Essentials of Understanding Psychology Chapter 1 PDF

Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is prop...

Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  MODULE 1 - Psychologists at Work What is the science of psychology? What are the major specialties in the field of psychology? Where do psychologists work? © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-2 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Introduction Psychology: Scientific study of behavior and mental processes © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-3 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Subfields of Psychology Behavioral Behavioral Clinical Genetics Neuroscience Psychology Clinical Cognitive Counseling Neuropsycholo Psychology Psychology gy Cross-cultural Psychology © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-4 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Subfields of Psychology Developmental Educational Environmental Psychology Psychology Psychology Evolutionary Experimental Forensic Psychology Psychology Psychology Health Psychology © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-5 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Subfields of Psychology Industrial Personality Program Psychology Psychology Evaluation Psychology of School Social Women Psychology Psychology Sport Psychology © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-6 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Biological Foundations of Behavior People are biological organisms Behavioral neuroscience Subfield of psychology Focuses on how the brain, nervous system, and other biological aspects of the body, determine behavior © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-7 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  How do People Sense, Perceive, Learn, and Think About the World? Experimental psychology Studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world Subspecialty Cognitive psychology - Focuses on higher mental processes © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-8 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  What are the Sources of Change and Stability in Behavior Across the Life Span? Developmental psychology Studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death Personality psychology Focuses on consistency in people’s behavior over time and traits that differentiate one person from another © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-9 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  How do Psychological Factors Affect Physical and Mental Health? Health psychology Explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease Clinical psychology Deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders Counseling psychology Focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-10 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  How do Our Social Networks Affect Behavior? Social psychology Study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others Cross-cultural psychology Investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-11 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Expanding Psychology’s Frontiers Evolutionary psychology Considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors Behavioral genetics Seeks to understand: How we might inherit certain behavioral traits How the environment influences whether we actually display such traits © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-12 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Expanding Psychology’s Frontiers Clinical neuropsychology Unites the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology Focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-13 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Psychologists: A Portrait In the earlier years, women were actively discouraged from becoming psychologists With the passage of time, women have started outnumbering men in the field Underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities among psychologists is due to: Lack of diverse perspectives and talents Deterring new members from entering the field Preference of receiving therapy from their own ethnic group © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-14 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  The Education and Careers for a Psychologist Education Careers PhD Administrator Doctor of philosophy Serving as a counselor PsyD Providing direct care Doctor of psychology Master’s degree Bachelor’s degree © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-15 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  MODULE 2 - A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future What are the origins of psychology? What are the major approaches in contemporary psychology? What are psychology’s key issues and controversies? What is the future of psychology likely to hold? © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-16 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  The Roots of Psychology Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt Focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities Introspection: Procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-17 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  The Roots of Psychology Criticisms of structuralism Introspection not a scientific technique People had difficulty describing some kinds of inner experiences These drawbacks led to the development of newer approaches © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-18 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  The Roots of Psychology Functionalism William James Concentrated on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-19 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  The Roots of Psychology Gestalt psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus and Max Wertheimer Focuses on the organization of perception and thinking in a whole sense rather than on the individual elements of perception © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-20 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers Margaret Floy Washburn First woman to receive a doctorate in psychology Worked on animal behavior Leta Stetter Hollingworth One of the first psychologists to focus on child development and on women’s issues © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-21 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers Mary Calkins Studied memory First female president of the American Psychological Association Karen Horney Focused on the social and cultural factors behind personality © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-22 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers June Etta Downey Spearheaded the study of personality traits First woman to head a psychology department at a state university Anna Freud Notable contributions to the treatment of abnormal behavior © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-23 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers Mamie Phipps Clark Pioneered work on how children of color grew to recognize racial differences © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-24 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Figure 2 - Major Perspectives of Psychology © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-25 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  The Neuroscience Perspective: Blood, Sweat, and Fears Neuroscience perspective: Views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-26 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  The Psychodynamic Perspective: Understanding the Inner Person Psychodynamic perspective Sigmund Freud Behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-27 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  The Behavioral Perspective: Observing the Outer Person Behavioral perspective John B. Watson B. F. Skinner Suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-28 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  The Cognitive Perspective: Identifying the Roots of Understanding Cognitive perspective: Focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world Information processing © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-29 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  The Humanistic Perspective: The Unique Qualities of the Human Species Humanistic perspective Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Suggests individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior Emphasis is on free will Contrasts to determinism © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-30 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Figure 1 - Key Issues in Psychology © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-31 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Psychology’s key issues and controversies Free will: Idea that behavior is caused primarily by choices that are made freely by the individual Determinism: Idea that people’s behavior is produced primarily by factors outside of their willful control © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-32 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Psychology’s Future Psychology will become increasingly specialized and new perspectives will evolve Neuroscientific approaches will likely influence other branches of psychology Influence on issues of public interest will grow © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-33 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Psychology’s Future Public’s view of psychology will become more informed Issues of diversity will become more important to psychologists providing services and doing research © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-34 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  MODULE 3 - Research in Psychology What is the scientific method? What role do theories and hypotheses play in psychological research? © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-35 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Scientific Method Approach through which psychologists systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-36 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Figure 1 - The Scientific Method © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-37 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Theories Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest Provide a framework for understanding the relationships among a set of unorganized facts or principles © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-38 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Hypotheses: Crafting Testable Predictions Hypothesis: A prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested Operational definition: Translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-39 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Hypotheses: Crafting Testable Predictions Psychologists rely on formal theories and hypotheses for many reasons: Permits them to place bits of observations within a coherent framework Help psychologists to make deductions about unexplained phenomena Develop ideas for future investigation © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or d istribution in any manner. This 1-40 document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.