Professional and Legal Responsibilities - Turkey PDF

NORMS OF HIERARCHY 1-THE CONSTITUTION 2-INTERNATIONAL The top ranks in the hierarchy of norms AGREEMENTS(ULUSLARARASI ANLAŞMA...

NORMS OF HIERARCHY 1-THE CONSTITUTION 2-INTERNATIONAL The top ranks in the hierarchy of norms AGREEMENTS(ULUSLARARASI ANLAŞMALAR) in Turkish Law Come into force with the publishment in the official The first constitution of the Republich gazette after being approved by the parliament and by the of Turkey was adopted on Jan 20,1921. President of the Republic. Meclis ve Cumhurbaşkanı tarafından onaylandıktan sonra resmi 2nd on April 20, 1924. gazetede yayımlanarak yürürlüğe girer. 3rd on July 9, 1961. 4th on Oct 18, 1982. (some revisions made in 2010) 3-LAWS / STATUTORY DECREE(KANUN HÜKMÜNDE KARARNAME) LAWS STATUTORY DECREE Has a legal text format legislated according to the The written legal norms on the definite topics regulated by the Council procedures laid down in the Constitution made by the of Ministers, based on the authorization directly from the constitution or Parliament. the Parliament. These decrees are binding equally by the law. Anayasa'da belirtilen usullere göre Meclis tarafından çıkarılan kanuni metin formatına sahiptir. Bakanlar Kurulu tarafından düzenlenen belirli konulardaki yazılı hukuk normları, doğrudan anayasadan veya Parlamento'dan alınan yetkiye dayanmaktadır. Bu kararnameler kanun tarafından eşit şekilde bağlayıcıdır. 4-REGULATIONS Kanuna bozukluk getirmeksizin çıkartılan yazılı kurallar - written rules which are issued without prejudice to the law by the. Written rules which are issued without prejudice to the law by the Prime Ministry, the ministries and public corporate entities to provide the implementation of the law and statutes about their assignations. Before the regulations have been issued neither the examination by Council of State, nor the approval of the President of the Republic is necessary. Başbakanlık, bakanlıklar ve kamu tüzel kişilerinin görevlerine ilişkin kanun ve tüzüklerin uygulanmasını sağlamak amacıyla kanun hükümleri saklı kalmak kaydıyla çıkardıkları yazılı yönetmeliktir. Yönetmelikler çıkarılmadan önce Danıştay'ın incelemesine veya Cumhurbaşkanı'nın onayına gerek yoktur. Kamu Hukuku - İdari hukuk - İmar hukuku - THE LEGAL SYSTEM - Public law - Administav. law - Zoning law PUBLIC LAW PRIVATE LAW Constitutional law (Anayasa Hukuku) Civil law (Medeni Hukuk) Administrative law (İdari Hukuk) Law of obligations (Borçlar Hukuku) Criminal law (Ceza Hukuku) Commercial law (Ticaret Hukuku) Public law (Kamu Hukuku) Private international law (Özel Uluslararası Hukuk) International law (Uluslararası Hukuk) Law of civil procedure(Medeni Usul Hukuku) Administrative Jurisdiction law (İdari Labour and social security law (İş ve sosyal güvenlik Yargı Hukuku) Hukuku) Financial law (Mali Hukuk) Debt enforcement and bankruptcy law (Borç icra ve iflas Hukuku) 2.week WHAT ARE OUR LEGAL RESPONSİBİLİTİES? According to the regulations, interior architects 1-DESIGN have responsibilities in the fields of design and Interior architects design and implement functional and aesthetic solutions for closed service. and semi-closed spaces. Their responsibilities include: Design Designing fixed and movable furniture, accessories, and specialized interior projects. Application and Management Renovating and adapting spaces for new or renewed functions using contemporary Design consultancy ideas. Education Conducting surveys, measurements, and preparing detailed interior architecture Other works of Arts projects. Managing material selection, color schemes, and project implementation. Offering multidisciplinary solutions in environmental design and building 2-APPLİCATİON AND MANAGEMENT sustainability. SERVİCE Creating fair stands, exhibition spaces, set/stage designs, and vehicle interiors. Professional controller, Collaborating on restoration and conservation projects with other professionals. Site chief in interior architecture applications Providing consultancy, professional oversight, and tender preparation services. Interior architecture technical application responsibility In-building technical sustainability and acceptance delivery studies 3-DESİGN CONSULTANCY SERVİCE Being consultant, expert witness, referee, jury member, rapporteur for interior architecture services for the technical sustainability of the work bilirkişi, danışman, hakem üyesi, raportör Interior architecture Project management Feasibility studies Time program preparation Special research and studies, tender( ihale) file preparation, İş ve süreç takibi gerektiren işlerin yürütülmesi, ihale Execution of works requiring business and process monitoring, tender management, yönetimi, Preparation of comparative search field lists, Selection of technical equipment and materials. 