Basic Principles of Plumbing & Sanitary Design PDF

# BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING & SANITARY DESIGN ## TOPICS - History of Plumbing - Basic Principles - Elements of Plumbing/Sanitary System ## HISTORY OF PLUMBING - Nearly 4000 years ago, the ancient Greeks had hot and cold-water systems in buildings. - The Minoan Palace of Knossos on the isle of...

# BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING & SANITARY DESIGN ## TOPICS - History of Plumbing - Basic Principles - Elements of Plumbing/Sanitary System ## HISTORY OF PLUMBING - Nearly 4000 years ago, the ancient Greeks had hot and cold-water systems in buildings. - The Minoan Palace of Knossos on the isle of Crete had terra cotta piping laid beneath the palace floor. These pipes provided water for fountains and faucets of marble, gold, and silver that offered hot and cold running water. - Drainage systems emptied into large sewers constructed of stone. - The Minoans took advantage of the steep grade of the land to devise a drainage system with lavatories, sinks, and manholes. Archaeologists have found pipe laid in depths from just below the surface in one area to almost 11 feet deep in others. - At Knossos we find the earliest known flushing toilet. The toilet was screened off by partitions and was flushed by rainwater or by water held in cisterns from conduits built into the wall. - Not just palaces but ordinary homes were heated with sophisticated hypocaust systems, where heat was conducted under the floor, the earliest known to exist. - The first storm sewers of Rome were built about 2800 years ago. Over 2000 years ago, the Romans had in place a highly developed community plumbing system in which water was conveyed over many miles by large aqueducts. Water was then distributed to residences in lead pipes. - Cloaca Maxima, is an ancient Roman sewer, one of the oldest monuments in the Roman Forum. - Originally an open channel constructed in the 6th century BC by lining an existing stream bed with stone, it was enclosed, beginning in the 3rd century BC, with a stone barrel (semicircular) vault. - Its primary function was to carry off stormwater from the Forum district to the Tiber, but in Imperial times large public baths and latrines were connected to it. Much of its original masonry has been replaced by concrete. - The Roman plumber was an artisan who worked with lead. Both male and female plumbers soldered, installed, and repaired roofs, gutters, sewers, drains, and every part of the plumbing supply, waste, and storm drainage systems. - The term plumbing is derived from the Latin word plumbum for lead (Pb). - Historians theorize that lead leaching into drinking water from water supply pipes and lead from other sources poisoned the Roman aristocracy, contributing to the decline of the Roman Empire - The period from 500 to 1500 C.E. was a dark age in terms of human hygiene; community plumbing became almost nonexistent. - At the end of the Middle Ages, London's first water system was rebuilt around 1500. It consisted partly of the rehabilitated Roman system with the remainder patterned off of the Roman's design. - Pumping devices have been an important way of moving fluids for thousands of years. - The ancient Egyptians invented water wheels with buckets mounted on them to move water for irrigation. - Over 2000 years ago, Archimedes, a Greek mathematician, invented a screw pump made of a screw rotating in a cylinder (now known as an Archimedes screw). This type of pump was used to drain and irrigate the Nile Valley. - The beginnings of modern plumbing began in the early 1800s, when steam engines became capable of supplying water under pressure and inexpensive cast iron pipes could be produced to carry it. Still, it was considered unhealthy to bathe. - In 1835, the Common Council of Philadelphia nearly banned wintertime bathing (the ordinance failed by two votes). Ten years later, Boston prohibited bathing except on specific medical advice. - Finally, it was through observation of several cholera epidemics in the mid-1800s that epidemiologists finally recognized the link between sanitation and public health. This discovery provided the thrust for modern water and sewage systems. - In 1848, England passed the national Public Health Act, which later became a model plumbing code for the world to follow. It mandated some type of sanitary disposal in every residence such as a flushing toilet, a privy, or an ash pit. - Drinking water in colonial America came from streams, rivers, and wells. It was commonly believed at the time that foul-tasting mineral water had medicinal value. - Around the time of the American Revolution, Dr. Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and surgeon general under George Washington, had the bad fortune of having a well with horribly tasting water at the site of his Pennsylvania home. - Townspeople rushed to his well to get drinking water in hopes that its medicinal value would cure ailments. Unfortunately, when Dr. Rush's well dried out from overuse, it was discovered too late that the well was geologically connected underground to the doctor's privy. - The birth of the plumbing profession in the Philippines is traced back to the 17th century. - The Walled City known as Intramuros was established by the Spaniards as a model community. The Friar Engineers who built the government buildings, residential and other structures incorporated European standards in their plumbing installations. - During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Filipino plumbers were assigned the task of maintaining, repairing and/or remodeling plumbing systems in all "pueblos" or towns including churches, convents, and government buildings. - PLUMBING took a great leap at the turn of the 20th