Basic Principles of Plumbing & Sanitary Design
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Questions and Answers

How did the Minoans utilize the terrain to create their drainage system?

  • They took advantage of the steep grade of the land to allow water to flow naturally. (correct)
  • They constructed elaborate aqueducts to carry water over long distances.
  • They used a system of underground tunnels to collect and transport water.
  • They built elevated channels that carried water downhill.

    • What was the primary function of the Cloaca Maxima in ancient Rome?

  • To supply water to public baths.
  • To irrigate crops in the surrounding countryside.
  • To transport sewage from homes to the Tiber River. (correct)
  • To collect rainwater for drinking purposes.

    • What was the significance of the hypocaust systems used by the Minoans?

  • They were used to irrigate farms.
  • They were the earliest known system for heating homes. (correct)
  • They served as a rudimentary plumbing system for transporting water.
  • They provided a method for storing rainwater.

    • What is the origin of the word "plumbing"?

    <p>It is derived from the Latin word for &quot;lead&quot;. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggests that lead poisoning may have contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where was the Minoan Palace of Knossos located?

    <p>On the island of Crete. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of piping was used in the Minoan Palace of Knossos to provide water?

    <p>Terra cotta pipes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How was the flushing toilet in the Minoan Palace of Knossos flushed?

    <p>By rainwater or water from cisterns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a relief vent in a plumbing system?

    <p>To provide circulation of air between the drainage and vent system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'siphonage' refer to in plumbing?

    <p>The suction caused by the flow of liquids in pipes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the plumbing system is referred to as the house sewer?

    <p>The part extending from the foundation wall to another sewer junction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sump in plumbing terminology?

    <p>A receptacle at a low point for draining liquid wastes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does roughing-in refer to in plumbing installation?

    <p>The installation of all pipes within walls and under floors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a soil pipe?

    <p>To convey the discharge from water closets and urinals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a vertical line of soil, waste, or vent piping?

    <p>Stack (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'trap' do in a plumbing system?

    <p>Prevents air, gas, and vermin from passing through (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'wet vent'?

    <p>A portion of a vent pipe through which liquid waste flows (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines 'sewerage'?

    <p>All construction related to waste collection and treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a 'cleanout' in a plumbing system?

    <p>To provide access for cleaning or examining pipe interiors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a plumbing system receives the discharge from soil and waste pipes inside a building?

    <p>House drain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a 'waste pipe' from other plumbing pipes?

    <p>It conveys liquid wastes free of fecal matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event ultimately led to the widespread adoption of modern sanitation practices?

    <p>The discovery of the connection between sanitation and public health during cholera outbreaks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a common belief regarding water in colonial America?

    <p>Water with a foul taste was believed to have medicinal properties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the use of steam engines contribute to the development of modern plumbing?

    <p>They provided a reliable source of power for pumping water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Public Health Act of 1848 mandate in England?

    <p>The requirement of a sanitary disposal system in all homes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary function of the Archimedes screw pump as described in the text?

    <p>To move water from rivers to fields for irrigation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Roman water system in the development of London's first water system?

    <p>It was directly used as part of the new system after being rehabilitated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason behind the Common Council of Philadelphia nearly banning wintertime bathing in 1835?

    <p>A belief that bathing spread disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the establishment of Intramuros contribute to the development of the plumbing profession in the Philippines?

    <p>It demanded the construction of a sophisticated water and sanitation system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the government's increased focus on plumbing in the Philippines at the beginning of the 20th century?

    <p>To prevent the spread of contagious diseases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a direct consequence of American influence on Philippine plumbing?

    <p>The widespread adoption of European plumbing standards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what is the primary function of a trap in a drainage system?

    <p>To prevent the backflow of gases from the sewer into the building. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the role of Filipino plumbers during the 18th and 19th centuries?

    <p>They were responsible for maintaining existing plumbing infrastructure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a ventilation pipe in a drainage system?

    <p>To release harmful gases into the atmosphere. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for drainage pipes to be graded or inclined properly?