4-EDUCATİON 5-OTHER WORKS OF ARTS These are studies aimed at improving education through interior selection of artworks, architecture education and training. model works, three-dimensional visual works, fairs, meetings and organizations, exhibitions, conferences, congresses, concerts, premiere nights and venue organization and design CONSTRUCTİON PROJECTS RENOVATİON-ARRANGEMENT AND İTS SUSTAİNABİLİTY 1-Aesthetic project design - Estetik proje renovation, tasarımı repair, 2-application - uygulama change of function, 3-building production process- bina üretim renewal, süreci equipping and its sustainability. ZONİNG LAW(İMAR HUKUKU) AIM SCOPE This Law regulates settlements and constructions All official and private buildings to be constructed within and outside in these places; the plan has been prepared to the borders of the municipality and adjacent areas are subject to the ensure its formation in accordance with scientific, provisions of this Law. health and environmental conditions. Belediye ve mücavir alan sınırları içinde ve dışında yapılacak bütün resmi ve özel yapılar bu Kanun hükümlerine tabidir. Bu kanun bu bölgelerdeki yerleşim planını düzenlemeyi amaçlar STRUCTURE (YAPI)? BUİLDİNG (BİNA)? On land and/or in water, can be used alone, Permanent and/or temporary, covered Public and/or private, people can enter Fixed and mobile facilities, for people to sit, work, have fun , and rest or worship, Including underground and surface construction and their for the protection of animals and goods addition, replacement and repair. are structures. Construction Zoning Law No. 3194 (3194 Kamu İhale Construction Zoning Law No. 3194 (3194 Kamu İhale Kanunu) Kanunu) SPATİAL STRATEGİC PLAN(MEKANSAL STRATEJİ PLANI) mekansal planlama Ensuring the spatial organization of country development policies, regional development strategies and regional plan decisions, Ülke kalkınma politikalarının, bölgesel kalkınma stratejilerinin ve bölge planı kararlarının mekansal organizasyonunu sağlamak. ARAZİ KULLANI Transferring policies and decisions at the country and regional level to lower level plans. nazım imar MI PLANI planı Ülke ve bölge düzeyindeki politikaların ve kararların alt düzey planlara aktarılması. uygulama imar -Determining spatial strategies for the protection and development of natural, historical and cultural values. planı Doğal, tarihi ve kültürel değerlerin korunması ve geliştirilmesine yönelik mekansal stratejilerin belirlenmesi. Integrating and harmonizing sectoral decisions with their spatial dimensions at the country level Ülke düzeyinde sektörel kararların mekansal boyutlarıyla bütünleştirilmesi ve uyumlaştırılması -Determining spatial strategies for directing urban and rural settlements, transportation system and social and technical infrastructure Kentsel ve kırsal yerleşimlerin, ulaşım sisteminin ve sosyal ve teknik altyapının yönlendirilmesine yönelik mekansal stratejilerin belirlenmesi Providing guidance in determining investment locations - Yatırım lokasyonlarının belirlenmesinde rehberlik sağlanması -It is a plan prepared in a schematic and graphical language at the country and regional level, complete with sectoral and thematic sheets and report. -Ülke ve bölge düzeyinde şematik ve grafiksel bir dille hazırlanmış, sektörel ve tematik paftalar ve raporla tamamlanmış bir plandır.  LAND USE PLAN Determining general land use decisions regarding sectors such as urban and rural settlement, development areas, industry, agriculture, tourism, transportation and energy Kentsel ve kırsal yerleşim, kalkınma alanları, sanayi, tarım, turizm, ulaşım ve enerji gibi sektörlere ilişkin genel arazi kullanım kararlarının belirlenmesi Showing basic geographical data such as forests, streams, lakes and agricultural lands in accordance with the target and strategy decisions of spatial strategy plans Mekansal strateji planlarının hedef ve strateji kararlarına uygun olarak ormanlar, akarsular, göller ve tarım arazileri gibi temel coğrafi verilerin gösterilmesi MASTER DEVELOPMENT PLAN (NAZIM İMAR PLANI) General usage patterns of land areas, main region types, future population densities of the regions, development directions and sizes and principles of various urban and rural settlement areas Arazi alanlarının genel kullanım şekilleri, başlıca bölge tipleri, bölgelerin gelecekteki nüfus yoğunlukları, çeşitli kentsel ve kırsal yerleşim alanlarının gelişme yönleri ve büyüklükleri ve ilkeleri İMPLEMENTARY DEVELOPMENT PLAN(UYGULAMA İMAR PLANI) Building blocks related to construction, their usage, building order, building height, floor area coefficient, floor area number of floors or Usable Space Coefficient , building approach distance, front facade line, subdivision line, grade line, island separation line, vehicle, pedestrian and bicycle paths, transportation relations, parks, squares, urban, social and technical infrastructure