Exam 1 A&P2 - PDF

## EXAM 1 A&P2 **You have a total of 1 hour and 40 min to complete the entire exam. The following is recommended:** - Multiple choice: 60min - Fill in the blank: 10min - Short answer: 30min **PART I** Please, provide your multiple choice answers using scantron (each multiple choice question is...

## EXAM 1 A&P2 **You have a total of 1 hour and 40 min to complete the entire exam. The following is recommended:** - Multiple choice: 60min - Fill in the blank: 10min - Short answer: 30min **PART I** Please, provide your multiple choice answers using scantron (each multiple choice question is worth 2pts). There is only one correct answer to each question: 1. The activation of red blood cell production in the individuals that traveled to the areas of high elevation is an example of: - A positive feedback loop activated to increase the levels of oxygen - A positive feedback loop that leads to the increased production of erythrocytes - A negative feedback loop that leads to the increased production of erythrocytes - A negative feedback loop not participating in homeostasis - None of the above, because it is solely related to the heart physiology, duh. 2. The following is true about the platelets, **EXCEPT**: - They are produced from megakaryocytes - They are a type of a formed element - They are full cells - They participate in clotting - They participate in creating a vascular spasm 3. The leukocytes capable of producing antibodies are called: - Eosinophiles - Neutrophiles - Basophiles - Lymphocytes - Monocytes 4. If a hemopoietic stem cell differentiated into colony forming unit (CFU), - It can still differentiate into any type of a formed element - It cannot differentiate into any other type of formed element except the one it became committed to - It must become an erythrocyte - It must become a leukocyte - It must become a megakaryocyte 5. When a person is responding to the infection by vasodilation and increased blood flow to the infected area, you can find: - Lowered levels of serotonin in their blood - Lowered levels of heparin in their blood - Lowered levels of histamine in their blood - Increased levels of histamine in their blood - None of the above, because serotonin is only present in the brain, histamine during allergies, and heparin is an artificial compound 6. Veins carry the blood: - Back to the heart except for the pulmonary veins - Oxygenated to the body systems and deoxygenated to the lungs - Only in the deoxygenated form, never oxygenated - None of the above 7. Platelet plug formation is an example of a: - Positive feedback loop - Negative feedback loop - Fast forward loop - Rewind loop - No loop, what are you talking about, there are no loops there 8. The following is true about the monocytes, **EXCEPT**: - They belong to agranulocytes - They are very large WBCs - They can differentiate into macrophages - They have a bilobed nucleus and multiple granules 9. The blood cell with 3-5 lobed nucleus and granules is a: - Neutrophile - Eosinophile - Basophile - Platelet - RBC 10. The loss of nucleus and organelles during hemopoiesis and development from reticulocytes are characteristics attributable to: - Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes T only - B and T lymphocytes - Lymphocytes B only - None of the above 11. Which blood element is incorrectly paired with the molecule? - Platelet-serotonin - Erythrocyte-hemoglobin - Basophil-histamine - Eosinophil-vitamin B12 12. Blood osmolarity can be affected in the following way: - If too high, blood absorbs too much water, increasing the blood pressure - If too low, too much water stays in tissue, blood pressure drops, and edema occurs - Optimum osmolarity is achieved by the body's regulation of sodium ions, proteins, and red blood cells - All of the above 13. Hemophilia is a blood disorder characterized by: - Deficiency of any of the clotting factor that is important to promote coagulation - Hereditary X-link recessive trait in many cases - Excessive bleeding - All of the above 14. You would expect the pulmonary veins on the picture in the textbook labeled: - In blue, because the veins always carry oxygen poor blood - In red, because the veins always carry oxygenated blood - In blue, only next to heart because they carry oxygen poor blood to the heart - In red, only next to the heart, because they carry oxygen rich blood to the lungs - None of the above 15. The coronary artery of the heart is supplied with oxygenated blood: - during ventricular contraction - during ventricular relaxation - during systemic flow of oxygenated blood through the aorta - directly from the lungs through pulmonary veins connecting to coronary artery 16. The pain associated with angina pectoris is the result of: - Ischemia of the skeletal muscle - Lactic acid accumulation resulting from ATP production through glycolysis in the absence of oxygen - A switch to aerobic respiration in myocardium - A switch to aerobic respiration in right ventricle 17. The following is a true statement: - Heart valves are equipped with the intercalated disks - It is easier to electrically stimulate the SA node, because its resting membrane potential is set at -80mV - The big plateau in cardiomyocytes phase is attributable to sodium blocking potassium channels - Without the steady cholinergic inhibitory input the heart rate at rest would be higher than 80bpms 18. Norepinephrine induced increased heart rate can be counteracted by: - Caffeine - Glucagon - Thyroid hormone - Acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors 19. All is true regarding the cardiac muscle **EXCEPT**: - It is rich in glycogen - It has numerous mitochondria - It lacks intercalated disks - The production of ATP relies mainly on anaerobic respiration 20. Thoracic pump helps with venous return and lymph movement and it is created when: - The thoracic cavity expands during