Physical Science Week 1 - Formulation of New Elements and Synthesis PDF

PHYSICAL SCIENCE DANICA G. TAN Physical Science Teacher PRAYER  GOOD MORNING EVERYONE ENERGIZER CHECKING OF ATTENDANCE  CLASSROOM RULES 1. Respect and listen to your teacher and classmates. 2. Listen carefully to the instructions and follow them. 3. Do not make unnecessary...

PHYSICAL SCIENCE DANICA G. TAN Physical Science Teacher PRAYER  GOOD MORNING EVERYONE ENERGIZER CHECKING OF ATTENDANCE  CLASSROOM RULES 1. Respect and listen to your teacher and classmates. 2. Listen carefully to the instructions and follow them. 3. Do not make unnecessary movements and noise that can disturb the discussion. 4. If you want to speak, raise your hand to be recognized and stand confidently to answer. 5. NO CELLPHONES ALLOWED 6. Share new ideas and enjoy learning.  Physical Science Week 1 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝘂𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗘𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝘆𝗻𝘁𝗵𝗲𝘀𝗶𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗘𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝗯𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 DANICA G. TAN Physical Science Teacher Most Essential Learning Competency: Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements Explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis of new elements in the laboratory Objectives: At the end of this session, you are expected to: define stellar nucleosynthesis; describe the formation of heavier elements; and explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis of new elements in the laboratory. Activity 1: Jumbled Cosmic Formation 1. IGB NGAB BIG BANG 2. ASTR STAR 3. TOIMCA ATOMIC 4. ERD INTAG RED GIANT 5. TPOONR PROTON Are you familiar with …? BTS Sarah Geronimo Blackpink Have you ever wondered why stars shine so bright? What are they made of? What elements are formed during the process? Let Us Discover! Big Bang – the exponential expansion a singularity 13.8 billion years ago Let Us Discover! Big Bang Nucleosynthesis - protons and neutrons combined together and formed light elements Hydrogen and Helium. 2 He 3 Helium Li Lithium Periodic Table of Elements Let Us Discover! Stellar Nucleosynthesis elements are created within stars by combining the protons and neutrons together from the nuclei of lighter elements. Let Us Discover! Stellar Nucleosynthesis Fusion inside stars transforms hydrogen into helium, heat, and radiation. Heavier elements are created in different types of stars as they die  THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE STAR NEBULA 1 RED GIANT 2 PROTOSTAR BLACK HOLE 3 SUPERNOVA BLACK DWARF 4 7 WHITE DWARF NEUTRON STAR 5 8 RED SUPER GIANT 6 MAIN SEQUENCE STAR 10 9 AVERAGE STAR MASSIVE STAR Let Us Discover! Nuclear Fusion combination of nuclei to form heavier one.  Atomic Atomic Number Mass Atomic # = # protons Symbol Proton-Proton Chain Reaction process in a main-sequence star by which average star gets their energy and convert Hydrogen into Helium. - Proton and neutron fused together to form deuterium - One proton collides with deuterium to form Helium-3 - Two helium-3 collided will form Helium-4 Proton-Proton Chain Reaction CNO Cycle Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen Cycle (CNO Cycle) to convert Hydrogen to Helium. CNO Cycle Tri Alpha Process This happens in red giant star once they leave the stage of main sequence star. This is how three Helium-4 are converted into Carbon. Tri Alpha Process Alpha Ladder Process In this process, the star accumulates more mass and continues to grow into red super giant. Carbon fusing with Helium, with every product fusing with Helium until it forms Iron. Alpha Ladder Process Neutron Capture Iron captures a neutron to form more heavy elements. -can be slow or rapid Neutron Capture Elements S-process is the process of forming heavier elements than iron over long period of time. Neutron Capture Elements R-process has a faster rate of capturing neutrons before seed nucleus undergoes radioactive decay Neutron Capture Elements This is what happens in a supernova forming heavier elements than Iron with the process known as supernova nucleosynthesis. Let Us Discover! Stellar Nucleosynthesis - elements are created within stars by combining the protons and neutrons together from the nuclei of lighter elements.  REVIEW 1. PROTON-PROTON CHAIN REACTION 2. CNO CYCLE 3. TRI ALPHA PROCESS 4. ALPHA LADDER PROCESS 5. NEUTRON CAPTURE  Periodic Table of Elements Based on Mendeleev’s Periodic Law Periodic Table of Elements Atomic Number The atomic number is also known as the Z number. The Z came from the German word, “Zahl.” It means number. The atomic number corresponds to the number of protons. The number of protons gives the identity of the atom. The Atomic Number & Synthesis of New Elements Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley was an English physicist who demonstrated that the atomic number (the number of protons in an atom) determines most of the properties of an element. In 1913, Moseley published a pare on the arrangement of elements in the Periodic table based on their atomic numbers.  The Atomic Number & Synthesis of New Elements: MOSELEY’S X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY He used X-ray spectroscopy to determine the atomic number of an element. He bombarded a beam of electrons to different elements and measured their X-ray spectral lines His results showed that the frequency is proportional to the charge of the nucleus, or the atomic number  The Atomic Number & Synthesis of New Elements: MOSELEY’S X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY When elements were arranged according to their atomic numbers, there were four gaps in the table. These gap corresponded to the atomic numbers 43, 61, 85, and 87. These elements were later synthesized in the laboratory through nuclear transmutations The Arrangement of the Elements Henry Moseley made use of spectroscopic data that lead him to arrange elements by increasing atomic number.  The Atomic Number & Synthesis of New Elements: DISCOVERY OF NUCLEAR TRANSMUTATION Ernest Rutherford successfully carried out a nuclear transmutation reaction - a reaction involving the transformation of one element or isotope into another element. He showed that the nitrogen nuclei reacted to the alpha particles to form an oxygen nuclei. Nuclear Transmutation Reactions was Possible Knowledge of the atomic number introduced nuclear reactions Transformation of one element or isotope into another element. The reaction includes protons and neutrons. Ernest Rutherford did the First Nuclear Transmutation Reaction using an Alpha Particle Nuclear Transmutation Reactions Alpha particles are positively charged and the nucleus will repel it. Neutrons (neutral particles) were then used in lieu of the alpha particle.  The Atomic Number & Synthesis of New Elements: DISCOVERY OF THE MISSING ELEMENTS In 1925, there were four vacancies in the periodic table: 43, 61, 85, and 87. Two of these elements were synthesized in the laboratory using particle accelerators. Particle Accelerators To overcome the repulsion between the nucleus and alpha particles, particle accelerators were used. The alpha particles were made to move in a very fast way which will overcome repulsive forces. A cyclotron is a particle accelerator that uses alternating electric field to accelerate particles that move in a spiral path in the presence of a magnetic field. Lawrence synthesized Technetium (using linear particle accelerator) Segre, Mackenzie and Corson synthesized Astatine (using cyclotron) The Transuranic Elements Edwin McMillan proved that an element having an atomic number 93 could be Created, in 1940. Transuranic Elements Uranium was the heaviest known element by 1930. Its atomic number is 92. Elements having an atomic number of greater than 92 are known as transuranium elements. Transuranium elements are synthesized using particle accelerators. The Superheavy Elements elements with atomic numbers beyond 103