areas, when necessary; Decisions regarding construction and implementation such as parcel sizes, parcel frontage and depth, rear facade line, road elevation and the number of floors below this elevation, number of independent sections, implementation stages that will be the basis for the zoning application programs required for implementation and other information. Yapıya ilişkin yapı adaları, bunların kullanımı, yapı düzeni, yapı yüksekliği, kat alanı katsayısı, kat alanı kat sayısı veya kullanılabilir alan katsayısı, yapı yaklaşma mesafesi, ön cephe çizgisi, parselasyon çizgisi, kot çizgisi, ada ayırma çizgisi, taşıt, yaya ve bisiklet yolları, ulaşım ilişkileri, parklar, meydanlar, kentsel, sosyal ve teknik altyapı alanları, gerektiğinde; Parsel büyüklükleri, parsel cephesi ve derinliği, arka cephe çizgisi, yol kotu ve bu kotun altındaki kat sayısı, bağımsız bölüm sayısı, uygulama için gerekli imar uygulama programlarına esas olacak uygulama aşamaları ve diğer bilgiler gibi yapı ve uygulamaya ilişkin kararlar. WHEN DOES A CONSTRUCTİON PROJECT START? -PRE-CONSTRUCTİON PHASE- LAND SELECTİON PREPARATİON OF PROJECTS DESİGN MANAGEMENT Infrastructure Status Deed (Tapu) - From Owner Zoning plan (imar çapı)- Number of Floors: Indicates the Property Status Implementary Development maximum number of floors that can be built. Purpose of use in the Land Plan(İmar Çapı)- Municipality Building Height: It is the distance of the building from the point Use Plan / Master Plan/ Field sketch (ölçü krokisi) – general of elevation to the eaves level. It is the height envisaged in the Master Development Plan directorate of land registry and zoning plan and regulation. (TR:Nazım İmar Planı) cadastre Building Depth: It is the maximum distance between the front of the building and the back CONSTRUCTİON ORDİNANCE Front Garden Distance: The area between the front of your building and your parcel. Side Garden Distance: The area between the side of your SEPARATE ORDER (AYRIK NİZAM) BLOCK ORDER (BLOK NİZAM) building and your parcel. Definition of Planned Areas in Type It is a concept defined as the Backyard Distance: The area between the back of your building Zoning Regulation; It is a concept building order adjacent to the and your parcel. that is described as "it is a building buildings on the neighboring parcel. order that is not adjacent to Construction Ordinance: It is the type of construction in your the block order is a type of garden neighboring buildings on any side". parcel. As construction order, it may be shown as adjoining building in which a single building Tip İmar Yönetmeliğinde Planlı Alan Tanımı; order (bitişik nizam) separate order (ayrık nizam) and block mass with a certain length, height “Herhangi bir tarafında komşu yapılar bulunmayan order (Blok nizam) yapı düzeni” olarak tanımlanan bir kavramdır. and depth is placed on more than one parcel by separating it with a parcel. -PRE-CONSTRUCTİON PHASE- BUİLDİNG COVERAGE RATİO USABLE SPACE COEFFİCİENT (TAKS) (KAKS) shows how much of the land It is the number obtained from the you can use on the base. ratio of the total floor areas of the Üssündeki arazinin ne kadarını building to the parcel area. kullanabileceğinizi gösterir. Bina kat alanları toplamının parsel alanına oranından elde edilen sayıdır. FEASIBILITY STUDIES PRELIMINARY PROJECT FINAL (APPLICATION) PROJECT Option evaluation Preliminary design according to the Calculation of all detail projects of selected option the option decided INTELLECTUAL AND ARTİSTİC WORK LAW BUİLDİNG LİCENCE (FİKİR VE SANAT ESERLERİ HUKUKU) Deed (Tapu) - From Owner Zoning Plan (İmar Çapı)- The purpose of this Law is to determine and protect the moral and financial rights of: Municipality the authors who create intellectual and artistic works Independent/single space plan the performing artists who perform or interpret(yorumlamak) these works, Construction chief contract the phonogram producers who make the first determination of sounds, Building audit the producers who make the first determination of films and radiotelevision Contractors’ information organizations, on their products. 