Practical Research 2 PDF - First Quarter Reviewer

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Zam Lexxus C. Mojica | First Quarter Reviewer LESSON 1: NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH Quantitative Data Data represented numerically, including...

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Zam Lexxus C. Mojica | First Quarter Reviewer LESSON 1: NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH Quantitative Data Data represented numerically, including anything that can be counted, measured, or I. Introduction to Quantitative Research II. Importance of Quantitative Research Across given a numerical value. Fields Student’s grades in different subjects III. Kinds of Variables and Their Uses Number of hours of engagement in social media platforms of teens Percentage of consumers who prefer the LESSON 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE color blue for soap packaging RESEARCH Average of daily Covid-19 patient recovery per region Wernher Von Braun “Research is what I am doing when I do not know what I am doing.” What is Research? Collin’s Dictionary, 2018 - Research is a task that involves studying and trying to gain and find out facts about it. Cabauatan et al., 2016 - Inquiry or research begins when a person is born. ➔ Basic vs. Applied Research ➔ Characteristics of Quantitative Research Basic Research 1. Large Sample Size Sought only to gain new knowledge or to 2. Objectivity gain a significant amount or mastery in a 3. Concise Visual Presentation given subject or topic. 4. Faster Data and Generalized Data Analysis 5. Generalized Data Applied Research 6. Fast and Easy Data Collection Done to seek application of knowledge even if 7. Reliable Data the information is old. 8. High Replicability ➔ Aims of Research ➔ Advantages of Quantitative Research 1. Create new knowledge or information 1. Very objective 2. Improve the researcher 2. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used 3. Validate existing knowledge to predict outcomes 4. Utilize the new knowledge 3. Findings are generalizable to the population 4. There is conclusive establishment of cause ➔ Main Approaches to Research Problem and effect 5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical 1. Quantitative Research software 2. Qualitative Research 6. Fast and easy data gathering 7. It can be replicated or repeated QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 8. Validity and reliability can be established International Market Research (2018) ➔ Repetition vs. Replication Uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed data to investigate observable phenomena. Conclusive in its purpose as it tries to quantify the problem and understand how prevalent it is by looking for projectable results to a larger population. 1  ➔ Reliability and Validity photosynthesize in sunlight and the other half to be kept in a dark box without sunlight, while controlling all the other variables (nutrients, water, soil, etc.). The Effectiveness of Banana Peelings as a Material for Special Paper Malunggay Leaves as an Alternative Ingredient to Wine ➔ Disadvantages of Quantitative Research ➔ Quasi-Experimental 1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth. Quasi - pseudo, partly, almost 2. It does not provide a comprehensive Prone to bias explanation of human experiences. Researchers purposely select the participants. 3. Some information cannot be described by Incapable of determining cause and numerical data such as feelings, and beliefs. relationships. 4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible. Example: 5. The participants are limited to choose only Effect of unemployment on attitude towards from the given responses. following safety protocol in ECQ Declared 6. The respondents may tend to provide areas. inaccurate responses. 7. A large sample size makes data collection B. Non-experimental Research more costly. Capable of providing qualitative and QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS quantitative data. Often used in social sciences. Types of Research Designs Does away with manipulating variables. Relies on how variables naturally exist in their environment and how they interact sans alterations, conditions, manipulations, or changes. ➔ Descriptive Simplest research design as it only tries to describe a particular phenomena by observing it as it occurs in nature. A. Experimental Research No experimental manipulation. Does not start with a hypothesis. Based on scientific activity (experiment). Variables are manipulated or controlled. Examples: Experimental - receives manipulation, A market researcher observes the habits of treatment, or alterations. consumers. Controlled - Is not given any treatment. A company evaluates the morale of its staff. Two kinds of tests are pre-test and post-test. ➔ Causal-Comparative ➔ True Experimental Tries to compare the cause and effect Most effective method for testing cause and relationships among variables. effect relationships. Uses random selection of participants. Examples: Free from bias and ensures objectivity of Compare the body composition of persons results. who have only trained with free weights versus persons who have only trained with Examples: exercise machines. A researcher gathers plant samples and then randomly assigns half the samples to ➔ Correlational 2  ➔ Attempts to know the degree of relationship Human satisfaction and stressors. between two or more variables. ➔ Does not consider cause and effect. Example: The effects of pandemic on social behavior Examples: and economic stability Time Spent Running vs. Body Fat Height and Weight ➔ Natural and Physical Sciences Investigate the effectiveness of a product or treatment to illnesses. Finding or enhancing alternative energy sources Advancement in material science. Example: Antidiabetic properties of common Philippine herbs ➔ Agriculture and Fisheries Correlation does not equal causation. Increase the yield of crops. Prevent and cure crops and livestock diseases. Example: The effectiveness of organic and inorganic fertilizer to vegetable production ➔ Sports Enhance athletic performance. ➔ Survey Example: Describes the behavior, preferences, opinions, Diet and exercise techniques for different views, stand, or attitudes of a huge amount of kinds of sports people. ➔ Business Example: Presidential Election 2022 Survey Offer device marketing strategies. Improve marketability. ➔ Ex Post Facto Example: “That which is done afterwards” Effectiveness of Facebook ads on sales Looking at possible causes of an already occurring phenomena. ➔ Arts and Design No alterations are done. Investigate relationship between previous Show the relationship between color and events and present conditions. architectural space. Maximize use of Multimedia and adaptation Example: for recreation, business marketing and Effect of corporal punishment on students’ lifestyle changes. emotional development Example: CONTRIBUTIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH The effects of music on learning and behavior ➔ Social Science ➔ Environmental Science Show effects of intervention to group Determine causes and effects of climate behavior. change. Understand cultural or racial conflicts. 3 Example: Examples: gender, religion The environmental factors affecting natural calamities B. Ordinal LESSON 1.3: KINDS OF VARIABLES AND THEIR USES It has characteristics of nominal variables but ranked in a certain order. Variables Measurable and observable traits of people, Examples: social status, contest results, degrees of communities, population and others. weather anomalies and earthquakes Serve as a foundation for gathering, organizing, presenting, and studying data in C. Interval quantitative research. Numerical variables that are rank-ordered, A. Independent Variable with values in ranges. Has no “true zero” starting point. Cause (manipulated) Also known as “input variable.” Examples: age, temperature Probable cause of an occurrence. It does not easily change. D. Ratio Controlled or manipulated by the researcher. Has the characteristics of the other three B. Dependent Variable variables. They are based on a fixed beginning point Effect (measured) which is called a “true zero point”, where the Affected by the independent variables. value of zero does exist. Changes due to the manipulation and alteration of the independent variable. Examples: Family income C. Extraneous Variable Voter registration for 2000, 2004, and 2008 Number of students per classroom Other external factors that may influence the outcome (dependent variable). Needs to be identified and controlled to not threaten the internal validity of the result. Will be a confounding variable if not controlled. STATISTICAL DATA LESSON 2: THE RESEARCH PROBLEM LESSON 2.1: RESEARCH TOPIC RESEARCH TOPIC General idea, problem, or issue being considered for investigation A. Nominal Way of framing the question as a series of simple but direct statements Classify individuals, objects, or responses based on the common characteristic, limited RESEARCH PROBLEM to descriptive categories. Intended to be answered through research Cannot be ranked because these are limited Helps the researcher focus on a particular to descriptive categories, though we may aspect of the overall body of knowledge that count the frequencies. s/he will frame through literature review 4  FORMATION OF RESEARCH TOPICS & PROBLEMS “A good research topic or problem should address the needs of the people and it should be relevant in reality. It should usher new understanding of an occurrence and identify possible According to Clamor-Torneo & Torneo, 2017) causes and effects of things being studied” 1. May stem from a researcher's idea, issues, dilemma, or simply because of personal LESSON 2.2: RESEARCH TITLE curiosity or interest. 2. May stem from real life issues that needs to RESEARCH TOPIC be solved. Answers the "What" and the "What about the 3. May come from different sources and there topic?" are no written rules for finding one. It is imperative for a research to capture the essence of the research problem in one FOUR BASIC STEPS IN DESIGNING sentence A RESEARCH TOPIC BASIC GUIDELINES IN WRITING A RESEARCH 1. Choose a broad topic STUDY TITLE Choose an interesting topic Select a significant topic GENERAL EXAMPLE: Choose a topic relevant to your field Acceptability of Gumamela (Hibiscus), Sunflower Consider the following: (Helianthus annuus), and Coffee Bean (Coffe arabica) ○ Resources as an Alternative Tinted Lip Balm ○ Review of Literature ○ Field experts 1. Use an accurate description of the subject and ○ Brainstorming scope of the study 2. Do preliminary research