to health psychology is behavioural medicine concerned with the integration of biomedical science with behavioural sciences developed as a field in 1977 Chapter 1 - Important terms behavioral medicine: an interdisciplinary field concerned with developing and integrating behavioral and biomedical sciences. biomedical model: a perspective that considers disease to result from exposure to a specific disease-causing organism. biopsychosocial model: the approach to health that includes biological, psychological, and social influences. health psychology: a field of psychology that contributes to both behavioral medicine and behavioral health; the scientific study of behaviors that relate to health enhancement, disease prevention, and rehabilitation. pathogen: any disease-causing organism.