Practical Research 2 Quantitative Study PDF

Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study...

Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study COMPILED BY EVERYDAYNOTES PH (TERMS AND CONDITIONS) No Refunds: No refunds will be issued once payment has been made. If you experience any accessibility issues, please contact us, and we will address the matter promptly | Prohibition on Resale and Duplication: Reselling or duplicating any files or products purchased from us is strictly prohibited. Any violation of this policy may result in legal action | Privacy and Protection: We are committed to protecting your privacy and personal information. Any data collected during transactions will be handled in accordance with our Privacy Policy. Unauthorized Use: Unauthorized use or reproduction of our PDF files and digital notes is strictly prohibited | Modifications to Terms and Conditions: We reserve the right to modify or update these terms and conditions without prior notice. It is your responsibility to review this page periodically for any changes. (OFFICIAL SOCIAL MEDIA PAGES) Transactions are facilitated through the following official social media accounts: Instagram: instagram.com/everydaynotes.ph | Twitter: x.com/everydaynotesph | Telegram: t.me/mayloseveryday | TikTok: tiktok.com/@everydaynotes.ph | Email: [email protected], [email protected]. If you have made a purchase that was not through these official channels, please report it to us immediately. We are committed to protecting our customers from fraud and unauthorized transactions. @ 2024 EVERYDAYNOTES PH 1  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH QUALITIES OF QUANTITATIVE 2. Generalizability – is from larger sample sizes that the results are based on as a representative of the RESEARCH population. APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A 3. Objectivity – results of the data are observable and measurable using structured instruments QUANTITATIVE STUDY) 4. Replicability – the research study should be Unit 1 Lesson 1 | 1st Quarter | 1st Semester replicable by other teams of researchers that will eventually come up with similar outcomes QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Strengths of Quantitative Research research deals with numerals and how it can Analysis of data is assisted with statistical methods. describe a phenomenon or infer a relationship Large-scale research can be undertaken to the go-to approach for scientific inquiry because of represent the population. its ability to test hypotheses Data can be presented in graphical or tabular form. Weaknesses of Quantitative Research A large sample size requires a lot of time and effort. Statistical analysis of data requires an expert to perform. Quantifying and reducing observations to just pieces of numerical values makes it too simplistic. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Descriptive Research is an example of a nonexperimental research design describe factors, variables, or phenomena that occur in nature Variables Correlational Research factors can also be called variables – the another example of a nonexperimental research relationship of different factors that we see creates design a clearer picture of what is happening around us compare two variables then identify the variables – traits that numerically describe or give relationship between them meaning to an object, phenomenon, or group of Quasi-experimental Research people mirrors experimental research, but it is not true the ones that are usually identified, examined, experimental research where a causal relationship described, or correlated with answering a scientific can be determined with the use of dependent and inquiry independent variables 2 Main Variables the random selection of samples is not possible Independent variable is the variable that is due to innate or ethical reasons manipulated. True Experimental Research Dependent variable is the variable that is identify a cause-effect relationship between the ‘dependent’ on the independent variable and this variables is the value being measured. samples are randomized CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 1. Controllability – to understand a specific TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH relationship or phenomenon, quantitative research APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A should be in an environment where all variables QUANTITATIVE STUDY) are identified and can be controlled. Unit 1 Lesson 2 | 1st Quarter | 1st Semester 2  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SURVEY RESEARCH three main research designs: qualitative, provides a quantitative or numeric description of quantitative, and mixed methods designs trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population Quantitative research is defined as “a means for correlational type of quantitative research testing objective theories by examining the makes use of a questionnaire as its main data relationship among variables”. collection tool deals with empirical, observable, and measurable The contents of a questionnaire correspond to the data that are often expressed in numbers and objects or concepts whose correlations are being analyzed through statistical techniques analyzed. Main Focus the most widely used social science data-gathering collection of observable and measurable data technique standardized data collection instruments Components of Survey Research statistical techniques in data analysis Survey Design CORRELATIONAL AND CAUSAL RESEARCH cross-sectional survey – acquires information at Correlation one point in time a statistical measure of association between two longitudinal survey – acquires information at variables multiple points in time to compare, contrast, and focuses on an association exists between variables assess changes in responses focuses on the magnitude of the existing