Kingdom Protista Overview
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Questions and Answers

What defines a protist?

  • It exclusively contains prokaryotic cells.
  • It is always autotrophic.
  • It is a multicellular organism.
  • It is any organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. (correct)

Which of the following is true about the majority of protists?

  • They all belong to the same class.
  • They can only be heterotrophic.
  • They are mostly unicellular, with some being multicellular. (correct)
  • They primarily live in dry environments.

What method do zooflagellates use to move?

  • Cilia
  • One or two flagella (correct)
  • Pseudopodia
  • They do not move

Which characteristic is associated with ciliates?

<p>They move using cilia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sarcodines, like amoeba, primarily move?

<p>Using pseudopodia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleus in an amoeba?

<p>To duplicate genetic material during reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which amoebas reproduce?

<p>Binary fission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do amoebas form cysts?

<p>To survive unfavorable conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do contractile vacuoles contribute to the amoeba's survival?

<p>By preventing lysis due to excess water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease is commonly caused by amoebas?

<p>Amebic Dysentery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do pseudopods play in amoeba behavior?

<p>Movement and capturing food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which environments are amoebas likely to create cysts?

<p>Cold or dry periods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would most likely happen if an amoeba did not have a contractile vacuole?

<p>It could burst due to excess water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do paramecium primarily move?

<p>Using cilia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the feeding method of amoeba from that of paramecium?

<p>Amoeba utilizes pseudopods for feeding, while paramecium uses cilia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell structure is responsible for controlling the movement of substances in and out of the protist cell?

<p>Cell membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do cilia serve in the human body compared to their function in paramecium?

<p>Cilia in humans help clear mucus and debris, while in paramecium they are for movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of digestion in paramecium?

<p>Chemical breakdown of food in a food vacuole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of pathogenic protozoans like those causing amebic dysentery?

<p>They require specific vectors for transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mitochondria play in protists?

<p>Respiration and energy production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT typically used for locomotion in protists?

<p>Food vacuole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when one organism lives inside another and benefits from that arrangement?

<p>Endosymbiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell structure is primarily associated with energy production in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cellular division do prokaryotes, such as bacteria, use?

<p>Binary fission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a life cycle, what do gametophytes primarily produce?

<p>Gametes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes?

<p>Diploid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit for an ancestral prokaryote in a symbiotic relationship?

<p>Access to nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed as a result of the fertilization process in the life cycle of algae?

<p>Zygote (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of evolutionary biology, how do chloroplasts contribute to their host cell?

<p>By performing photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the fingerlike extensions that amoebas use to move and consume food?

<p>Pseudopodia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the amoeba's cell membrane?

<p>To control the movement of materials in and out of the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of cytoplasm found in an amoeba?

<p>Ectoplasm and endoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do amoebas use to engulf food particles?

<p>Phagocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes in an amoeba?

<p>To digest food within food vacuoles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do amoebas primarily obtain their nutrients?

<p>Engulfing food particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can amoebas typically be found?

<p>In ponds and puddles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color is the ectoplasm when labeled in a diagram?

<p>Light blue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do most plant-like protists use to create their own food?

<p>Photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Euglenophytes?

<p>Presence of flagella (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups make up the base of aquatic food chains?

<p>Phytoplankton (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature do diatoms possess?

<p>Cell walls made of silica (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of unicellular algae is known for causing red tides?

<p>Dinoflagellates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do accessory pigments play in plant-like protists?

<p>They help in light absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phytoplankton are responsible for what proportion of the photosynthesis occurring on Earth?

<p>One half (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding chrysophytes?

<p>They possess golden-brown pigments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes dinoflagellates from other unicellular algae?

<p>Two flagella (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms primarily engages in photosynthesis in clear water environments?

<p>Euglenophytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Kingdom Protista

A kingdom of mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms (plants, animals, or fungi).

Eukaryotic organisms

Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Unicellular organisms

Organisms composed of only one cell.

Heterotrophic protists

Protists that obtain nutrition by consuming other organisms or organic matter.

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Zooflagellates

Animal-like protists that move using one or two flagella, absorbing food across their cell.

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Cilia

Short, hair-like structures used for movement and gathering food in ciliates.

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Pseudopods

Extensions of cytoplasm used for movement and engulfing food by sarcodines like amoebas.

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Pseudopodia

Finger-like projections used by amoeba for movement and engulfing food.

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Amoeba movement

Amoeba moves by extending finger-like projections called pseudopodia.

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Sporozoans

Animal-like protists that do not move on their own and rely on other organisms to complete their life cycle

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Phagocytosis

The process of engulfing food particles by pseudopodia.

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Food vacuole

A sac formed during phagocytosis, enclosing the food particle.

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Cell membrane (in Amoeba)

Flexible outer layer controlling material passage in and out of the amoeba.

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Anal pore

The structure through which solid waste exits an amoeba's body.

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Amoeba Reproduction

Amoebas reproduce through binary fission, where the nucleus replicates and the cytoplasm divides into two identical daughter cells.

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Protist

Microscopic, single-celled organism not fitting into other kingdoms.

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Lysosome

Organelle containing enzymes that digest engulfed food.

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Contractile Vacuole

An organelle in amoebas that pumps out excess water to prevent bursting.

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Amoeba Cyst

A hard-walled, dormant structure that an amoeba forms during unfavorable conditions.

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Amebic Dysentery

A disease caused by amoebas, often from contaminated water, causing digestive upset.