5 sets of construction projects( Static, electric, mechanic..etc.) To regulate the conditions for using products and to determine sanctions(yaptırım) in Soil investigation report case of use contrary to the determined procedures and principles. WORK (ESER)? KİNDS OF INTELLECTUAL AND ARTİSTİC WORK Scientific and literary works It refers to all kinds of intellectual and artistic products that musical works bear the characteristics of their owner and are considered fine arts works works of Cinema Works Science and literature (TR: İlim ve edebiyat eserleri) Musc Fine arts, Cinema FİNE ARTS WORKS In order for an architectural work to be considered a SCİENTİFİC AND LİTERARY WORKS work of fine arts, it must first of all have an aesthetic value. The work must be differentiated from its all kinds of maps, plans, projects, sketches, pictures, counterparts and have a unique and inimitable quality. geography and topography models, etc., Fine works of art, having aesthetic value; All kinds of architectural and urban planning designs and 1. Oil and watercolor paintings; all kinds of paintings, patterns, projects, architectural models, industrial, environmental pastels, engravings, calligraphy and illumination, engraving, and stage designs and projects. Works drawn or fixed with metal, stone, wood or other materials by carving, inlay or similar methods, calligraphy, screen printing, 2. Sculptures, reliefs and carvings, 3. Architectural works, If the architectural work is considered a work of fine art according 4. Handicrafts and small works of art, miniatures and ornamental to the aesthetic criterion, the nature of the changes is important art products, textiles, fashion designs, when determining whether the changes made to the work violate 5. Photographic works and slides, the rights of the owner. 6. Graphic works, 7. Cartoon works, In order to ensure that the change does not violate the rights of 8. All kinds of typecasting. the author; The use of sketches, paintings, models, designs and similar 1. Any changes or modifications should not change the integrity works as industrial models and visuals does not affect of the work. their status as works of art. 2. Change must be essential 3. The reputation of the author should not be damaged If the change made in the work is not a compulsory and necessary change, no need to get permission from the owner of the work. If the change made in the work is not a compulsory and necessary change, the owner of the work has the right to intervene  PROJECT DELIVERY SYSTEMS Traditional(Design-Bid-Built) Design Built(Tasarım İnşası) Built Operate Transfer(Yap işlet devret) TurnKey(Anahtar Teslim) Professional Construction Management Multi Contractor DESIGN -BID-BUILT Signing a contract with a single contractor 2-Bidding Phase 3-Build Phase 1-Design Phase The owner invites the contractors The selected contractor signs a An owner hires a designer(arc/int arc.) to to submit bids based on the contract with the owner and prepare detailed project drawings and completed design documents. begins construction. specifications. The owner selects the contractor, The designer often supervises the The designer completes the entire design usually the one with the lowest construction to ensure compliance before any construction begins. bid, but sometimes based on other with the plans. criteria like experience or quality. Responsibilities Owner: Oversees (denetler) the proces and hires the designer and contractor seperately. Designer: Responsible for the design and may provide construction supervision. Contractor: Executes(yürütmek) the construction work as specified in the design documents. Sequential Workflow Design completed first,bidding comes next, and construction begins afterward. Advantages Disadvantages Clear seperation of roles(designer vs. contractor). Longer project timeline due to the sequential(ardışık) nature of phases. Well-defined scope and cost before construction begins. Limited collaboration between the designer and contractor during the Familiar and widely used method. design phase. One company design and build. Higher risk of cost overruns if design documents are incomplete or unclear. TURNKEY(ANAHTAR TESLİM) Cost Risk- Designer Projede değişiklik olması durumunda proje bütçesi arttırılmalı. Turnkey lump sum price Responsibilities The contractor takes full responsibilities for the project, from design to construction, ensuring the final product meets agreed-upon criteria. Yüklenici, tasarım aşamasından inşaat aşamasına kadar projenin tüm sorumluluğunu üstlenir ve nihai ürünün üzerinde anlaşılan kriterleri karşılamasını sağlar. Handover(devretmek) Upon completion(tamamlandıktan sonra), the contractor hans over the fully operationl and ready-to-use project to the owner. Advantages Disadvantages Simple Process: Design and construction re performed by Less Control of Owner: The owner has limited the same entity(firma) reducing coordination issues. involvement in the design and construction process. Time saving:Overlappig(çakışma) design and construction Risk of Reduces Quality: If not carefully managed, the phases can shorten the overall project timeline. contractor might prioritize cost savings over quality. Cost Certainty: The contractor usually provides a fixed Dependence on Contractor: The success of the project price for the entire project, minimize cost overruns. depends heavily on the contractor. BUİLD-OPERATE-TRANSFER(YAP-İŞLET-DEVRET) Build Phase Operate Phase A private company designs and constructs the project After construction, the private company operates and using its own financing. maintains the project for a set period,earning revenue Large scale projects(high-way, airports). (tolls,fees) to be recover costs and generate profit. Advantages Disadvantages Reduces public funding (fonlama) needs, as private Potential for high user costs during opertaion phase. sector covers initial costs. Dependence on the private compan’s financial stability Encourages nnovation and efficiency from the private and management. sector.  