Population and Sample association between two variables population – is a general group of people with focuses on the direction of the association similar characteristics between two variables sample – is a subgroup of the population that is Causation chosen either randomly or purposively to looks at causes and effects participate in the survey research refers to the claim that a change in one variable Survey research involves getting a sample from a creates a change in another variable population. often used in studying the natural sciences, but it Survey Instrument is not exclusive to this field known as the questionnaire, is the main data TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH collection tool of a survey research contains closed-ended questions with fixed answers that will be given to the selected sample responses of the participants will be used in analyzing the relationships of interest. Data Analysis and Interpretation data analysis and interpretation plan is also part of the survey design may either be descriptive or inferential descriptive analysis – provides a numerical report of the results of the survey, which may include frequencies or average scores inferential analysis – makes comparisons among two main types of quantitative research: survey the survey results to establish and explain research and experimental research relationships Both types of quantitative research draw findings EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH by studying a sample population. tests the impact of a treatment (or an Both types of quantitative research use statistical intervention) on an outcome, controlling all other techniques to process and analyze the information factors that might influence that outcome acquired from their respective data collection aimed at causation techniques. 3  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH an experimental research looks at whether the pre-experimental design – participants of the application of a treatment, otherwise known as an quasi-experiment are not randomly assigned into intervention groups Components of Experimental Research uses both experimental and control groups Respondents single-subject design – only has a single individual respondents in experimental research are called as the lone respondent of the experiment groups Data Analysis and Interpretation experimental group – is the group that receives the results of experimental research may be the experimental treatment or intervention analyzed in a descriptive or inferential manner control group – the group that does not receive inferential analysis of experimental research may the experimental treatment or intervention vary according to the appropriate statistical tests Variables used in the study The independent variable is the treatment research is the overall goal of causation and not variable. It causes and explains the effect. The correlation independent variable may be manipulated in order VARIABLES OF QUANTITATIVE to see changes in the produced effects. The dependent variable is the outcome variable. It RESEARCH is the effect. It is the response to the application of APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A or changes in the independent variable. The QUANTITATIVE STUDY) dependent variable may reflect different outcomes Unit 1 Lesson 3 | 1st Quarter | 1st Semester depending on the conditions of the independent variable. VARIABLES Strategies of the Experimental Procedure anything that can be observed by researchers, such The actual intervention stage is the execution as a person, thing, place, situation, or even a phase of the planned experimental procedure/s. It phenomenon is the phase where the interaction between the can be changed or can inflict change variables of the study occurs. research mainly revolves around them pretest – stage prior to the conduct of the Failure to understand the meaning and use of the experiment or the intervention variables in our own research can result in poorly posttest – stage after the conduct of the done research. experiment or the intervention vary depending on their role and level of Instrumentation and Materials measurement Experimental research also makes use of different Independent Variables instruments and/or materials in the pretest, also called causal variables posttest, or actual intervention stages. presumed to cause the change in the setup The research instruments and materials may differ influence another variable to change according to the nature of the experiment. In experimental research, independent variables An instrument in experimental research is used to may also be manipulated to examine the specific record the observations at any stage of the effect an independent variable may have toward experiment. another variable. Experimental Procedures Independent Variables pre-experimental design – studies and provides an also called as outcome variables experimental intervention to a single experimental variables that change because of another variable group measured by researchers using standardized tools does not make use of a control group Mediating Variables true experiment – randomly assigned respondents also called as intervening variables makes use of both experimental and control show the connection between the independent groups and the dependent variables 4  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH a mechanism by which the independent variable no specific order can effect change on the dependent variable frequencies for each category are only counted Moderating Variables Examples are race, ethnicity, and variables that may have a strong conditioned effect hair color. on the relationship between independent and Ordinal Variable dependent variables any variable that can also be categorized or may be may also portray how the relationship between the divided into groups, but it has a specific order or