    <p>To facilitate the flow of wastewater towards the sewer line. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of a drainage system, according to the text?

    <p>To efficiently remove and discharge wastewater. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information in the text, what is the degree of wastewater that comes from laundries, washbasins, sinks, showers, and bathtubs?

    <p>Grey Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Ancient Greek Plumbing

    The ancient Greeks had systems for hot and cold water in buildings nearly 4000 years ago.

    Minoan Palace of Knossos

    A palace in Crete with terra cotta piping providing water for fountains and faucets.

    Historical Drainage Systems

    Minoans devised drainage systems using steep land grades and stone sewers.

    Flushing Toilet

    The earliest known flushing toilet was found at Knossos, using rainwater or cistern water.

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    Roman Aqueducts

    Rome had sophisticated aqueducts to convey water over long distances to residences.

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    Cloaca Maxima

    An ancient Roman sewer system that carried stormwater and connected to public baths.

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    Plumbing Origin

    The term plumbing comes from the Latin word 'plumbum', meaning lead.

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    Lead Poisoning Theory

    Historians believe lead pipes contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire.

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    Archimedes Screw

    A device invented by Archimedes to move water using a screw in a cylinder.

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    Cholera Epidemics

    Outbreaks in the 1800s that highlighted the link between sanitation and public health.

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    Public Health Act of 1848

    A law in England mandating sanitary disposal methods in residences.

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    Colonial American Drinking Water

    Sources included streams, rivers, and wells, often thought to have medicinal value.

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    Philadelphia Bathing Ordinance

    Attempt in 1835 to ban wintertime bathing that failed by two votes.

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    The Walled City of Intramuros

    A model community established in the 17th century in the Philippines.

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    Water Wheels

    Devices invented by ancient Egyptians to move water for irrigation.

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    Modern Plumbing Beginnings

    Started in the early 1800s with steam engines and cast iron pipes.

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    Black Water

    Water contaminated with human waste from toilets and urinals.

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    Soil Pipe

    A pipe that carries discharge from toilets or similar fixtures.

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    Stack

    A vertical line of soil, waste, or vent piping.

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    Soil Stack Pipe

    A vertical soil pipe specifically for fecal matter and liquid waste.

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    Vent

    A pipe ensuring air circulation in plumbing and pressure reduction.

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    Waste Pipe

    A pipe that carries only liquid waste without fecal matter.

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    Drain

    A conduit for carrying groundwater or sewage away.

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    Trap

    A fitting that prevents the passage of gas while allowing sewage flow.

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    Filipino Plumbers' Role

    Filipino plumbers maintained and remodeled plumbing systems in towns during the 18th and 19th centuries.

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    Importance of Plumbing

    Plumbing is the art and science of installing systems for water supply and wastewater management safely.

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    Objectives of Plumbing

    The two main objectives are to supply water and to remove human wastes from buildings.

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    Mandatory Drainage Requirements

    Pipe joints must be tight and well-fitted to prevent leaks in drainage systems.

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    Drainage Pipe Grading

    Drainage pipes must be inclined properly for gravity flow towards the sewer or septic tank.

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    Cleanout Access

    Drainage systems require cleanouts that are accessible for repairs when there’s a stoppage.

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    Ventilation in Drainage Systems

    A ventilation pipe conveys gases to the atmosphere, avoiding harm to human health.

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    Degrees of Wastewater

    Types of wastewater include storm water (rain) and grey water (from sinks and showers).

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    House Sewer

    Part of plumbing system from building foundation to sewer junction.

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    House Trap

    Trap connected to the lowest horizontal part of the house drain.

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    Public Sewer

    Common sewer managed by public authority for all users.

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    Roughing-In

    Installation of all pipes in plumbing within walls and floors.

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    Plumbing Fixtures

    Devices or appliances that receive or discharge water in a drainage system.

