Citi Global College Midterm Physical Science Reviewer PDF

4. HADRON REVIEWER 5. QUARK LESSON 1 6. NUCLEAR 7. LEPTON COSMOLOGY- It is the body of science that 8. ELECTRO WEAK s...

4. HADRON REVIEWER 5. QUARK LESSON 1 6. NUCLEAR 7. LEPTON COSMOLOGY- It is the body of science that 8. ELECTRO WEAK studies the origin and evolution of the universe. 3 EPOCH from MATTER ERA Big Bang Theory- it is a theory that stated 1. ATOMIC EPOCH 2. GALACTIC EPOCH that universe started with an infinitely hot and 3. STELLAR EPOCH dense single point that inflated and stretched. Nucleosynthesis- It is the process that Cosmic Inflation- It expanded rapidly in creates new atomic nucleus from preexisting nothingness through a rapid yet peaceful nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons. process called inflation. Isotope- It is the same kind of element with different amount of (N). Proof of BigBang Theory Deuterium- isotope of hydrogen with a 1.Redshift nucleus consisting of one proton and one it was found out that the light of galaxies is neutron found to be redshifted which suggest that Georges Lemaitre- He was the proponent of galaxies are moving away from each other. the Big bang theory. Blue shift Black hole and neutron stars- It is when a frequency of energy wherein the the supernova or the star explosion happened, displacement of the spectrum to shorter what will be formed wavelengths in the light coming from Planetary nebula- The outer layer of the distant celestial objects moving toward red giant, which is the cosmic dust and gas the observer. will shed. Then, it will form a planetary nebula 2.The Relative Abundance of Light Elements Main Sequence of Star- main sequence Around 24% of the universe’s ordinary star has two types: average star and massive matter is currently comprised of helium, about star. 74% hydrogen and 2% of other elements. Proton-Proton Chain- It is one of the ways 3. Cosmic Microwave Background by which star fuse hydrogen into helium. It was left as a result of recombination. Atoms Singularity- This is a point in the universe became neutral due to the binding of nuclei wherein it contains all the time, space, matter, and electrons. The remaining radiation began and energy. to scatter. 2 ERA 1. RADIATION ERA The light elements form in the big bang 2. MATTER ERA theory 8 EPOCH from RADIATION ERA ⚫ H 1. PLANK ⚫ He 2. GRANDUNIFICATION 3. INFLATIONARY ⚫ Li Page | 1  STELLAR NEBULA LESSON 2: STAR FORMATION Nebulae are vast clouds of dust and gas. THEORY Predominantly composed of hydrogen and helium.They are also known as star Emanuel Swedenbord- He WAS THE nurseries as new stars form within PROPONENT OF THE STAR FORMATION them. THEORY. Protostar - it is a hot core at the heart of Methuselah- Is the oldest star in the the collapsing cloud that will one day universe. become star. Though the dust and gas within nebulae are spread out, gravitational forces cause them to clump together, STAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS- The forming what is known protostar. process by which elements are formed within stars as a result of Planetary nebula is a region of cosmic nuclear fusion. gas and dust formed from the cast-off outer layers of a dying star. Supernova is what happens when a star Kelvin (K)- It is the scale of an absolute has reached the end of its life and temperature scale that starts at the lowest possible explodes in a brilliant burst of light. temperature. COLORS OF STAR Eventually, red giant stars become too ◆ BLUE- RIGEL unstable and expel their outer gaseous ◆ WHITE-SIRIUS layers, leaving a small, extremely dense, ◆ YELLOW-SUN solid core, known as a white dwarf. ◆ ORANGE- ALDEBARAN ◆ RED-ANTARES Neutron stars are incredibly dense, with a single teaspoon of neutron star STAR weighing a billion tons. The gravity from A celestial luminous body in the such stars' masses causes protons and sky. They are primarily made up of electrons to fuse into neutrons. mostly hydrogen, with some helium and small amounts of other elements. NUCLEAR FUSION The process by which multiple nuclei joined together to form a heavier nucleus. Page | 2  LESSON 3 FUSION REACTION IS STARS SUPER NOVA- A supernova is what (NUCLEAR FUSION) happens when a star has reached the end of its SUN- This began as a giant cloud of dust and life and explodes in a brilliant burst of light. A gas. supernova is the explosion of a massive star. Proton- This have a positive electric charge. Nuclear Force- Bring proton& neutrons Core Collapsing- Thishappens when stars together, it just need a right combination. with masses greater than 8 times the mass of Beta Decay- It can cause protons and our sun collapse in on themselves and neutrons to switch identities. explode. A proton–proton chain reaction is one of the ways by which stars fuse hydrogen into ELEMENTS HEAVIER THAN BE helium.  BORON- B CNO Cycle is a catalytic process that requires  CARBON- C the presence of some initial carbon, nitrogen,  NITROGEN- N and oxygen abundance in the stellar material.  