Protista Notes Spring 2024 PDF

**KINGDOM PROTISTA** Protists belong to the Kingdom Protista, which includes mostly [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms. **Characteristics of Protists** - mostly unicellular, some are [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] (algae) - can be [\_\_\_\...

**KINGDOM PROTISTA** Protists belong to the Kingdom Protista, which includes mostly [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms. **Characteristics of Protists** - mostly unicellular, some are [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] (algae) - can be [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]or autotrophic - most live in [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] (though some live in moist soil or even the human body) - **A protist is any** [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]**organism that is not a plant, animal or fungus** - *Protista* = the very [ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] **Classification of Protists:** - how they obtain [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] - how they [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] **Main Types:** ***keywords*** water eukaryotic nutrition unicellular first heterotrophic ---------- ------------- --------------- ------------- ------- --------------- Protozoa decomposers multicellular algae Move **Compare and contrast a prokaryotic cell to a eukaryotic cell below:** **CLASSIFICATION OF PROTISTS -- Animal -- Like Protists** **I. Animal-like Protists -- All Heterotrophic** - i\. Zooflagellates - flagella iii. Ciliates - cilia iv\. Sporozoans - do not move **1. Zooflagellates** e.g. **Giardia lamblia** causes beaver fever - move using one or two [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] - absorb food across [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] - tend to "spin" super fast when moving **2. Sarcodinas** *E.g. Amoeba* - moves using [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] ( \"false feet\" ), which are like extensions of the cytoplasm \--amoeboid movement - look like slow moving blobs with different pseudopods extending  **3. Ciliates [ ]**Ex. Paramecium - move using [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] - has \_\_2\_\_\_ nuclei: macronucleus, micronucleus - food is gathered through the [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] , moved into a gullet, forms a food vacuole - [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] is used for removing waste - Move like "bumper cars" **4. Sporozoans** - do not move on their own - [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] - E.x. malaria, infects the liver and blood ***keywords*** cilia contractile membrane endocytosis Binary fission move ------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------- ----------- ----------- Two flagella conjugation Mouth pore pseudopodia Anal pore Parasitic **STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS** **[Amoeba- An Animal-like Protist]** The **amoeba** is a protozoan that belongs to the **Kingdom Protista**. The name ameba comes from the Greek word \"**amoibe\"**, which means change. Amoeba is also spelled **ameba**. **Protists** are microscopic unicellular organisms that don\'t fit into the other kingdoms. Some protists are considered plant-like while others are considered animal-like. The animal-like protists are known as **protozoans**. The amoeba is considered an animal-like protist because it moves and consumes its food. Protists are classified by how they move, some have **cilia or flagella**, but the amoeba has an unusual way of creeping along by stretching its cytoplasm into fingerlike extensions called **pseudopodia**. The word \"pseudopodia\" means \"**false foot**\". ***Label*** the pseudopodia. When looking at amoeba under a microscope, an observer will note that no amoebas looks the same as any other, the **cell membrane** is very flexible and allows for the amoeba to change shape. ***Color and label*** the cell membrane red. The purpose of the cell membrane is the same as for bacteria., to control the movement of materials into and out of the cell. Amoebas live in ponds or puddles, and can even live inside people. There are two types of **cytoplasm** in the amoeba, the darker cytoplasm toward the interior of the protozoan is called **endoplasm**, and the clearer cytoplasm that is found near the cell membrane is called **ectoplasm**. ***Color and label*** the ectoplasm light blue and the endoplasm pink. By pushing the endoplasm toward the cell membrane, the amoeba causes its body to extend and creep along. The amoeba also uses this method to consume its food. The pseudopodia extend out and wrap around a food particle in a process call **phagocytosi**s. Phagocytosis produces a food vacuole. The food vacuole fuses with a lysosome. Food is then digested is digested by the **enzymes** (lysozyme) contained in the amoeba\'s **lysosomes**. After the food is digested, the solid waste exists in a structure called **anal pore**. ***Color and label*** the food vacuole green, and lysosome purple. Also visible in the amoeba is the **nucleus**, which contains the amoeba\'s DNA. ***Color and label*** the nucleus purple. In order to reproduce the ameba goes through mitotic division, where the nucleus duplicates its genetic material and the cytoplasm splits into two new daughter cells, each identical to the original parent. This method of reproduction is called **binary fission**. Another structure easily seen in the amoeba is the **contractile vacuole. This organelle** pumps out excess water so that the amoeba does not burst or **lyse**. ***Color and label*** the contractile vacuole yellow.  