inhalation - Gravity drains blood from the head - Abdominal cavity is busy with digestion - Cells are busy with capillary action 21. QRS complex represents in EKG: - Atrial depolarization - Atrial repolarization - Ventricular depolarization - SA node firing 22. The left ventricle contracts: - After the right ventricle does, because it is part of a different circuit - Before the right ventricle does, because it is part of a different circuit - At the same time as the left atrium - At the same time as the right ventricle 23. Sphincters control the blood flow into: - The capillaries - The Tunica media - The Chemoreceptors - Edema 24. Tunica media: - Contains the smooth muscles and regulates diameter of the vessels - Is the innermost layer exposed to blood - Is the outermost layer - Is only present in the veins and is responsible for the valve formation 25. In the process of transcytosis (a type of capillary exchange): - Endothelial cells pick up the material on one side of the membrane by pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis and discharge it on the other side - Molecules pass based on the gradient concentration - Nothing passes from one side to the other - Aneurysm develops 26. Chemoreceptors can be found in: - Aortic arch - Carotid arteries - Medulla oblongata - All of the above - None of the above 27. Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs): - Present the antigenic fragments to the T lymphocytes - Present the antigenic fragments to the B lymphocytes - Produce antibodies - Produce antigens - Both A and B 28. In order to treat the Covid-19 patients with antibodies, the laboratory technicians need to isolate them from: - Red blood cells of the recovered patient - White blood cells of the recovered patient - Plasma of the recovered patient - They cannot isolate them, so they have to transfuse the blood 29. When you try to figure out if the patient suffers from anemia, the best approach would be to: - Look at the hematocrit, because you can see and count cells in the tube just by looking at them - Examine the shape of the white blood cells under the microscope, but only after spinning them down - Assess the red blood cells density (number of cells in a specific volume) by counting them under the microscope using hemocytometer, because that is what is important in determining if someone suffers from anemia - By counting the number of lymphocytes and antibodies in the plasma 30. Fenestrated capillaries are often present: - In areas that require rapid absorption or filtration - in bone marrow because they are discontinuous and have large spaces for the RBCs to come out - in most of the organs 31. Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins in that: - They both have valves - They both move the fluid with help of skeletal muscles - They both move the fluid with help of thoracic pump - All of the above 32. The following molecules moves through diffusion in the capillary EXCEPT: - Glucose - Water - Carbon dioxide - Proteins 33. Aneurysm is: - The accumulation of the water the tissue - Accumulation of the water in the artery - The bulging thin-walled sac only present in the aorta - None of the above 34. Tunica interna is: - Lined by connective tissue to connect neighboring veins - Lines by muscles to regulate motor responses - Lined by epithelial cells - Lined by skeletal muscle cells and epithelial cells 35. Lymphatic system plays a role in: - Tissue water clearance - Lipid transport - Immune responses - All of the above **PART II** **FILL IN THE BLANK (15 pts)** The blood that is poor in the oxygen reaches the heart through the large diameter veins called **Vena Cava** (1). This blood is collected in the **Right Atrium** (2) located on the **Right** (3) side of the heart. From there, the blood travels through **Tricuspid** (4) valve to the **Right** (5) ventricle and subsequently enters **Pulmonary Trunk** (6), which divides into the left and right **pulmonary arteries** (7) to deliver deoxygenated blood to the **lungs** (7) for gas exchange. Once replenished with oxygen, the blood arrives to the heart through the **Pulmonary veins** (8) that meet in the **Left Atrium** (9) located on the **Left** (10) side of the heart. From there, the blood travels to the **Left** (11) ventricle through the **Mitral or AV** (12) valve. This large ventricle of the heart, pumps the blood through **Aortic** (13) valve into the largest diameter artery called the **Aorta** (14) to be delivered to the rest of the body through the **Systemic** (15) circuit. **LONG ANSWER QUESTION (15pts)** 1. Your mom just bragged to her neighbour that you plan to go to nursing school and the neighbour was just diagnosed with the hypotension. You are coming home tired after working and BIO426 class that ended late and she is coming over late night to your place to tell her exactly what is happening to her body. Explain her in detail: - What could have caused the hypotension and more specifically which ion/mineral/element - What is this ion doing in this circumstances (hypotension) to her erythrocytes - What is it doing to the fluid balance (blood vs. tissue) - How could this situation affect her heart (depolarization, hyperpolarization, etc, explain) (15pts) **Hypotension is low blood pressure. High blood pressure can be caused by eating too much salt, so I assume low blood pressure comes from eating too little salt. In her erythrocytes too little salt could be causing her RBC to swell. It can be causing her BP to be low. Having too little salt in the body could be causing her tissues to swell. I could ask her if she feels bloated. (This is fluid balance). Nay too little salt could be bad for the heart because salt (NaCl) is the primary electrolyte that causes the depolarization of the cell mentioned and the constricting of ventricles that pumps your blood. It's possible she could have a weak heart beat.**