PROFESSIONAL CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT The provision of professional service. Keeps his/her expectations.(Beklentilerini Koruyor) Cost(Maaliyet) Quality depending(kaliteye bağlı) 1-CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTOR All Risk for construction contract Only report is written The project is promised not to exceed budget. 2-CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR No risk 3-MULTI CONTRACTS For each work different contracts Like superviser Many contructor, many problems  PROPERTY OWNERSHİP LAW NO. 634 (KAT MÜLKİYET) VİZE SONRASI The law covers property rights of independent sections, use of common areas, management plan, rights and obligations of flat owners and similar issues. Kanun, bağımsız bölümlerin mülkiyet hakları, ortak yerlerin kullanımı, yönetim planı, kat maliklerinin hakları, yükümlülükleri ve benzeri konuları kapsar. Has sole property rights (tek mülkiyet hakları) over its own independent section. kendi bölümlerini bağımsız kullanma hakkına sahipler. Using common areas in proportion to the land share. Ortak yerleri arsa payı oranında kullanabilme hakkı. TERMINOLOGY MAIN IMMOVABLE(ANA GAYRİMENKUL) The integrity (bütünlük) of the real estate (emlak) subject to condominium (kat mülkiyeti) ownership. kat mülkiyetine tabi gayrimenkulün bütünlüğü MAIN BUILDING (ANA YAPI) The main part of the building INDEPENDENT SECTION (BAĞIMSIZ BÖLÜM) It’s the part of the main real estate that is suitable for separate and stand-alone use and parts of it that are subject to independent ownership in accordance with te provision (karşılık) of this law. Ana gayrimenkulün ayrı ve bağımsız kullanıma elverişli kısmı ile bu Kanun hükümlerine göre müstakil mülkiyete tabi olan kısımlarıdır. ÖRNEK=Apartmandaki bir daire, bağımsız bölüm olarak değerlendirilir. Aynı şekilde bir ofis binasındaki bir ofis de bağımsız bir bölümdür. ADDITION (EKLENTİ) These are places that are outside an independent section and are directly allocated to that section. Bunlar bağımsız bölümün dışında kalan ve doğrudan o bölüme tahsis edilmiş yerlerdir. ÖRNEK=Bir daireye ait özel bir depo veya garaj gibi alanlar "eklenti" olarak kabul edilir. PROPERTY/CONDOMINIUM OWNERSHIP(KAT MÜLKİYETİ) The property right established on independent sections. Bağımsız bölümler üzerinde kurulan mülkiyet hakkı ÖRNEK=Apartmanda kendi dairenizin tapusunun olması, kat mülkiyeti hakkınız olduğu anlamına gelir. PROPERTY/CONDOMINIUM OWNER Those who have this right COMMON PLACES(ORTAK YERLER) Places outside the independent sections of the main real estate (gayrimenkul, taşınmaz mal) that serve for protecting and comon use or benefit. Ana gayrimenkulün bağımsız bölümleri dışında kalan ve koruma ve ortak kullanım veya yarar sağlamaya hizmet eden yerler ÖRNEK=Apartmanın giriş kapısı, asansör, merdivenler, çatısı veya bahçesi ortak yerlerdir. RIGHT TO USE (KULLANMA HAKKI) Flat owners’ rights (kat maliki hakları ) to benefit from these places in which they are shareholders (hissedarlar) as joint owners ( ortak sahipler). ÖRNEK=Apartmanda oturan herkesin, ortak bahçeyi veya otoparkı kullanma hakkı vardır. CONSTRUCTION SERVITUDE (KAT İRTİFAKI) One or several temporary independent sections that are being built or are being constructed on a land to be subject to condominium ownership( kat mülkiyeti) in the future are easements (haklar) arranged by the owner or co-owner of that land in accordance with provision. Gelecekte kat mülkiyetine konu olacak bir arazi üzerinde inşa edilmekte olan veya inşa edilmekte olan bir veya birden fazla geçici bağımsız bölüm, bu hükme uygun olarak o arazinin maliki veya ortak malikleri tarafından düzenlenmiş irtifak haklarıdır. Eğer bir arazi üzerine ileride kat mülkiyeti kurulacak binalar inşa ediliyorsa veya inşaat halindeyse, bu arazinin sahibi ya da ortak sahipleri, inşa edilen bağımsız bölümler için bir hak düzenleyebilir. Bu hak, ileride her bir bağımsız bölümün ayrı bir mülkiyet olarak tanınmasını sağlar. Henüz yapımı tamamlanmamış binalarda hisse sahiplerinin paylarını ayırmak için başvurulan işlemleri tanımlıyor. LAND SHARE(ARSA PAYI) It refers to the common ownership shares of the land allocated (tahsis edilmiş) to independent sections according to the principle written in this law.  