independent and the dependent variables may rank change, given different circumstances the frequencies for each category or group can be may also modify the strength of the original causal counted or ranked relationship between the independent and the the distance between categories when ranked is dependent variables not equivalent Extraneous Variables Examples are year of graduation, brands of bags, may be treated as independent or moderating and food preferences. variables but should be excluded from the research Continuous study itself since it may interfere with the research Interval Variable process any variable that has numerical value it is important that researchers know how to numerical values can be counted and ranked identify extraneous variables as they may the difference between ranked categories is compromise the validity of the experiment meaningful LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT For example, you know that the difference or interval between 25°C and 35°C is the same between 10°C and 20°C. However, there is no true zero when determining the interval in this kind of variable. If you say, -6°C, then that means below freezing point. Ratio Variable is an interval variable, but unlike the interval variable, it has a true zero it can be counted, ranked and has a meaningful difference between values true or absolute zero means that nothing exists for that variable, that zero simply means none For instance, a person’s weight can be counted, ranked, and you can determine the equivalent distance between a person’s weight and another person’s weight. Moreover, if you say that there is also called scales of measure 0 kg, then there is no weight measured at all gives you an idea of the type of data that you have and how the variables are measured IDENTIFYING A QUANTITATIVE this will greatly help you in deciding on the RESEARCH PROBLEM statistical analysis that you could use in your research APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A divided into two: categorical and continuous levels QUANTITATIVE STUDY) Categorical Unit 2 Lesson 1 | 1st Quarter | 1st Semester Nominal Variable any variable that represents different types of data IDENTIFYING THE AREA OF INQUIRY that can be categorized or may be divided into Brainstorm for Ideas groups investigate topics that interest you 5  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH focus on your field it is a must to check the availability of the literature narrow down the topics that you are mostly on your chosen topic interested in and look at other perspectives that have your topic be modified again and again might be related to it throughout the research process Read, Read, and Read you have to be able to manage this if the need for make sure that there are resources about your any form of modification arises topic WRITING A RESEARCH TITLE have a preview of the possible availability of related literature for your topic options APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A use keywords to explore different sources, such as QUANTITATIVE STUDY) books, journals, articles, and the internet Unit 2 Lesson 2 | 1st Quarter | 1st Semester Make Your Matrix look into the research gaps RESEARCH TITLE research gaps are areas of the study that remain summarizes the content of the study in a concise unanswered manner the possible areas of inquiry that remain reflects the contents of the study as it also helps in unanswered by previous research may be an differentiating the study from others avenue for you to research about Characteristics of a Well-Structured Title prevents the replication of the exact topics that focused and direct – include the variables and the were already studied before field of inquiry of the study getting over the “so what” question formal – must not contain abbreviations, jargon, or colloquial terms understood even by readers who are not experts in the field brief but substantial – include only the most essential information composed of 16 words or fewer Describe Your Topic of Interert Briefly clear – helps readers who are looking for studies analyze what angle of the topic you are really that can supplement their existing references interested in proper grammar and capitalization know the value of the research topic to focus on Guidelines in Writing a Research Title the perspective why the study is relevant in the 1. Have an initial list of sources. field of knowledge you plan to concentrate in 2. Finalize the topic of choice. describing your topic briefly may give you an 3. Write an outline. overview if the topic is feasible to be researched 4. Draft the research title. about Steps in Writing a Good Research Title Formulate Your Working Title 1. Put the details of the research into segments. it focuses on the direction of your study 2. Make a list of keywords based on the segments of your topics are what you want to study about as the research details. well as its meaning and purpose 3. Draft sentences that contain the keywords. by formulating your working title, you may also 4. Formulate your research title. determine what may cause change and what may WRITING THE RESEARCH change you may be able to have a preview of the possible BACKGROUND dynamics of the variables within your research APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A you may also have to be flexible at this point since QUANTITATIVE STUDY) the working title may change as the research Unit 2 Lesson 3 | 1st Quarter | 1st Semester writing also progresses Read Again 6  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH RESEARCH BACKGROUND a research background includes a historical and also background of the study theoretical context of the current research topic brief but general discussion of the study the context is best provided by reading and contains existing information about the topic utilizing related literature from different sources