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Questions and Answers
A child who experienced severe deprivation in a Romanian orphanage is likely to exhibit difficulties in which of the following areas?
A child who experienced severe deprivation in a Romanian orphanage is likely to exhibit difficulties in which of the following areas?
- Displaying advanced metacognitive abilities.
- Experiencing typical physical development during adolescence.
- Forming secure attachments later in life. (correct)
- Adapting to changes in late adulthood without issues.
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of the 'imaginary audience' during adolescence?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of the 'imaginary audience' during adolescence?
- A young adult engaging in deep introspection about moral principles.
- An older adult reflecting on their life achievements and contributions.
- An adolescent accurately predicting their parents' reactions to their behavior.
- A teenager who believes everyone is constantly judging their appearance. (correct)
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, an individual operating at the 'conventional' level would make moral decisions based on what?
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, an individual operating at the 'conventional' level would make moral decisions based on what?
- Avoiding punishment and seeking personal rewards.
- Adhering to societal rules and approval from others. (correct)
- Intuitive feelings and emotional reactions.
- Universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning.
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies 'delay of gratification' as it relates to moral action?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies 'delay of gratification' as it relates to moral action?
Which factor contributes most significantly to the decline in fertility typically observed in middle adulthood?
Which factor contributes most significantly to the decline in fertility typically observed in middle adulthood?
Which of the following contemporary approaches in psychology primarily investigates how individuals perceive, process, and remember information?
Which of the following contemporary approaches in psychology primarily investigates how individuals perceive, process, and remember information?
A researcher is interested in studying the effects of a new teaching method on student test scores. To ensure the most representative results, which sampling technique should they employ?
A researcher is interested in studying the effects of a new teaching method on student test scores. To ensure the most representative results, which sampling technique should they employ?
Which early school of thought in psychology focused on exploring the elemental structures of the human mind using introspection?
Which early school of thought in psychology focused on exploring the elemental structures of the human mind using introspection?
A psychologist is conducting a study to determine the effectiveness of a new anti-anxiety medication. Participants are randomly assigned to either a group receiving the medication or a group receiving a placebo. What is the role of the placebo group in this experiment?
A psychologist is conducting a study to determine the effectiveness of a new anti-anxiety medication. Participants are randomly assigned to either a group receiving the medication or a group receiving a placebo. What is the role of the placebo group in this experiment?
Which perspective emphasizes the importance of unconscious drives and early childhood experiences in shaping personality?
Which perspective emphasizes the importance of unconscious drives and early childhood experiences in shaping personality?
A researcher observes that students who spend more time studying tend to achieve higher grades. However, they cannot determine if increased study time directly causes higher grades. Which research method are they most likely using?
A researcher observes that students who spend more time studying tend to achieve higher grades. However, they cannot determine if increased study time directly causes higher grades. Which research method are they most likely using?
Which of the following best illustrates the application of the biopsychosocial approach to understanding a patient's depression?
Which of the following best illustrates the application of the biopsychosocial approach to understanding a patient's depression?
Which of the following research methods is best suited for gathering in-depth information about a single individual or a small group of individuals?
Which of the following research methods is best suited for gathering in-depth information about a single individual or a small group of individuals?
In an experiment studying the effects of a new drug on reaction time, participants are randomly assigned to either receive the drug or a placebo. What is the primary purpose of random assignment in this scenario?
In an experiment studying the effects of a new drug on reaction time, participants are randomly assigned to either receive the drug or a placebo. What is the primary purpose of random assignment in this scenario?
A researcher wants to study the effect of violent video games on aggression in teenagers. What ethical consideration is MOST important for the researcher to address?
A researcher wants to study the effect of violent video games on aggression in teenagers. What ethical consideration is MOST important for the researcher to address?
A set of test scores has a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 5. Assuming a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of scores fall between 70 and 80?
A set of test scores has a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 5. Assuming a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of scores fall between 70 and 80?
A study finds a statistically significant difference ($p < 0.05$) in math test scores between students who use a new tutoring program and those who don't. Which conclusion is MOST justified?
A study finds a statistically significant difference ($p < 0.05$) in math test scores between students who use a new tutoring program and those who don't. Which conclusion is MOST justified?