Example: 3. Define the problem ○ Subject: Organic Lip Balm 4. Refine the question ○ Scope: Alternative SOURCES TO FIND RESEARCH TOPICS 2. Identify key variables, both dependent and independent According to Clamor-Torneo & Torneo, 2017) Variables: Ingredients -> Output 1. PERSONAL RESOURCES 3. Do not use abbreviations Personal experiences or things a researcher has observed in his or her everyday living 4. Use the common name instead of chemical May be inclinations, views, or values formula Example: ○ researcher's experience about Manila 5. Write and italicize full scientific names traffic and how it can be solved. Ex. Scientific name: Hibiscus 2. NON SCHOLARLY SOURCES 6. Capitalize the first letter of all substantive words Newspaper, magazines, radio, television, and Ex. Gumamela with Coffee Bean Extract and internet sources Sunflower Oil Provides data on current events Example: 7. Suggest a relationship between variables which ○ Newscasts or Radio Programs supports the major commentaries of the hosts of Ex. Difference newscasts or radio programs may be subjected to 8. Use current terminology empirical testing Ex. LGBT - (X): LGBTQIA+ - (/) 3. SCHOLARLY SOURCES 9. 10 to 15 words are sufficient Highly reputable sources that underwent rigorous review process 10. Do not include words like “The Study of,” “Analysis Journals, books, research papers, feasibility, of” and case studies written by scholars, academics, industry experts, and research 11. Be mindful of the proper use of grammar and organizations punctuation 5  Ex. The study of acceptability of 5. Focuses on investigating the ideas, theories, or gumamela…lip balm to teenagers from work of a particular individual 2024-2025!!! Ex. "A Deliberative Conception of Politics: How Francesco Saverio Merlino Related Anarchy 12. State in a declarative form and Democracy." 13. Do not include the year of study (unless it is ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CONSTRUCTING historical) A GOOD TITLE 14. Use words that create a positive impression and stimulate reader interest 15. Reflect the tone of the paper (not casual, informal, humorous) Subject: Organic Lip Balm Scope : Alternative Variables: Gumamela with Coffee Bean Extract and Sunflower Oil Relationship: Difference Example title and its parts: Acceptability (Result) of Gumamela (Hibiscus), Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and Coffee Bean LESSON 2.3: BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH (IV/INPUT) (Coffe arabica) as an Alternative Tinted Lip Balm (DV/OUTPUT) INTRODUCTION SUBTITLES Gives the reader an overview of the whole study Are quite common in social science research Introduces to the reader the research papers problem at hand Examples of why you may include a subtitle BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1. Explains or provides additional context Provides the reader with the context and tries Ex. "Linguistic Ethnography and the Study of to explain the circumstances that befalls to Welfare Institutions as a Flow of Social studying the chosen research topic or Practices: The Case of Residential Child Care problem Institutions as Paradoxical Institutions." Justify the need to conduct a research study about the topic 2. Adds substance to a literary, provocative, or Problem, the conflict of ideas, gaps in imaginative title knowledge, and theories would greatly Ex. "Listen to What I Say, Not How I Vote: heighten the discourse Congressional Support for the President in Discuss the motivations and what the Washington and at Home." researchers want to happen in the study by providing solutions through their hypothesis 3. Qualifies the geographic scope of the research Aim is just to give an overview of the study Ex. "The Geopolitics of the Eastern Border of the European Union: The Case of QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER IN WRITING THE BOTS Romania-Moldova- Ukraine." What is already known about the topic? 4. Qualifies the temporal scope of the research What is not known about the topic? Ex. "A Comparison of the Progressive Era and Why do you need to address those gaps? the Depression Years: Societal Influences on What is the rationale of your study? Predictions of the Future of the Library, 1895-1940." 6  LESSON 2.4: RESEARCH QUESTIONS THREE (3) TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS - THE HEART OF THE STUDY Focus on observing, describing, and reporting 1. Help clarify and specify the research problem factors of the research problem 2. Considered as sub-problems EXAMPLE: 3. Specify the method of collecting and ○ how often/frequent, how many/how analyzing data, and type of data to be much, what is/are, what collected extent/degree EXAMPLE QUESTIONS: CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD ○ What are the various social media RESEARCH QUESTIONS platforms used by Senior High School Students? 1. FEASIBLE ○ How many hours students spend on Consider the amount of time, energy, money, social media per day? respondents, and even your current situation Is the research problem possible? 