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    Study Notes

    Basic Principles of Plumbing & Sanitary Design

    • Plumbing is the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings, and to dispose of and discharge wastewater and other liquids, gases, and other substances. The aim is to ensure health and sanitation.
    • A plumber is skilled in these practices designed to maintain health and sanitation of people and property.
    • Plumbing has two core objectives:
      • To supply water throughout a building
      • To remove and dispose of wastewater and other substances from a building, usually into a city sewer system or septic tank.
    • Modern plumbing includes sophisticated water delivery and wastewater treatment systems.
    • Building plumbing typically consists of water supply systems, sanitary drainage systems, and wastewater treatment.

    History of Plumbing

    • Ancient Greeks, nearly 4000 years ago, had hot and cold water systems in buildings.
    • The Minoan Palace of Knossos, Crete, had terra cotta pipes placed under the palace floor to supply water for fountains and fixtures. These were made of marble, gold, and silver, and provided both hot and cold water.
    • Drainage systems were connected to large, stone sewers.
    • The Minoans used land levels effectively for drainage systems including lavatories, sinks, and manholes.
    • The earliest known flushing toilet was found at Knossos. This toilet was separated from other areas and flushed with rainwater or stored water.
    • During the Roman era, the Cloaca Maxima, a sewer, facilitated stormwater runoff from the Forum district to the Tiber River.
    • Lead pipes were used for water distribution in residential buildings.
    • Romans had female and male plumbers who installed, repaired, and maintained plumbing systems, including roofs and gutters.
    • Lead exposure, according to historians, may have contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire. Lead was used in plumbing pipes which leached into drinking water.
    • During the Middle Ages, community plumbing virtually ceased in some areas. Around 1500, London rebuilt some of its water delivery systems using modified and retained portions of the Roman architecture.
    • The 1800s saw the beginnings of modern plumbing with steam engines supplying pressurized water through iron pipes.
    • Despite advances, some cities banned or discouraged bathing in the 1800s.
    • In the mid-1800s, the relationship between sanitation and public health became clear. This led to the national Public Health Act in England in 1848 which was a model for plumbing codes worldwide.
    • People in Colonial America relied on streams, rivers, and wells for drinking water; and believed that water with a foul taste had medicinal properties.

    Mandatory Requirements of a Drainage System

    • Pipe joints must be securely fitted and connected; prevent leakage of gas and liquid.
    • Drainage pipes must be sloped or graded downward, and connected to the main sewer or septic tank.
    • Adequate clean-outs are required on drain pipes, which are accessible for maintenance and repair.
    • Ventilation pipes are necessary to direct gases and prevent health issues while the plumbing and water waste system is functioning. The ventilation pipe ensures proper drainage into the atmosphere.
    • Trapping should be applied to water fixtures besides the toilet to keep backflow of gases and air from entering the home.

    Degrees of Wastewater

    • Storm water: rainwater
    • Grey water: water from washing, showers, and bathtubs.
    • Black water: waste water produced from toilets and urinals.

    Elements of Plumbing/Sanitary Systems

    • Diagrams showing components like soil stacks, vents, waste pipes, traps, wet vents, unit vents, branches, house sewers, main lines, and clean outs.

    Plumbing Fixtures

    • Plumbing fixtures, such as sinks, bathtubs, toilets, and showers, receive or discharge water and are connected to the building's drainage system.

    Other Components

    • Public Sewers: A common sewer under public control where buildings connect to.
    • Siphonage: Suction in pipes caused by water flow.
    • Spigot: A pipe's end that fits into a bell fitting.
    • Seal: Vertical distance between a trap's dip and crown wire.
    • Roughing-In: Pipes are placed in partitions and under floors.
    • Finishing: Setting and installing all fixtures.
    • Sump: A low-point receptacle for draining wastewater, often found with pumps for removal.
    • Sleeves: Metal pieces used in concrete work to aid installations.
    • Pipe Chase: An opening meant to contain pipes.

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    Basic Principles of Plumbing & Sanitary Design PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental principles of plumbing and sanitary design, focusing on the installation and maintenance of water supply and wastewater systems. Delve into the historical aspects of plumbing, including ancient techniques and modern advancements that ensure health and sanitation in buildings.

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