CONSTRUCTION SERVITUDE (KAT İRTİFAKI) MUNICIPALITY CONTRACTOR DEED APPLICATION BUILDING OWNER (BELEDİYE) (YÜKLENİCİ) (TAPU) PLAN LICENCE CONTR ACT DEED PROPERTY/CO (CONSTRUCTION SERVITUDE) NDOMİNİUM (İNŞAAT İRTİFAKI) OWNERSHİP Belediye Belediye Tapu İnşaat irtifakı COMMON PLACES Foundatıons and main walls Beams, columns and shear walls that make-up the structural system and other elements that are part of the load-bearing system. Common walls, ceiling and walls seperating independent sections, slabs. Courtyards, general entrance doors, entrances, stairs, elevators, landings, corridors. Doorman apartemenst or rooms. General coal shed (kömürlük) and common garages. Slots and closed parts outside the independent sections for the protection of electricity, water and gas meters. Heating rooms, wells and cisterns (kuyular ve sarnıçlar), general water tanks of the building, shelters. Sewage facilities (kanalizasyon tesisleri) and garbage channels outside each flat owner’s own area, heating, water, gas and electricity facilities, common networks and antennas for telephone, radio and television, hot and cold air facilities. Roofs,ch,mneys,general roof terraces, rain gutters, fire safety stairs. TERMINATION OF CONDOMINIUM OWNRSHIP KAT MÜLKİYETİNİN SONA ERMESİ Destruction (yıkım) or expropriation (kamulaştırma) of the main real estate together with its land. Complete demolition of the main building. CONTRACT MANAGEMENT CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT( İNŞAAT SÖZLEŞMESİ) A contract in which the contractor undertakes (üstlenmek) to create and deliver an immovable building work in return for a price that the employer is obliged (mecbur) to pay. The relationship between the parties participating in the contract, Their rights and responsibilities, It defines them together with the obligations they have to fulfill. Areas of responsibility of the parties, Construction methods of works, When will the work be over It covers penalties( cezalar) and obligations in detail. The contract serves as a guide for the construction project to be implemented. LUMP SUM CONTRACTS Depending on the conditions of the construction project determined by the employer,plans,projects and specifications are prepared and contract is made with the contractor. İşveren tarafından belirlenen inşaat projesinin şartlarına bağlı olarak planlar, projeler ve şartnameler hazırlanır ve müteahhit ile sözleşme yapılır. The Contractor undertakes to carry out the project at a previously determined fixed price within the conditions mentioned above. Yüklenici, yukarıda belirtilen koşullar çerçevesinde, önceden belirlenen sabit bir bedel üzerinden projeyi gerçekleştirmeyi taahhüt eder. This determined price also includes labor, materials and contractor profit(mütahit karı). The price remains (kalmak) fixed until the end of the contract. All qualitative (nitel) and quantitative (nicel) concepts for the project must be determined in advance, and the project information that will be the basis of the contract must be completed before the construction contract. All risks are assumed(üstlenilmek) by the contractor. By ensuring that the price to be paid is determined and fixed from the beginning, the employer minimizes the cost risk and the contractor assumes the cost risk. Missing and/or problems in any requirements of the previously prepared project negatively affect the cost. When it comes to increased costs, it is difficult to identfy the source. Since the contractor, who assumes the cost risk, has ta profit within the determined price, he/she can compromise (anlaşmak) on quality by using cheap labor if his/hers profit decreases (azaltmak) when the labor and material prices are higher than expected. If the project cost is cheaper than the expected project cost, the employer does not have the right to request a discount. The contractor has the right to use any technology he/she wishes while performing work. Since work can star after all the requirements of the project are completed before the tender stage, there is no possibility of starting the project early in this type of contracts. In terms of total project duration, it is the contract type with the longest project duration among the contract types. UNIT PRICE CONTRACTS It’s created by dividing the construction project into various sections and starting work based ont he sum of the prices determined for each unit quantity in these sections. İnşaat projesinin çeşitli bölümlere ayrılarak, bu bölümlerdeki her birim miktar için belirlenen fiyatların toplamı üzerinden işe başlanmasıyla oluşturulur. The price is not valid for the entire job, but the price is for each work item. After the estimate summary of the project to be discussed is prepared, an offer is made based on this estimate summary and the aprroximate amounts of the project construction operations. Görüşülecek projenin keşif özeti hazırlandıktan sonra, bu keşif özeti ve proje inşaat faaliyetlerinin