found in different sources Focus on the Relevance and Contribution information included in the research background should highlight how the current study is relevant range from historical details to more recent data, to the field all of which are relevant to the focus of the study an emphasis on the potential contributions of the introduces the purpose of the study and states the current study to the field can differentiate it from relevance previously conducted studies and justify the need highlights the research problem to do the study strengthens the significance of studying the topic Summarize the Research Background at present as it tackles current issues surrounding only focus on the main introductory points of the the research topic current study the research background highlights the research there must be a balance between discussing very problem little information or elaborating too many details Difference of Research Background and Introduction of that might make future sections of the paper the Research Paper redundant the research background is a more exhaustive to avoid redundancy, remember that the research discussion than the introduction as it provides background must focus on providing context, context to the study, highlights the research focus, and emphasis on the relevance of the study problem, and introduces the objectives and Characteristics of a Well-Written Research Background significance of the study 1. It uses formal and academic language. more in-depth 2. It is concise. introduction only provides a brief explanation 3. It is evidence-based. about what the readers can expect from the study 4. It is focused on the research problem. Process of Writing a Research Background 5. It explains the goals of the study. Conduct Preliminary Research 6. It introduces the variables of the study. essential in gathering relevant information and 7. It cites related literature in the discussion. sources WRITING A RESEARCH STATEMENT FOR Preliminary research is also important in grounding the current research study within the range of QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH previously conducted research on the same topic, APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A thereby justifying the need to conduct it. QUANTITATIVE STUDY) Identify a Writing Style Unit 2 Lesson 4 | 1st Quarter | 1st Semester deductive approach – begins with general information before narrowing the discussion down DEFINING A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH STATEMENT to specific details and aspects of the study Statement of the Problem inductive approach – begins with specific details, integrative but brief discussion of the research such as the hypothesis of the topic, before problem, its context, and the questions of the summarizing and generalizing the details into a study broader discussion anchored on the discussion of the research Emphasize the Field of Your Research Topic problem, and the general and specific research The entire discussion of the research background questions must emphasize the nature and field of the often written as part of the introduction of the research topic to make readers know the focus of study the current study. Read and Use Related Literature 7  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH the main goal of writing a statement of the helps the authors establish the overall goal and problem is to provide a concise overview of the direction of the research topic in relation to the research questions must contain the research topic, the main usually begins with introducing the general objective of the study, and the variables to be statement of the problem followed by the specific studied research questions that aim to address the Refine the Statement of the Problem research problem incorporate the research questions and the Research Questions potential contributions of the study to the refined identifies the specific aspects of the topic that the statement of the problem current study seeks to investigate research questions must be written as declarative, a researcher can have one or many general not interrogative, sentences questions and various specific questions by including the potential contributions of foundations of any research study the study, the statement of the problem provides Categories of Research Questions an overview not only of the research topic and the descriptive – focus on describing results and research questions, but also the overall goal of the observations and do not provide explanation on study cause-and-effect relationships CREATING A CONCEPTUAL comparative – mainly used to compare and contrast similarities and differences between FRAMEWORK AND DEFINING TERMS groups and variables APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A evaluative – usually used in action research and QUANTITATIVE STUDY) applied research, and are usually observed in Unit 3 Lesson 1 | 2nd Quarter | 1st Semester organizations, workplace, programs, and effectiveness of projects implemented explanatory – mainly formed to explain relationships between variables and how one variable may have an effect on another questions may explain and predict change or identify the possible outcomes based on the observed relationship of the variables Characteristics of Good Research Questions 1. Relevant 2. Specific CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 3. Clear illustrates how a research problem will be 4. Analytical investigated 5. Measurable usually depicted using visual guides, such as Writing a Research Statement diagrams and charts, in order to represent the Finalize the Research Topic main idea in a study allows you to draft a coherent statement of the aims to explain the relationships and connections problem and would give you a solid starting point of concepts, and the means of exploring the and guided inquiry problem final research topic must