Problems and objectives of seed production of agricultural plants (1).docx

Lecture 1. Problems and objectives of seed production of agricultural plants Seed production is a special branch of agriculture, whose task is to propagate varietal seeds while preserving their purity, biological and productive qualities. In the process of mass reproduction and long-term cultivation...

Lecture 1. Problems and objectives of seed production of agricultural plants Seed production is a special branch of agriculture, whose task is to propagate varietal seeds while preserving their purity, biological and productive qualities. In the process of mass reproduction and long-term cultivation in production conditions, seeds can accumulate diseases, including degeneration diseases, as a result of which their reproductive and subsequently productive qualities deteriorate. In addition, in the process of interaction with the environment, there may be manifestations of varietal variability and mutations that negatively affect the quality of seed material. In view of this, in the process of obtaining high-quality seeds, timely and high-quality variety renewal and variety change is important. Therefore, seed production is directly related to breeding. Recently, biotechnological methods have been actively introduced into the practice of seed production, which make it possible to obtain the source material of agricultural plants of new and improved varieties based on tissue culture in a shorter time, their use significantly increases the efficiency of seed production. In the modern technology of seed cultivation, the use of biogenic plant growth regulators is also of particular relevance, which, due to an increase in yield and improvement in the quality of seed material, are important economic factors for increasing profitability and greening agricultural production. Certification plays an important role in the production of high-quality seeds. The quality of the grown seed material should be confirmed by the results of the analyses provided for each crop. The Republic of Kazakhstan is currently paying great attention to improving the systems of elite seed production of agricultural plants, new technological schemes for primary seed production are being developed, modern agrobiological systems are being mastered to ensure the production of raw material improved by biotechnological methods – all this is an important lever to increase the efficiency of domestic agricultural production. Seed production is a branch allocated in agriculture, on an industrial scale engaged in the reproduction of seeds with the preservation of qualities such as yield and purity. Tasks of seed production • reproduction of high-quality varietal seed material for breeding bred varieties of agricultural plants in accordance with the needs of agricultural enterprises; • preservation of important qualities of seed material (purity and yield); • improving the yield and biological qualities of the best varieties of agricultural plants; • the task of improving the variety cultivated in production. The tasks of seed production determine the content of activities in this area: • change of varieties (variety exchange), aimed at replacing old varieties recognized as obsolete during the state varietal examination, with new ones with better properties and yield indicators; • renewal of varieties (variety renewal), which involves the replacement of seed material with deteriorated properties with higher-quality seed material of the same variety. These tasks are solved with the help of breeders' works. The varieties and hybrids obtained as a result of breeding with high yields are grown in seed fields, are examined and introduced into mass agricultural production. The quality of the bred varieties of seed material is determined by varietal characteristics and sowing indicators, purity, germination, fullness, absence of diseases. From the point of view of the purity of varieties, the seed material belongs to the following categories: • I (purity of the variety 99.5% or more); • II (at least 98%); • III (at least 95%). Seed production is the way to increase crop yields To raise the yield level, it is necessary to use high-grade seed material. The use of pure-grade high-quality seed material indicates a high culture of agriculture. Statistical reports of the state commission dealing with the examination of varietal crops indicate that the use of zoned high-quality new varietal seed material of cereals increases yields by 15-20% (compared with the use of non-renewed and non-zoned varieties). Thus, variety exchange leads to a significant increase in yield. In order to increase the yield by at least 15-20% and in the future by 30% and get a significant economic effect, it is necessary to comply with the following conditions when organizing seed production: • use of varietal seed material; • introduction of varieties and hybrids with higher yield indicators instead of varieties with low indicators; • sowing with pure-grade seed material with the first class of germination; • seed quality control in order to exclude seed material affected by pests or pathogens; • scientific approach to solving problems of reproduction of varietal seeds; • the use of zoned seed material selected taking into account the soil and climatic characteristics of a particular territory (instead of unsorted or non-zoned seeds). Important tasks are set before modern seed production: • to carry out the continuous development of the seed industry; • use innovative technologies in seed production; • introduce updated high-yielding varieties of agricultural crops; • improve the quality of seed material; • to carry out regular variety exchange on the basis of new varieties of seed material; • systematically carry out variety renewal, replacing seed material of lower reproduction with material with higher reproduction. The Centers of breeding and seed production, research institutes, agricultural universities, experimental stations are engaged in solving these problems, developing methodological recommendations, coordinating the activities of agricultural farms and industries. There are serious problems in the field of seed production and breeding science in Kazakhstan. A critical situation has arisen in it, which requires immediate decision-making, writes "КазахЗерно.kz ". Due to the drop in the quality of seed material, the yield of agricultural crops among farmers decreases. Almost seventy percent of seeds (and even more for a