OXYGEN- O TRIPLE ALPHA PROCESS- In the triple- alpha process, stars fuse together three alpha particles, creating a new particle with six protons and six neutrons. This is the universe's most common form of carbon. Alpha Ladder- More and more alpha particles are fused to create heavier elements all the way to iron. S-PROCESS(SLOW-NEUTRON-CAPTURE PROCESS)- slow-neutron-capture-process is a nucleosynthesis process that occurs at Molecular clouds- Starting point of a star’s relatively low neutron density and life and mostly made up of mixture of intermediate temperature conditions in stars. hydrogen and helium gases. If the new isotope is stable, a series of increases in mass can occur, but if it is Positrons and neutrinos- In the process of unstable, then beta decay will occur. star formation theory, what stops the increasing of pressure and the contraction. R-PROCESS- a rapid neutron-capture process is a set of nuclear reactions that in nuclear astrophysics is responsible for the creation of approximately half of the atomic Page | 3 nuclei heavier than iron. It is done in a rapid LESSON 4: SYNTHESIS OF NEW process..The r-process, or the rapid neutron- ELEMENTS capture process, of stellar nucleosynthesis is INTHE LABORATORY called for to explain the production of the stable. Synthetic elements STAR POWER- The Sun is Earth’s major -These are chemical elements that do not source of energy, yet the planet only receives a occur naturally on Earth. These can only be small portion of its energy and the Sun is just created artificially. an ordinary star. -Radioactive and decay rapidly into lighter elements. NUCLEAR FUSION- Stars are made mostly -Only occur on Earth as the product of of hydrogen and helium, which are packed so atomic bombs or experiments. Used in densely in a star that in the star’s center the nuclear reactor and particle accelerator pressure is great enough to initiate nuclear fusion reactions. In a nuclear fusion reaction, Nuclear reactor and its use the nuclei of two atoms combine to create a Nuclear reactors are the heart of a nuclear new atom. power plant. They contain and control nuclear chain reactions that produce heat through a FUSION REACTION- Fusion reactions physical process called fission. That heat is power the Sun and other stars. In fusion, two used to make steam that spins a turbine to light nuclei merge to form a single heavier create electricity. nucleus. The process releases energy because the total mass of the resulting single nucleus is Particle accelerator and its use: less than the mass of the two original nuclei. A particle accelerator is a special machine that speeds up charged particles and channels them into a beam. When used in research, the beam hits the target and scientists gather information about atoms, molecules, and the laws of physics. AMERICIUM (AM) Americium is a silvery, shiny Page | 4 radioactive metal. Americium is miscarriages, stillbirths, deformities, commonly used in smoke alarms, but and fertility problems. has few other uses. It has the potential to be used in spacecraft batteries in the future. CALIFORNIUM ( CF) Currently plutonium is used but availability is It is used in portable metal detectors, for poor so alternatives are being considered. identifying gold and silver ores, to Analogy was named after the Americans. First identify water and oil layers in oil wells produced in 1944 by the group of Glenn and to detect metal fatigue and stress in T. Seaborg. aeroplanes. Californium has no known biological role. CURIUM(CM) It is toxic due to its radioactivity. Named after Marie and Pierre Curie - couple who both were known for their EINSTEINIUM (ES) research on their radioactivity. Only tiny amounts of einsteinium have ever Main uses: as a fuel for Radioisotope been produced; it is mainly used in scientific Thermal Generators (RTGs) on board studies. satellites, deep space probes, planetary It has a few medical uses but they are not surface rovers and in heart pacemakers, commercial. It is used majorly to study and as a alpha emitter for alpha particle X- radiation damage, targeted radiation Ray spectrometry, again particularly in medical treatments and accelerated space applications. ageing. Curium is toxic to the human body due to SEABORGIUM (SG) being a heavy metal and its high level of Named after American nuclear chemist radioactivity. The most common risk is Glenn T. Seaborg Since only a few bone tumors. atoms of seaborgium have ever been made, there are currently no uses for seaborgium BERKELIUM ( BK) outside of basic scientific research. Presently, the element is not used RUTHERFORDIUM (RF) biologically or for technological purposes. Rutherfordium, a synthetic element that It was used for the atmospheric nuclear can only be made a few atoms at a time, does weapons tests between 1945 and 1980. not have a commercial use. At present, it The only use of berkelium has been in is only used in research. the synthesis of heavier elements such as tennessine. ROENTEGENIUM(RG) Even low-dose exposures are carcinogenic Roentgenium is only used for research after extended exposure. The current purposes in scientific studies, to better generation, the one in utero, and all that understand its properties, and to create follow may suffer cancers, immune heavier elements. system damage, leukemias, Page | 5 BOHRIUM (BH) Named after Danish Physicist Niels Bohr. There are no known uses outside of research for bohrium. Because of this, it is only used to study its physical properties and synthesize isotopes of other elements. DARMSTADTIUM (DS) An extremely radioactive synthetic element. Since only a few atoms of tennessine have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research. Page | 6