2. COMPARATIVE Example: Compares two (2) or more characteristics of ✅ How do parents feel about blended two (2) or more persons groups, learning for elementary students? organizations, or occurrences ❌ How would providing each student with a This may involve comparing and/or laptop impact their performance in blended contrasting the relationships between learning? variables or defining which has a greater value 2. CLEAR EXAMPLE: clarity of questions ○ Is there any significant Ex. difference/similarity ❌ What is the level of effectiveness to the EXAMPLE QUESTION: respondents of paper soap with an active ○ Is there a significant difference in the ingredient from coffee bean extract? post-test scores of the control group and experimental group? 3. SIGNIFICANT Relevant or important to ask 3. RELATIONAL Will answering these questions provide an Determine relationships between two or additional contribution to address the given more variables research problem? EXAMPLES: ○ Is there a significant relationship? 4. ETHICAL ○ What is the relationship Consider the welfare of people, animals, or between/among? whosoever are involved EXAMPLE QUESTIONS: Do not inflict physical and psychological harm ○ What is the relationship between the to persons involved length of hours spent on social media and the level of digital literacy of FORMULATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS students? ○ Is there a significant relationship Two types of Research Question: between the type of social media General used and the level of digital literacy of Specific students? GENERAL RESEARCH QUESTION: LESSON 2.5: SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE Introductory paragraph in the statement of STUDY the problem that states the general question Derived from the research problem Consider the following: Why is the study important? SPECIFIC RESEARCH QUESTION: What contributions will it bring to your field of Anchored on the general research problem discipline? (SOP 1 - 3+) Who will benefit from your study? 7  ➔ Scope Cannot be done by researchers Inadequate sample size, lack of materials, Specifies the coverage of the study. sampling method, research design, time Topic (what), objective (why), population or constraints, lack of previous studies respondents (who), locale (where), time frame (when), method or research instrument (how). LESSON 3: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Example: The scope of this study covers the acceptability of RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Gumamela tinted organic lip balm with coffee bean extract and sunflower oil (topic). This aims to compare Illustrates the structure or blueprint of the the level of acceptability of the alternative tinted lip research plan. balm from the lip balm in the market (objective). The Helps the researcher formulate relevant researchers will select 40 registered pharmacists of research questions. any gender and age (respondents/population) who Key concepts and assumed relationships. collectively lend a pharmaceutical practitioners’ Shows the scope of the study. perspective and preference to come up with precise Can be presented using visual (diagrams, and standard cosmetic-based findings from different charts, etc.) and narrative forms. branches of Watsons, Generika Drugstore, The Generics Pharmacy, Mercury Drug, and Southstar Example (Diagram): Drug pharmaceutical stores in Lumban, Pagsanjan, Santa Cruz, and Pila of Laguna province (locale). The necessary data will be collected in October 2024 (time frame) through a survey questionnaire (research instrument). ➔ Delimitations Narrow the scope of a study Boundaries Researcher’s decision (has control on what to Example (Narrative): exclude and include) Kerlinger (1970) as cited by Cohen et al. (2007: 12) Examples: focus on specific variables, sites, defines a theory as a "set of interrelated constructs specific participants, etc. [concepts], definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying Example: relations among variables, with the purpose of This research intends to embed and put such explaining and predicting the phenomena.” valuable findings into developing fundamental solutions for sustaining healthy conditions of the lip ➔ Theoretical Framework vs. Conceptual skin. Furthermore, the quantified investigation will be Framework limited to three areas of investigations, namely: 1) level of lip balm market’s acceptability; 2) level of Theoretical Framework alternative tinted organic lip balm’s acceptability, and Commonly used for studies that anchor on 3) significant difference between the organoleptic time-tested theories that relate the findings acceptability of the lip balm market and alternative of the investigation to the underpinning tinted organic lip balm in terms of appearance, relevant theory of knowledge. texture, and scent (specific variables). The level of acceptability is limited to the perspective of selected Conceptual Framework registered pharmacists (specific participants) from Actual ideas, beliefs, and tentative theories different pharmaceutical stores in the province of that specifically support the study. Laguna. This study will not test the effectiveness of A conception or model of what is out there the product (boundary) as it only tries to determine its that the researcher plans to study. acceptability compared to the lip balm market. ➔ Similarities ➔ Limitations 1. Provide an overall view of the research study. Identify potential weaknesses 2. Anchor a theory that supports the study. Out of control 8  3. Guide in developing relevant research 6. Conceptual framework should be aligned questions/objectives.. with research questions. 