During unfavorable conditions, the ameba can create a **cyst**, this hard walled body can exist for a long period of time until conditions become favorable again. ***Label and color*** the cyst dark blue. At this point it opens up and the amoeba emerges. Often cysts are created during cold or dry periods where the ameba could not survive in its normal condition. Amoebas can cause disease. A common disease caused by the ameba is called **Amebic Dysentery**. A person becomes infected by drinking contaminated water. The ameba then upsets the person\'s digestive system and causes cramps and diarrhea. A person is most likely to be infected in countries where the water is not filtered or purified. **Questions:** 1. What are 2 purposes of pseudopods? 2. Why are amoebas named after a Greek word meaning change? 3. How is the mechanism amoeba use to eat similar/ different to white blood cells? 4. How do bacteria and ameba compare in terms of their ability to withstand desiccation? Bacteria -- look in notes(reproduction) Ameba -- form cysts. - 5. Do you think ameba's also have mitochondria, ribosomes and chloroplasts. Support your answer. Mitochondria -- cellular respiration -- aerobic -- produces ATP energy 6. With regards to the cellular structures above, why are they not shown on the diagram above. 7. Label the structures of the paramecium below. Use your device if you need to. BIO 221 Chapter 6 Paramecium caudatum Diagram \| Quizlet 8. **Compare and contrast the method of movement, the method of feeding and the method of digestion in paramecium and ameba.** **Name of Protist** **Movement by** **Method of feeding** **Method of digestion** --------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ------------------------- 9. **Research the locations in the human body that have cilia. How is the function of cilia in people different from the function of cilia in paramecium?** **Cellular Structure- Give the FUNCTION (what does it do?) for each cell structure found in some/all protists.** **Cell membrane** ------------------------- -- **Cilia** **Flagella** **Mitochondria** **Ribosomes** **Contractile vacuole** **Pseudopod** **Gullet** **Food Vacuole** **Nucleus** **Chloroplast** **PATHOGENIC PROTOZOANS** ***RESEARCH these 3 pathogenic protozoans*** Beaver Fever Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Amebic Dysentery ---------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------------------------- ------------------ Scientific Name of species Method of Transmission Geographic Location Symptoms Prognosis Treatment Frequency -- how common Include references ***On a separate piece of paper on the back of this sheet answer the following Questions for Thought*** 1. What is a vector? 2. Why is controlling the vector important to control the disease? a. How was malaria controlled in the southern states in the 1950s? b. What affect did this have on the environment and different species c. Is the same method being used today? 3. One of the best ways to prevent many parasitic infections is to have a source of clean water. d. What affect does war have on the spread of parasitic diseases? e. What affect does disease have on poverty? Provide an example **CLASSIFICATION OF PROTISTS -- Plant -- Like Protists** - Most contain chlorophyll and carry out [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] - accessory pigments help absorb light, give algae a variety of [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] - make up the base of aquatic food chains (most live in water) - Phytoplankton makes up half of the photosynthesis that occurs on earth (they make [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]!) - four phyla: euglenophytes, chrysophytes, diatoms, dinoflagellates **Unicellular Photosynthetic Protists -- Unicellular Algae** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **1. | **2. | **3. Diatoms** | **4.Pyrophyta** | | Euglenophytes** | Chrysophytes** | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ |  | for synura | for | for | | | | chrysophyta](me | dinoflagellates | | | | dia/image188.pn | | | | | g) | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | - have | - - | - - - | - - - - | | flagella | | | | | | | | | | - use | | | | | chloroplast | | | | | s | | | | | for | | | | | photosynthe | | | | | sis, | | | | | but can | | | | | turn into | | | | | heterotroph | | | | | s | | | | | if they are | | | | | kept in the | | | | | dark | | | | | | | | | | - [\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_] | | | | | | | | | | used for | | | | | sensing | | | | | light and | | | | | dark | | | | | | | | | | - Ex. Euglena | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ - Includes kelp and all other algae you see in the ocean contain different pigments to allow maximum absorption of light through the water +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **1. Green Algae:** | **2. Red Algae** | **3. Brown Algae** | | | | | | **Phylum | **Phylum Rhodophyta** | **Phylum Phaeophyta** | | Chlorophyta** | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ |  | algae | brown | | | | algae](media/image198 | | | |.jpeg) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | - - - | - Are able to live | - Ex. giant kelp | | | at great | and fucus | | | [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_] | | | | because are more | | | | efficient at | | | | absorbing | | | | sunlight | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **Keywords**: plants, depths, fucoxanthin, photosynthesis, eyespots, colours, oil, silicon, oxygen, flagella **EVOLUTION OF PROTISTS - The First Eukaryotes** Protozoans are the first [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]cells! *Hurrah membrane-bound organelles and complexity!* A theory that describes the evolution of protists is called the [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] theory. This theory suggests that eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic cells that engulfed other prokaryotic cells, and instead of digesting them they remained inside the cell and continued their function. This taking-in of other cells and development of a [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]relationship is called [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.] 1. Example: [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]may have arisen from photosynthetic prokaryotes that were engulfed by another cell. 2. Example: [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]may have arisen from high energy producing prokaryotes that were engulfed by another cell  3\. Example: Also, spiral-shaped bacteria may have evolved into [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_], and [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]. Finally, the membrane folded inwards and developed into the endoplasmic reticulum. **[Evidence] from modern living organisms:** 1**.** Both chloroplasts & mitochondria have their own [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] separate from the cell. 2\. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] independently from the cell and use [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_], just like bacteria 3.The inner [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] membrane found in mitochondria and chloroplasts suggests entry of a foreign cell 4\. Scientists have found [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] living symbiotically inside cells. Bacteria [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] amino acids for the cell & the cell provides a safe place for the bacteria. ***keywords*** DNA symbiotic chloroplast mitochondria endosymbiont Binary fission divide -------- -------------- ------------- --------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------- double invagination provide endosymbiosis Flagella/cilia eukaryotic bacteria **Explain how each organism benefits and contributes to the relationship.** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Original Cell** | **Benefit from | **Contribution to | | | relationship** | relationship** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Ancestral host | - | - | | prokaryote** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Ancestral aerobic | - | - | | Prokaryote** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Ancestral | - | - | | photosynthetic | | | | Prokaryote** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **GENERATIONS IN A LIFE CYCLE** ---------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------------------- **Generation** **Definition** **Produces** **Diploid or Haploid?** ---------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------------------- ***Complete the life cycle of the green algae Ulva by labeling the sporophyte, the 2 gametophytes (no obvious difference between eggs and sperm), colour the haploid structures and cells one colour and the diploid structures and cells a different colour. Finally, label the places where the processes of fertilization, mitosis, and meiosis occur.***  **IDENTIFY THE PROTOZOANS** Using the terms in your notes, identify which group each protozoan belong to. http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6117/6289093848\_abeb11a93f.jpg  http://westerndiatoms.colorado.edu/images/glossary\_images/radiate.jpg  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology\_203/Images/Protists/giardia-trph.jpg  http://images.yourdictionary.com/images/science/ASeuglen.jpg   http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/dino.jpg