Psychology Exam 1 Review PDF

Exam #1 Review  Topics ❖ Definitions, Major theories ❖ Introduction to psychology ❖ Research strategies ❖ Statistical reasoning ❖ Developmental Psychology Introduction to psychology ❖ What is psychology? ❖ The first psychological laboratory (Wilhelm Wundt)...

Exam #1 Review  Topics ❖ Definitions, Major theories ❖ Introduction to psychology ❖ Research strategies ❖ Statistical reasoning ❖ Developmental Psychology Introduction to psychology ❖ What is psychology? ❖ The first psychological laboratory (Wilhelm Wundt) ❖ Schools of thought and people associated with each ❖ Structuralism (Edward Titchener) ❖ Used introspection to try to discover the structure of the mind ❖ Functionalism (William James) ❖ Considered the evolved functions of thoughts and feelings ❖ Thinking developed because it was adaptive ❖ Behaviorism (B. F. Skinner) ❖ “the scientific study of observable behavior” ❖ Freudian psychology (psychoanalytic theory) ❖ Emphasis on the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect behavior ❖ Humanistic psychology (Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow) ❖ Focus on our needs for love and acceptance and on environments that nurture or limit personal growth Contemporary approaches ❖ Cognitive psychology ❖ How we perceive, process, and remember information ❖ Evolutionary psychology and Behavior genetics ❖ Nature vs. nurture ❖ Cross cultural and gender psychology ❖ Positive psychology ❖ Focus on human flourishing ❖ Explores the building of a “good life” that engages our skills, and a “meaningful life” that points beyond ourselves ❖ The biopsychosocial approach ❖ Three different levels of analysis for an integrated picture of any behavior or mental process ❖ Biological, psychological, social-cultural influences ❖ Applied vs. basic research ❖ Psychology’s subfields ❖ biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, social, industrial/organizational ❖ counseling, clinical, psychiatrist, community  Research strategies ❖ Hindsight bias, overconfidence effect, perceiving order in random events ❖ Theory, hypothesis, operational definition, replication ❖ Descriptive studies ❖ Case study, naturalistic observation, survey and interview ❖ Wording effects, random sampling ❖ advantages/disadvantages ❖ Correlational studies ❖ Correlation coefficient ❖ Experimentation ❖ Experimental group vs. control group ❖ Independent vs. dependent variable ❖ Random assignment and confounding variables ❖ Research ethics ❖ Informed consent, confidentiality, minimize harm or discomfort, debrief  Statistical reasoning ❖ Descriptive statistics ❖ Bar graphs ❖ Measures of central tendency ❖ mean, median, mode ❖ Measures of variation ❖ range, standard deviation ❖ Normal curve ❖ Significant differences ❖ When is it safe to generalize ❖ Representative sample ❖ Less variable observations ❖ More cases better than fewer ❖ Statistical significance ❖ When sample averages are reliable and when the difference between them is relatively large - statistical significance ❖ Observed difference probably not due to chance ❖ Statistical significance vs. practical significance  Developmental Psychology ❖ Major issues ❖ Nature and nurture, continuity and stages, stability and change ❖ Prenatal development ❖ Zygote, embryo, fetus ❖ Characteristics of each stage ❖ The impact of teratogens ❖ Fetal alcohol syndrome  Developmental Psychology ❖ The newborn’s capacities and preferences ❖ Research equipment with infants ❖ Eye tracking machines, special pacifiers ❖ Habituation ❖ Automatic reflexes ❖ Biologically rooted temperament ❖ Preference for face like images and mom’s smell ❖ Physical growth ❖ Brain maturation ❖ Infantile amnesia  Developmental Psychology ❖ Piaget’s theory of cognitive development ❖ Underlying ideas ❖ schemes, assimilation, accommodation ❖ Four stages of cognitive development ❖ Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational  Developmental Psychology ❖ Sensorimotor stage (birth-2) ❖ Object permanence ❖ Piaget may have underestimated the competence of young children ❖ ex: Baby physics, baby math ❖ Preoperational stage (2-6/7) ❖ Lack conservation ❖ Egocentric thought ❖ Theory of mind  Developmental Psychology ❖ Concrete Operational stage (6/7-11/12) ❖ Understand conservation and simple math ❖ Logical thinking about concrete events ❖ Formal Operational stage (11/12+) ❖ Logical thinking about abstractions ❖ Hypothetical deductive, systematic reasoning ❖ Major critiques of Piaget ❖ Cognitive development is more continuous than he theorized ❖ Young children seem to be more competent than he observed  Developmental Psychology ❖ Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory ❖ Scaffolding and the zone of proximal development (ZPD) ❖ The role of language ❖ Attachment ❖ How it develops and the role of temperament ❖ The strange situation test ❖ Secure vs. insecure  Developmental Psychology ❖ Attachment ❖ The effects of deprivation of attachment ❖ Ex: Romanian orphanage ❖ Self concept ❖ Parenting styles ❖ Authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, negligent  Developmental Psychology ❖ Adolescence ❖ Early vs. late maturation ❖ Brain changes ❖ Metacognition, imaginary audience, personal fable ❖ Kohlberg’s theory of moral development ❖ preconventional, conventional, postconventional  Developmental Psychology ❖ Moral intuition ❖ Morality rooted in quick, automatic moral intuitions ❖ These can be overridden ❖ Moral action ❖ Delay of gratification ❖ Identity vs. role confusion ❖ Changes in self esteem  Developmental Psychology ❖ Parent and peer relationships in adolescence ❖ Arguments with parents increase ❖ Peer influence increases ❖ Characteristics of emerging adulthood ❖ Physical development in adulthood ❖ Peak in mid 20s ❖ Gradual decline in middle adulthood; declines in fertility ❖ Changes in late adulthood ❖ Telomere length; changes in vision, immunity, neural processing  Developmental Psychology ❖ Aging and memory ❖ Trends ❖ Neurocognitive disorders ❖ Alzheimer’s disease characteristics ❖ Transitions and commitments in adulthood ❖ Social clock; intimacy vs. isolation; generativity vs. stagnation ❖ Effects of marriage, divorce, and work  Developmental Psychology ❖ Well being across the lifespan ❖ Growth of positive feelings and wellbeing ❖ Biopsychosocial influences on successful aging ❖ Death and dying ❖ Grief