4. Help justify assumptions/hypotheses. 7. Developmental, thus can be changed. 5. Aid in choosing appropriate methodology. 6. Help in gathering and interpreting data. 7. Guide in identifying possible threats to validity. ➔ Difference Theoretical Conceptual Framework Framework Scope Broader; can be Narrow or focused; used in different directly related to a studies specific study Focus of content The particular theory Set of related used already in the concepts to a ➔ Concept Map field specific study Visual representation of information that Number of theories Presents one theory May synthesize one at a time or more theories helps show the relationship between ideas. Time of Already existing Develop while Independent Variable - Dependent Variable Model development before the conduct planning and of the study writing a specific (IV-DV) research ➔ Guidelines in Writing a Theoretical Framework 1. Understand the variables and their relationship within your study. 2. Review related literature. 3. Look for possible theories that may potentially account for expected results of your research topic. 4. Select the most relevant that can provide a The Input-Process-Output Model (IPO) blueprint for your research. ➔ Guidelines in Writing a Conceptual ➔ Mediator Variable Framework The way in which the independent variable 1. Identify the key concepts in your study. impacts a dependent variable. 2. Search for existing theories that incorporate Also called as “intervening” or “correlated” the same concept. variables. 3. Plot using a concept map. 4. Write a narrative explanation of each concept and how each of them relates to one another. 5. Provide a basis for the potential relationship. 9  ➔ Moderator Variable Examples: Face to face. It is when the people involved are being Independent variable. close together and looking directly at each other. Influences the strength of the connection Module. Is any in a series of standardized units used between the independent variable and together, such as an educational unit that covers a dependent variable. single subject or topic. Also called the “interaction effect.” Online. Is controlled by or connected to another computer or network. ➔ Operational Definition Meaning of the term based on how it was used in the study. ➔ Control Variables Examples: Face to face. This refers to one of the modalities used Example: in learning delivery in which the teacher and students Independent variable: Type of lighting (green should be in the same place or setting, such as the vs. purple) classroom. Dependent variable: Number of correctly Module. Teaching modules are guides of the topics recalled words on test and lessons of a specific subject given to students Control variables: Number of hours studied, under the modular method. It is also an alternative age, foreign language studied, native distance learning delivery in which students are language required to read and answer the activities specified in the module. Example 1 (conceptual framework with a control Online. It refers to another form of distance learning variable): wherein the teacher and students will have their lessons using internet connectivity. ➔ Guidelines on How to Write the Definition of Terms 1. Write a brief introductory statement. 2. List the words or terms (technical) that would be included (variables and key terms found in Example 2 (conceptual framework with a control the title). variable): 3. The terms should be arranged alphabetically. 4. Indentation should be applied to each term. 5. The term should be followed with a period. 6. It can be underlined or not. 7. It can be bold and italic or not. 8. It does not have to be lengthy (direct to the point). 9. Acronyms or initials should be defined clearly. Complete name should be written first, followed by the acronyms or initials in DEFINITION OF TERMS open-close parenthesis, then the definition or meaning. Also known as “Operational Definition of 10. Do not overflow with technical terms (only Variables.” those relevant and significant to the study). How the word/term was used in the study. 11. Keep the definition brief and basic. ➔ Conceptual Definition Examples of introductory paragraphs: For a better understanding of this study, the Meaning of the term that is based on how it is following terms are defined in the context of defined in the dictionary or encyclopedia. this research: The following terms are defined as used in the study: 10  To comprehend the study better, the ➔ Statistical Hypothesis following terms are operationally defined: Analysis of a portion of a population. HYPOTHESIS Example: 70% of Grade 12 in LaSci prefer to use a cellphone rather than a notebook when Tentative statement about the relationship writing notes. between variables Specific and testable prediction on what you NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS expect to happen Proposes possible relationship ➔ Null Hypothesis Educated guess Supported on existing theories and Symbolized by Ho knowledge Somewhat disapproves that the independent Tentative answer to your research question variable has a direct reaction or effect on the Used in experimental, correlational, dependent variable. comparative, and ex-post facto Proposes that no statistical significance exists in a set of given observations and is used to ➔ Types of Research Hypothesis assess the credibility of a hypothesis by using sample data 1. Simple Hypothesis 2. Complex Hypothesis Examples: 3. Empirical Hypothesis Energy drinks have no significant effect on 4. Logical Hypothesis athletes’ aggressiveness during sports. 