yaklaşık tutarları esas alınarak bir teklif yapılır. Therefore, divisio into sections and definition of the work to be done it should be done in a healty way. Great importance should be given to determining and reporting quantities and creating a summary of the discovery. In tenders held with unit price contracts, the project must b completed at the beginning of the work. The exact cost is not clear. Approximate project cost is taken into consideration. The amount of work is not clear at the beginning of the job. It is not certain how much work will occur. Continuous control, visibilty and reporting of parts occurring in the field is required. Sahada oluşan parçaların sürekli kontrolü, görünürlüğü ve raporlanması gerekmektedir. It’s not necessary to define the design completely. Defination of piece work items is required. This has the advantages of being able o start early. Time,cost and duration risks are between the employer and the contractor shared. While the employer carries the risk of the total work quantity of the job, the contractor bears (üstlenmek) the risk of the fixed unit price. When there is a decrease or increase in the determined work quantities, a new unit price is adjusted (ayarlanmış). The limit for this is 15%-25%. While the employer is in an advantageous position because it does not ay the contractor’s risk share, it carries the risk of exceeding the amount defined for the labor and materias used by the contractor within the project budget. Since the amount of the work is not certain, the risk of how much the project will con-st at the end of the work is carried by the employer. UNIT PRICE CONTRACTS In tenders made with unit price contracts, conractors may be asked to submit bids throuhg various bidding methods. First of all, receiving unit price offers from contractors for the work items specified in the summary given to the contractors before the tender. Öncelikle, ihale öncesinde yüklenicilere verilen özette belirtilen iş kalemleri için yüklenicilerden birim fiyat tekliflerinin alınması Secondly, the unit prices specified by the Ministry of Public Works are stated in the transaction (işlem) summary. Receiving bids by decreasing these unit prices. İkinci olarak, Bayındırlık Bakanlığı tarafından belirlenen birim fiyatlar işlem özetinde belirtilir. Bu birim fiyatları düşürerek teklifler alınır. Finally, discount execution (uygulama) offers may be requested based on the bid amount resulting from the unit prices received from the uploaders(yükleyici). Son olarak yükleyicilerden alınan birim fiyatlar üzerinden oluşan teklif tutarına göre indirimli uygulama teklifleri talep edilebilir. PRIVATE SECTOR CONTRACTS Lump sum construction contracts Unit Price costruction contracts Guaranteed maximum price construction contracts Cost+Profit construction contracts Cost+Awarded (ödül) fee (ücret) construction contracts Cost+Fixed Fee construction contracts GUARANTEED MAXIMUM PRICE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS It’s type of contract where the price and wage (maaş/ücret) are determined based on negotiation (müzkere), used to reduce costs for the owner and provide profit incentives (teşvik) for the contractor. Before the conract, the employer and the contractor determine the target cost and fee and the employer determines the maximum price for the project to be handled. This determined price is the upper limit at which the employer accepts the responsibility for cost increases. Belirlenen bu fiyat, işverenin maliyet artışlarından doğan sorumluluğu kabul ettiği üst sınırdır. The Contractor undertakes to complete the work at a fixed price, not to exceed this determined maximum price. Yüklenici, işi belirlenen azami fiyatı aşmayacak şekilde sabit bir fiyattan tamamlamayı taahhüt eder. If the price is exceed, the cost risk is on the contractor. If the remains below this price, the remaining amount is shared between the employer and the contractor based on the percentages determined in the contract terms. Bu fiyatın altında kalması halinde kalan miktar, sözleşme şartlarında belirlenen oranlara göre işveren ve yüklenici arasında paylaştırılır. Time and cost risk is on the contractor. The risk that the employer carries is not to reduce the quality in order to reduce the cost of the undertaking. İşverenin taşıdığı risk, işletmenin maliyetini düşürmek için kaliteyi düşürmek değildir. The employer’s workflow needs to be check regularly. In this way, plans and specifications can be applied in ready-made projects that are long-term, contain broad summaries and durations, and need to be completed expeditiously. Bu şekilde, planlar ve şartnameler, uzun vadeli, geniş özetler ve süreler içeren, ve hızlı bir şekilde tamamlanması gereken hazır projelerde uygulanabilir. COST+PROFIT CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS In the construction project