number of crops) enter the country from abroad. Kazakhstan depends on imports and loses its independence in the food industry. Imported seeds are not suitable for growing in it because of the different climate and soils. New approaches are needed for the development of seed production. To date, crop production, and in particular vegetable growing, is one of the most rapidly developing branches of agriculture. The consumption of fresh vegetables is growing every day. This is due to people's desire for a healthy lifestyle, healthy eating, and consumption of fresh food. However, at the present stage, our country is struggling to overcome the problems of supplying the population with vegetables, importing them in huge quantities from abroad (from Turkey, Egypt, Argentina and other countries). In the domestic vegetable complex, markets are not formed at the proper level, production is developing spontaneously. There are no logistics centers. Kazakhstan's vegetable industry needs to be updated and developed, it requires both the development of new crops and the introduction of modern ecological agriculture, improving the environmental safety of nutrition. At the present stage, many breeding centers have been formed in the country. At the same time, domestic seed producers have to work under significant pressure from foreign competitors, which is why part of the seed products produced turns out to be unrealized. A few years ago, the industry was absolutely not dated by the state and experienced great difficulties. Currently, due to the introduction, a large gene pool has been created – about 5 million samples. Significant progress has been made in breeding. The main requirements for modern varieties of vegetable crops are taste, attractive appearance (marketability), resistance to diseases and pests. One of the most promising areas in vegetable seed production is the creation of F1 hybrids. The problems of domestic vegetable growing are closely and inextricably linked with the general problems of Russian seed production as a whole. The country's agriculture is increasingly switching to intensive forms of production organization. In the conditions of intensification, the leading role will be determined by the variety and high-quality seeds. It is known that due to the variety, high quality of seeds and zonal technologies provided with reliable technical means, it is possible to double yields and gross harvest of agricultural products. Recently, there have been profound changes in crop production, which began to determine the current state of breeding and seed production. Among them are such as: increased climatic and phytosanitary risks, that is, climatic conditions change, new pests, weeds and diseases appear. At the same time, there has been a technical lag in breeding, which determines the country's food security. Unfortunately, there are serious problems of staffing breeding and seed production, which leads to a "rapid aging" of scientific personnel and breeders. At the same time, the share of seeding of substandard seeds has increased to 30%. Varieties realize their potential yield only by 15-30%. New varieties are being introduced into production very slowly due to poor controllability of the processes of variety exchange and variety renewal. Low marketability of seeds due to the lack of funds from agricultural producers for the purchase of high-quality seed material. As a result, many of them are forced to switch to on-farm seed cultivation without having the necessary material and technical base and qualified personnel. In this regard, the issue of the country's transition to industrial seed production is acute in Kazakhstan. Unfortunately, at this stage of the development of seed production, we are far from this, and many unresolved problems and tasks contribute to this. Among them, the following are particularly acute: the existence of illegal seed trafficking, the use of seeds of unknown origin with reduced sowing qualities, low reproductions (below the 4th); outdated material and technical base that does not ensure the quality of seeds during their preparation; insufficient use of fertilizers and plant protection products and many other problems and tasks that hinder the effective development of seed production in our country. The time has come to urgently take measures to develop effective technologies in breeding and seed production, which will ensure the high quality of the obtained seed material and a high reproduction rate. It is necessary to develop and implement a mechanism for organizing effective industrial seed production, which will be able to provide the domestic market with high-quality seed material of high reproductions. To form a seed production system adapted to modern market conditions. To create conditions for the effective functioning of the variety testing system. In order for a seed production system that meets the modern requirements of a market economy to be formed in our country, a lot of work needs to be done. Programs for the development of seed production should be adopted at the federal level. The control functions should be returned to the bodies that monitor the quality of seed material, so that mandatory quality control of the sown seed material is carried out. We need mandatory state support for breeding and seed breeding centers, regardless of ownership forms. All of the above applies both to the industry as a whole in the country, and to its part, including in our republic. Without the overall development of the entire system of seed and vegetable growing, its regional parts will not be able to develop, since they all make up a single system. Consequently, the successful development of vegetable growing and seed production requires the joint efforts of all stakeholders, and first of all legislative and executive authorities, government services, agricultural science and local specialists. It is necessary to create specialized vegetable farms in the regions of Kazakhstan, with a favorable climatic background for growing a wide range of vegetable crops. One of such regions can be safely called Shymkent. And of course, simultaneously with the creation of farms producing vegetable products, it is necessary to immediately build specialized vegetable storages and plants for processing vegetable raw materials. If all these conditions are met, domestic seed and vegetable growing, as branches of agriculture, will achieve the proper level of development, ensuring the country's food security.