Exam 1 A&P2 - Study Guide

Exam 1 A&P2 - Study Notes

• Exam Format: 1 hour and 40 minutes. Multiple choice (60 min), Fill in the blank (10 min), Short answer (30 min)

• Part I - Multiple Choice: Each question is worth 2 points. Only one correct answer per question. Scantron answer sheet required.

• Question 1: Red blood cell production at high elevations is an example of a positive feedback loop, leading to increased erythrocyte production. It is related to increased oxygen demand, not heart physiology.

• Question 2: Platelets are formed elements produced by megakaryocytes that participate in clotting and vascular spasms. They are not full cells.

• Question 3: Lymphocytes (specifically B-lymphocytes) are the leukocytes responsible for antibody production.

• Question 4: A hemopoietic stem cell differentiating into a colony-forming unit (CFU) can differentiate into other formed element types but is committed to a specific type.

• Question 5 (Page 2): Vasodilation during infection leads to increased histamine levels, not decreased.

• Question 7 (Page 2): Platelet plug formation is a positive feedback loop.

• Question 8 (Page 2): Monocytes are agranulocytes, large white blood cells that differentiate into macrophages. They do not have bilobed nuclei or granules.

• Question 9 (Page 2): Neutrophils are the blood cells with 3-5 lobed nuclei and granules.

• Question 10 (Page 2): Loss of nucleus and organelles during hemopoiesis and development from reticulocytes is characteristic of forming granulocytes and agranulocytes

• Question 11 (Page 3): Incorrect pairing of blood element and molecule: Eosinophil-Vitamin B12.

• Question 12 (Page 3): Blood osmolarity can be affected by high or low levels. Optimal osmolarity depends on sodium, proteins, and red blood cells.

• Question 13 (Page 3): Hemophilia is a hereditary, X-linked recessive trait characterized by excessive bleeding due to deficiencies in clotting factors.

• Question 14 (Page 3): Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

• Question 15 (Page 3): Coronary arteries receive oxygenated blood during ventricular relaxation.

• Question 16 (Page 3): Angina pectoris is caused by ischemia of heart muscle and lactic acid accumulation, not an increase in oxygen consumption.

• Question 17 (Page 3): Intercalated discs aid in efficient conduction of action potentials in heart muscle tissue.

• Question 18 (Page 4): Norepinephrine increases heart rate, which can be countered by acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors.

• Question 19 (Page 4): Cardiac muscle is rich in glycogen and has many mitochondria, but it does rely mainly on aerobic respiration.

• Question 20 (Page 4): Thoracic pump assists venous return and lymph movement during inhalation.

• Question 21 (Page 4): QRS complex in an EKG represents ventricular depolarization.

• Question 22 (Page 4): Left ventricle contracts at the same time as the right ventricle.

• Question 23 (Page 4): Sphincters control blood flow into capillaries.

• Question 24 (Page 4): Tunica media contains smooth muscle that regulates vessel diameter.

• Question 25 (Page 5): Transcytosis is a process of moving substances across the endothelial cells of a capillary.

• Question 26 (Page 5): Chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch, carotid arteries, and medulla oblongata.

• Question 27 (Page 5): Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present antigenic fragments to T and B lymphocytes.

• Question 28 (Page 5): Antibodies to treat COVID-19 are isolated from white blood cells (specifically, plasma) of recovered patients.

• Question 29 (Page 5): To diagnose anemia, assessing red blood cell density or hematocrit is crucial.

• Question 30 (Page 6): Fenestrated capillaries allow rapid absorption and filtration. Found in bone marrow and some organs to aid exchange.

• Question 31 (Page 6): Lymphatic vessels have valves and rely on muscle contractions and body movement for fluid movement.

• Question 32 (Page 6): Proteins do not move through diffusion in capillaries.

• Question 33 (Page 6): Aneurysm is a bulging, weakened area in an artery's wall.

• Question 34 (Page 6): Tunica interna is composed of epithelial cells that line capillaries to aid in blood flow.

• Question 35 (Page 6): Lymphatic system helps with tissue fluid, lipid transport and immune responses.

Part II - Fill-in-the-Blank (Page 7)

• Blood Circulation: The text discusses the flow of blood through the heart, including the vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, and aorta.

Part II - Long Answer Question (Page 7)

• Hypotension Case Study: The student's mother has hypotension, and this question delves into possible causes, impacts on erythrocytes, fluid balance, and potential heart effects.