Which of the following is an example of the influence of 'nature' in the nature vs. nurture debate regarding developmental psychology?
Which of the following is an example of the influence of 'nature' in the nature vs. nurture debate regarding developmental psychology?
A pregnant woman's exposure to teratogens during the embryonic stage is MOST likely to cause:
A pregnant woman's exposure to teratogens during the embryonic stage is MOST likely to cause:
Researchers use habituation techniques to study infants' cognitive abilities. What does a decrease in an infant's response to a repeatedly presented stimulus indicate?
Researchers use habituation techniques to study infants' cognitive abilities. What does a decrease in an infant's response to a repeatedly presented stimulus indicate?
According to Piaget's theory, a child who understands that a tall, narrow glass can hold the same amount of liquid as a short, wide glass has MOST likely reached which stage of cognitive development?
According to Piaget's theory, a child who understands that a tall, narrow glass can hold the same amount of liquid as a short, wide glass has MOST likely reached which stage of cognitive development?
A teenager is able to consider hypothetical situations, logically deduce consequences, and systematically test solutions. According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development is this teenager in?
A teenager is able to consider hypothetical situations, logically deduce consequences, and systematically test solutions. According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development is this teenager in?
Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) suggests that learning is MOST effective when:
Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) suggests that learning is MOST effective when:
Flashcards
What is psychology?
What is psychology?
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Structuralism
Structuralism
Focused on discovering the mind's structure using introspection.
Functionalism
Functionalism
Explored the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings.
Freudian psychology
Freudian psychology
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Humanistic psychology
Humanistic psychology
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Cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology
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Biopsychosocial approach
Biopsychosocial approach
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Positive psychology
Positive psychology
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Attachment
Attachment
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Self concept
Self concept
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Identity vs. role confusion
Identity vs. role confusion
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Moral intuition
Moral intuition
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Physical decline (mid-adulthood)
Physical decline (mid-adulthood)
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Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
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Random Assignment
Random Assignment
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Informed Consent
Informed Consent
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Mean
Mean
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Median
Median
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Mode
Mode
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Normal Curve
Normal Curve
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Teratogen
Teratogen
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Habituation
Habituation
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Scheme
Scheme
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Study Notes
Exam #1 Review Topics
- Definitions, Major Theories
- Introduction to Psychology
- Research Strategies
- Statistical Reasoning
- Developmental Psychology
Introduction to Psychology
- Psychology is covered
- Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychological laboratory
- Structuralism is a school of thought associated with Edward Titchener
- Structuralism used introspection to discover the structure of the mind
- Functionalism is a school of thought associated with William James
- Functionalism considered the evolved functions of thoughts and feelings
- Functionalism found thinking developed because it was adaptive
- Behaviorism is a school of thought associated with B. F. Skinner
- Behaviorism is described as the scientific study of observable behavior
- Freudian psychology (psychoanalytic theory) emphasizes how the unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect behavior
- Humanistic psychology (Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow) focuses on the needs for love and acceptance, and environments that nurture or limit personal growth.
Contemporary Approaches
- Includes Cognitive psychology, which focuses on how information is perceived, processed, and remembered.
- Evolutionary psychology and Behavior genetics considers nature vs. nurture
- Cross-cultural and gender psychology are contemporary approaches
- Positive psychology focuses on human flourishing
- Positive psychology explores building a "good life" that engages skills, and a "meaningful life" that points beyond ourselves
- Biopsychosocial approach uses 3 levels of analysis for an integrated picture of any behavior or mental process
- Biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences are part of the biopsychosocial approach
- It's important to understand the difference between applied and basic research
- Psychology's subfields include biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, social, industrial/organizational
- Psychology also includes counseling, the clinical field, psychiatry, and community
Research Strategies
- Includes hindsight bias, overconfidence effect, perceiving order in random events
- Important to understand: theory, hypothesis, operational definition, and replication
- Descriptive studies include case studies, naturalistic observation, survey and interview
- It's important to examine the wording effects and random sampling of surveys
- You should consider advantages/disadvantages of each type of study
- Correlational studies and correlation coefficient should be examined for the test
- Experimentation is important
- Experimental group vs. control group should be understood
- Independent vs. dependent variable should be another distinction you understand well.