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Binary Fission

A type of asexual reproduction in which a parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

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Pseudopod Function

Extensions of cytoplasm used for movement and capturing food.

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Amoeba Name Origin

Amoeba is named after the Greek word for 'change' due to their constantly shifting shape.

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Amoeba Eating Mechanism

Amoebas engulf food particles by extending pseudopods to surround them.

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Paramecium Movement

Paramecium use cilia for movement, which are short, hair-like structures on their surface.

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Amoeba Movement

Amoeba move using pseudopods, extensions of their cytoplasm to engulf food and move.

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Paramecium Feeding

Parameciums use their cilia to sweep food particles into a gullet.

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Amoeba Feeding

Amoebas engulf food using pseudopods, a process called phagocytosis.

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Cilia Function (humans)

In humans, cilia move substances like mucus in the respiratory tract.

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Contractile vacuole

Removes excess water from the cell using active transport.

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Pathogenic Protozoan

Disease-causing protozoan

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Malaria Vector

An organism that transmits a disease from one host to another.

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Endosymbiosis

Two different organisms living together, where one lives inside the other, benefiting from the relationship.

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Chloroplast

Organelle in plant cells that carries out photosynthesis.

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Mitochondria

Organelle in eukaryotic cells that produces energy for the cell.

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Binary Fission

Asexual reproduction method where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

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Prokaryotic Cell

A cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

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Eukaryotic Cell

Complex cell with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Sporophyte

Plant generation that produces spores (diploid)

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Gametophyte

Plant generation that produces gametes (haploid)

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Phytoplankton role

A type of microscopic algae that forms the base of aquatic food chains and are a major source of photosynthesis on Earth.

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Protists' photosynthesis

Many protists, similar to plants, have the ability to carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll.

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accessory pigments

Substances that absorb light energy in addition to chlorophyll, enabling protists to use more of the spectrum.

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Euglenophytes

A type of unicellular photosynthetic protist that can also be heterotrophic under certain conditions.

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Chrysophytes

Golden-brown algae, known for their golden/brown color.

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Diatoms

Unicellular algae with elaborate glass-like cell walls.

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Dinoflagellates

Unicellular algae with two flagella that enables them to rotate

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Photosynthesis in protists

Process by which protists utilize sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates.

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Aquatic food chain base

Protists, especially phytoplankton, form the foundation for aquatic ecosystems by producing energy.

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Protist adaptation

Adaptations allow protists to survive in varied environments and switch to different modes of feeding.

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Study Notes

Kingdom Protista

  • Protists are a diverse group of organisms
  • They do not fit into the other kingdoms
  • Mostly unicellular, some are multicellular
  • Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
  • Most live in moist soil or even the human body
  • Protists are eukaryotic

Classification of Protists

  • How they obtain nutrition
  • How they move

Main Types of Protists

  • Animal-like Protists (Protozoa):
    • Heterotrophic
    • Amoeba, Paramecium, Giardia lamblia, etc.
  • Plant-like Protists (Algae):
    • Autotrophic
    • Euglena, Diatoms, etc.
  • Fungus-like Protists (Heterotrophs):
    • Decomposers.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

  • Prokaryotic cells are smaller
  • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus
  • Prokayrotic cells lack membrane bound organelles
  • Eukaryotic cells are larger
  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
  • Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles

Animal-like Protists - Specifics

  • Zooflagellates (e.g., Giardia lamblia) move using flagella, absorb food across membrane
  • Sarcodinas (e.g., Amoeba) use pseudopodia (false feet) for movement and engulfing food (phagocytosis), forming a food vacuole
  • Ciliates (e.g., Paramecium) move using cilia, have a macronucleus and a micronucleus, food gathered through a mouth pore
  • Sporozoans (e.g., Malaria) do not move on their own, parasitic

Amoeba - Animal-like Protist

  • Protozoan that belongs to the Kingdom Protista
  • Moves using pseudopodia
  • Engulfs food by phagocytosis
  • Contains cytoplasm (ectoplasm and endoplasm)
  • Has a nucleus and lysosomes
  • Reproduces through binary fission
  • Forms a cyst during unfavorable conditions

Pathogenic Protozoans

  • Beaver Fever, Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning, Amebic Dysentery

Questions for Thought

  • What is a vector?
  • Why is controlling a vector important?
  • How was malaria controlled historically?
  • What effect did this have on the environment?

Plant-like Protists - Specifics

  • Mostly contain chlorophyll and accessory pigments

  • Make up the base of aquatic food chains

  • Four phyla: Euglenophytes, Chrysophytes, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates

  • Euglenophytes have flagella, chloroplasts, and can be heterotrophs in the dark

  • Chrysophytes have golden-colored chloroplasts, store food as starch

  • Diatoms have cell walls made of glass

  • Pyrophyta have flagella, can emit light

Cellular Structures in Protists

  • Cell membrane: controls materials moving in and out of the cell
  • Cilia: used for movement
  • Flagella: used for movement
  • Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration
  • Ribosomes: protein synthesis
  • Contractile vacuole: removes excess water
  • Pseudopods: used for movement and feeding
  • Gullet(pore)/ food vacuole: used to channel food
  • Nucleus: contains the genetic material of the organism
  • Chloroplasts: used for photosynthesis

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Protista Notes Spring 2024 PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of Protists, a unique group of eukaryotic organisms that defy classification into other kingdoms. Learn about their various types, including animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like protists, and how they obtain nutrition and move. This quiz will test your understanding of their characteristics and classifications.

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