century with the arrival of American soldiers, engineers, Thomasite teachers, doctors, and evangelists. - Health and hygiene became a priority when epidemics including cholera, leprosy, schistosomiasis, and other contagious diseases engulfed the Philippines. Alarmed, Governor-General Harrison issued a letter of instruction on proper waste disposal in all municipalities. - Sometime in 1902, the plumbing trade was duly recognized by the government. The City of Manila was the model community. Master Plumber John F. Hass became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction and Inspection. ## BASIC PRINCIPLES - Plumbing is defined as the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to convey and supply water in building and to dispose and discharge wastewater and other liquids, gases and other substances out of buildings in a safe, orderly, healthy, and sanitary way to ensure the health and sanitation of life and property. - Plumber is a title given to a person who is skilled in the field of sanitation. - Plumbing has two main objectives: 1. To supply water to different parts of the building 2. To remove and discharge human wastes and other substances out of the building into the public sewer or septic tank. ## Mandatory Requirements for a Drainage System 1. All pipe joints must be well fitted and tightly connected with each other to prevent leakage of gas and liquid. 2. The drainage pipe should be graded or inclined properly for a downward gravity flow of water towards the main sewer line or to the septic tank. 3. The drainage pipe should be provided with adequate cleanout, accessible for repair in case of stoppage. 4. The drainage system must be provided with a ventilation pipe that will convey gases to the atmosphere where it can do no harm to human health. 5. Except for the water closet, each fixture shall be provided with a suitable trap that prevents the backflow of gases. ## Degrees of Wastewater 1. Storm Water - water from rain 2. Grey Water - from laundries, washbasins, sinks, showers, & bathtubs 3. Black Water - water plus human waste both solid and liquid flushed out of toilet and urinals ## ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING/SANITARY SYSTEM <start_of_image> Plumbing/Sanitary systems are composed of different elements. The illustration below shows the different elements of the systems. [Description of the illustration] ## Definitions of Terms: 1. Soil Pipe - any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closets, urinals, or fixtures having similar functions 2. Stack - a general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste, or vent piping 3. Soil Stack Pipe - a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and liquid waste 4. Stack Vent - an extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack 5. Vent - a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for reducing to pressure exerted on trap seals 6. Unit Vent - an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe will serve two (2) traps 7. Wet Vent - that portion of a vent pipe through which liquid waste flow 8. Branch - any part of a piping system other than the main riser or stack 9. Main - the principal artery of the system to which branches may be connected 10. Branch Vent - a vent pipe connecting from a branch of the drainage system to a vent stack 11. Waste Pipe - a pipe that conveys only liquid wastes free of fecal matter 12. Drain - a sewer or other pipe or conduit used for conveying groundwater, surface water, wastewater, or sewage 13. Sewer - a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and waste liquids 14. Sewage - the liquid wastes conducted away from buildings/structures, also of the stormwater 15. Sewerage - a comprehensive term, including all construction for collection, transportation, pumping, treatment, and final disposition of waste 16. Cleanout - a sleeve, calked or otherwise, joined to an opening in a pipe, into which a plug is screwed that can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe 17. Trap - A fitting or device so constructed as to prevent the passage of air, gas, and some vermin through a pipe without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it 18. House Drain - that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system that receives the discharge from soil, waste, and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer 19. House Sewer - the house sewer is that part of a plumbing system extending from a point about four (4) or five (5) feet from the inner face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with another sewer 20. House Trap- a trap connected to the lowest horizontal piping or House Drain 21. Relief Vent - a vent which primary function is to provide circulation of air between drainage and vent system 22. Public Sewer - a common sewer directly controlled by the public authority to which all abutters have equal rights of connection 23. Siphonage - a suction caused by the flow of liquids in pipes 24. Spigot - the end of a pipe that fits into a bell. Also, a word synonymously with faucet 25. Seal - the vertical distance between the dip and crown wire of a trap 26. Roughing-In - the installation of all pipes in the plumbing system that is in partitions and under floors 27. Finishing - the setting of fixtures 28. Sump - a pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes are drained 29. Sleeve - a sheet metal placed when concrete is poured to accommodate future plumbing pipes 30. Pipe Chase - an opening or space to accommodate a group of pipes 31. Plumbing Fixtures - are installed receptacles, devices, or appliances which are supplied with water, or which receives or discharge into drainage system which may be directly or indirectly connected ## Thank You and God Bless !!!