5. Statistical Hypothesis There is no significant relationship between having breakfast and students’ ability to learn. ➔ Simple Hypothesis ➔ Alternative Hypothesis Prediction of relationship between one IV and one DV. Denoted by Ha or H1 Example: The higher the poverty rate in Employed to challenge the null hypothesis by society, the higher the number would be the giving statements. out of school youth. States that there is some real difference between two or more groups. It is the ➔ Complex Hypothesis alternative to the null hypothesis, which states that there is no difference between Prediction of relationship between two or groups. more IV and DV. Example: Eating more vegetables and fresh Examples: fruits leads to a boost in the immune system Energy drink has a significant effect on and enhances blood circulation and athletes’ aggressiveness during sports. digestion. There is a significant relationship between having breakfast and students’ ability to learn. ➔ Empirical Hypothesis CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYPOTHESIS “Working hypothesis” Going through some trial and error and ➔ Directional Hypothesis perhaps changing around those independent variables. Illustrates the direct association of the impact Example: Plants watered everyday grow faster of the IV with the DV, whether it is positively than plants watered once a week. or negatively affected. Gearing to one specific direction, thus ➔ Logical Hypothesis investigated through a one-tailed test. Example: Students who are eating nutritious Limited evidence that can be verified food have higher grades than students not logically. having a proper meal. Example: Tomato plants bear fruit faster on Earth than on the Moon. 11  ➔ Non-directional Hypothesis Only the Pretorius and Ford (2016) reference would be included in the reference list. No principle involved. A premise that a relationship exists but the ➔ Structure of a Literature Review direction of the effect is not determined. Investigated through a two-tailed test. Introduction Example: There is a significant difference in Main Body the average grades between those students Conclusions/Recommendations that have proper nutritious meals and those that do not have proper meals. ➔ Sources of Related Literature ➔ Guidelines in Formulating Hypothesis Books Scholarly journals 1. Research about the topic Dissertations 2. IV and DV are included Government documents 3. Relationship is reflected Policy reports and presented papers 4. Simple and specific Periodicals 5. Concise and comprises clear and simple language ➔ Some sites to find literature: 6. Testable (scientific method) without violating ethical standards https://www.pdfdrive.com 7. Falsifiable https://ndltd.org/ https://link.springer.com/ REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE https://eric.ed.ph Review of Related Literature Sci-Hub: Example of an illegal site Compilation of studies related to research. ETHICAL STANDARDS IN CREATING THE REVIEW Evaluates, classifies, and summarizes all the OF RELATED LITERATURE relevant previous studies. Exposes the gaps of previous studies. ➔ Plagiarism Used only in the discussion as support, evidence, and further explanation. The act of taking another person's writing, conversation, song, or even idea and passing ➔ Three Ways of Using Literature it off as your own. Presenting someone else's work or ideas as 1. Providing context your own, with or without their consent, by 2. Comparing your findings from other previous incorporating it into your work without full related studies acknowledgement. 3. Stating what contribution your study has Plagiarism is one of the most common made in the field intellectual fraudulence in the realm of research. Plagiarism is theft. ➔ Three Common Errors Theft is a criminal offense by any standards, norms, laws and mores. There are several Wide range of studies being included. types of plagiarism, namely: cut and paste Stating the related article mentioning the plagiarism, mosaic plagiarism, misattribution original article rather than citing the original plagiarism. article itself. Previous work has been cited by the ➔ Republic Act No. 8293 (The Intellectual researcher based only on the abstracts and Property Code of the Philippines) without even reading the entire research. Mandate to protect original works of ➔ Secondary Sources (Indirect Citation) performers, writers, artists, and other professionals from being illegally replicated. Example: “The Transition to University Illegal to copy works without giving due program was designed to teach transferable credit to the original author. This law anchors skills (Ford et al., 2015, as cited in Pretorius & itself to ethics and all researchers must Ford, (2016)." observe proper conduct (Chan Robles and Associates Law Firm, n.d.). 12 ➔ Writing the Review of Related Literature Make use of tools such as Scribbr, Grammarly, Quillbot, etc. Provide five literature reviews (2014-2024) for each product variable. Make use of cohesive devices. 13