to be discussed, all costs of the contractor are covered by the employer. Görüşülecek inşaat projesinde, yüklenicinin tüm masrafları işveren tarafından karşılanır. The contractor is paid a fee as a percentage of the cost of the job. Yükleniciye işin maliyetinin belirli bir yüzdesi oranında ücret ödenir. Since the contractor’s fee is percentage of the cost, it is not a type of contract that encourages (teşvik etmek) the contractor to control cost. Yüklenicinin ücreti maliyetin bir yüzdesi olduğundan, yüklenicinin maliyeti kontrol etmesini teşvik eden bir sözleşme türü değildir. In fact, this type of contract is a type of contract that encourages to increase costs. Aslında bu tip sözleşmeler yüklenicinin maliyetleri artırmasını teşvik eden bir sözleşme türüdür. It’s not a contract type commonly used by employers. COST+PROFIT CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS When it comes to its use, it should be preferred for short-term, low-cost, urgent works. The lowest percentage in its use should be kept, and the cost and contractor’s performance should be kept under constant control. Kullanımında en düşük yüzde tutulmalı, maliyet ve yüklenicinin performansı sürekli kontrol altında tutulmalıdır. COST+AWARDED FEE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS This type of contract has 3 main components. The first of these is the total cost. All costs of the contractor are under this heading and are covered by the employer. The second is the basic wage(ücret/maaş). This fee is quaranteed and total. It is a fee determined based on cost. It is paid regardless of the contractor’s performance. Another component is incentive(teşvik) pay. Incentive pay provides the contractor with the opportunity to earn an incentive wage by improving his/hers work performance. It aims to provide max. incentive to the contractor. Determining the incentive wage is under the authority of the employer. Thus, the contractor waives these rights with the contract. Incentive wage critera are determined depending on the employer’s expectations regarding quality, time,competence and cost. Incentive wages are arranged for incentive purposes, but the fact that the amount is unkown and the evaluation of the contractor’s performance depends on the subjective decision of the employer can create problems between the employer and the contractor. On a project basis during the implementation of the project, the employer if expectations change and this situation leads to a change in the contract, the contractor’s previous efforts and efforts and their impact on the incentive fee emerge (emerge) as an important dispute(anlaşmazlık) and risk factor. The fact that a fixed fee will be charged is not an incentive for contractors. Sabit bir ücretin tahsil edileceği gerçeği, yükleniciler için bir teşvik değildir. In order to reduce this drawback(dezavantaj) and ensure that the contractor acts more carefully and responsibly regarding costs, the employer may prefer to apply incentive wages. Performance criteria specifying the incentive pay should be specified in the contract terms. Payments of the incentive fee, the criteria of which are specified in the contract, must be made on time. And these payment periods cannot be issued from you more frequently than twice. There is generally no formula for incentive fees. COST+FIXED FEE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS In construction projects of this type of conracts, all costs of the contractor are covered. Bu tür sözleşmelerin inşaat projelerinde yüklenicinin tüm maliyetleri karşılanmaktadır. In addition to these costs, a fixed fee is paid to the contractor. The fixed fee to be paid will not change unless the unprocessed part and its scope change. Ödenecek sabit ücret, işlenmemiş parça ve kapsamı değişmediği sürece değişmeyecektir. Since the fee to be paid to the contractor throughout the consstruction project is fixed, there is no way to make a profit by increasing the contractor’s cost. The fact that the entire xost has been covered troughout the project and the contractor to exercise cost control. Proje boyunca tüm maliyetin karşılanmış olması ve yükleniciye ödenecek ücretin sabit olması, yüklenicinin maliyet kontrolü uygulamasını teşvik etmemektedir. It’s possible for the contractor to complete the project as soon as possible so that the fee does not lose its value. It’s not financially secure based on how much the project will cost. Since the contractor’s fee is fixed, the best price with the best staff(kadro), best materials and subcontractors during production not approaching the project such as going for evaluation. Yüklenici ücreti sabit olduğundan, en iyi personel, en iyi malzemeler ve üretim sırasında alt yükleniciler ile en iyi fiyat, projeye değerlendirmeye gitme gibi bir yaklaşımda bulunulmaz. It’s used in long-term large works.