- Random assignment and confounding variables
- You need to understand research ethics
- Informed consent, confidentiality, minimize harm or discomfort, and debrief must be followed
Statistical Reasoning
- Includes descriptive statistics
- Includes bar graphs
- Includes measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode
- Includes measures of variation: range, standard deviation
- Includes the normal curve
- It is relevant to the test to understand when it is safe to generalize
- If provided with a representative sample, generalization is safer
- Less variable observations create safer generalization
- More cases better than fewer
- It's important to understand statistical significance
- It is achieved when sample averages are reliable and the difference between them is relatively large
- Observed difference probably not due to chance
- Distinguish between statistical significance vs. practical significance
Developmental Psychology
- Major issues: nature and nurture, continuity and stages, stability and change
- Prenatal development includes the stages: zygote, embryo, fetus
- Be sure you understand the characteristics of each stage of prenatal development
- Know the impact of teratogens
- Fetal alcohol syndrome is relevant
- Understand the newborn's capacities and preferences
- Research equipment used with infants are important
- You should know the use of eye tracking machines and special pacifiers
- Learn about habituation
- Also learn about automatic reflexes
- Biologically rooted temperament is something you will be tested on
- Newborns show preference for face like images and mom's smell
- Consider physical development in this stage
- Brain maturation and infantile amnesia are both key to newborn development
- Piaget's theory of cognitive development is highly relevant
- Understand underlying ideas of schemes, assimilation, and accommodation
- Four stages of cognitive development need to be examined for the test:
- Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
- Sensorimotor stage is from birth-2 years
- A child develops object permanence in the sensorimotor stage
- Piaget underestimated the competence of young children at each stage
- Preoperational stage occurs from 2-6/7 years
- A child lacks conservation in the preoperational stage
- Children also display egocentric thought during this preoperational stage
- Theory of mind develops during this preoperational stage
- Concrete Operational stage occurs from 6/7-11/12 years
- A child understands conservation and simple math in the Concrete operational stage
- Logical thinking about concrete events starts in the concrete operational stage
- Formal Operational stage occurs at 11/12+ years
- Logical thinking about abstractions originates in the formal operational stage
- Hypothetical deductive, systematic reasoning starts in the formal operations stage
- Major critiques of Piaget stated that cognitive development is more continuous than he theorized, and young children seem to be more competent.
- Scaffolding and the zone of proximal development (ZPD) are related to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
- Vygotsky's theory considers the role of language
- Attachment is important: how it develops, and the role of temperament
- The strange situation test must be understood
- Secure vs. insecure attachment
- You should know the effects of deprivation of attachment
- Ex: Romanian orphanage
- Self-concept is relevant to development
- Parenting styles should be examined: Authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, negligent
- You will be tested on adolescence
- Consider early vs. late maturation for adolescence
- Brain changes are relevant to adolescent development
- Adolescence is a stage where you develop :Metacognition, imaginary audience, personal fable
- Adolescents use Kohlberg's theory of moral development: preconventional, conventional, postconventional
- You should also learn about Moral intuition along with Kohlberg's
- Morality is rooted in quick, automatic moral intuitions and These can be overridden
- Moral action is another consideration for this test
- One example of moral action is Delay of gratification
- The period of Adolescence is also key for: Identity vs. role confusion, Changes in self esteem
- Consider the impact to adolescents of: Parent and peer relationships
- Arguments with parents increase during adolescence
- You will notice Peer influence increases during adolescence
- It is important to understand Characteristics of emerging adulthood
- What kind of Physical development happens in adulthood
- You will peak in your mid 20s
- There is a Gradual decline in middle adulthood; declines in fertility starting then
- And consider Changes in late adulthood
- Telomere length and changes in vision, immunity, and neural processing occur later in life
- Examine Aging and memory, and identify Trends
- Neurocognitive disorders and Alzheimer's disease characteristics should be studied
- You should also know about Transitions and commitments in adulthood
- You will assess social clock; intimacy vs. isolation; generativity vs. stagnation
- Effects of marriage, divorce, and work
- Consider the impact of: Well being across the lifespan
- Consider the growth of positive feelings and wellbeing
- Biopsychosocial influences on successful aging
- This is where you grapple with: Death and dying, and Grief
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