reflect the main variables should be presented in the simplest way possible of the study must highlight the significance of the study, the Draft the Research Questions assumptions of the researcher, and the theories draft the research questions that reflect the from which the study was based aspects of the topic, which the current study seeks can also be constructed by researchers when to investigate existing theories are insufficient or irrelevant in Write the General Problem Statement establishing structure and describing the research problem 8  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH Similarities between Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Framework theoretical and conceptual framework serve the same purpose in giving structure and direction to the study both clearly explain the variables and concepts in a study Differences between Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Framework boxes often represent variables Theoretical Framework lines indicate a correlation between two variables theoretical framework pertains to the theory arrows suggest cause-and-effect relationships, where the researcher based their study starting from the independent variable and presents a general or wide scope of ideas related pointing to the dependent variable to the study Step-by-Step Process adapted from established and existing theories 1. Finalize the research topic. from literature 2. Conduct a literature review. applies a certain theory 3. Decide which variables are to be investigated. broad application and may extend from a certain 4. Construct the conceptual framework. study or research problem DEFINITION OF TERMS evaluates theories in order to investigate the researcher defines terms in research to set hypotheses about the research problem boundaries on how specific terms are going to be Conceptual Framework used in the study founded on the theoretical framework of the study Conceptual Definition the end result of the researcher’s synthesis of described as the definition found in the dictionary related concepts and perspectives gathered from they are not specific enough to qualify for research different sources purposes pertains to more specific or narrower concepts For instance, we can conceptually define stress as related to the study a state of mental or emotional tension. constructed when existing theories are insufficient Operational Definition in explaining the study describe how a certain concept was used or integrates concepts and ideas gathered from measured in a particular study different sources are important for researchers to replicate other restricted to a certain study or research problem studies promotes the development of a theory that can be If a certain term was not precisely defined, the beneficial to researchers studying the same area of researchers will have no idea how it was originally interest measured or conducted. Constructing a Conceptual Framework Using the example above, you can define stress as the basic design components in the conceptual having a high score on a stress level questionnaire. framework use boxes, lines, and arrows to explain Guidelines in Writing the Definition of Terms the relationships of variables being discussed in 1. Avoid defining terms by merely repeating the the study word. 2. Simple and familiar words are preferred in defining terms. Avoid the use of words that are too complex. This is to avoid misinterpretations in your study. 3. The terms defined should be arranged alphabetically. 9  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH 4. Acronyms should be spelled out completely, directional hypothesis – if the groups being especially if it is uncommon or will be used for the studied will differ and have a particular direction in first time in the research paper. mind regarding how the variables will pan FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS FOR A Types of Error in Hypothesis Testing Type I error – the null hypothesis was rejected QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH when, in reality, it is true APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A Type II error – the null hypothesis was not rejected when, in reality, it is false. QUANTITATIVE STUDY) Unit 3 Lesson 2 | 2nd Quarter | 1st Semester SETTING THE SCOPE FOR QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS more than just an educated guess APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A assumption about the variables being explored QUANTITATIVE STUDY) the assumptions you would be formulating should Unit 3 Lesson 3 | 2nd Quarter | 1st Semester be tested by gathering relevant data and analyzing the results to find out whether it will be refuted or SCOPE, LIMITATION, AND DELIMITATION validated outlines the scope that your research will discuss formulating and thinking about a valid hypothesis and what it will not brings direction to your study states the important factors that your study will take into consideration the research design of your consider in terms of delimiting the characteristics study before formulating the hypothesis of the independent and dependent variables Characteristics of a Hypothesis Scope 1. A hypothesis should be falsifiable. the extent of the content that will be covered by 2. A hypothesis should be predictable. your study and the areas of the study that will be 3. A hypothesis should be simple and specific. focused on 4. A hypothesis should be based on an existing body identifies the general purpose and direction of of knowledge. your study 5. A hypothesis should be capable of being Limitation operationally defined. potential weaknesses in a study that are not within 6. A hypothesis should be reflective of the research your control as a researcher problem. can help the researcher see a clearer picture of the Types of Quantitative Research Hypothesis entire process of the study Null Hypothesis promotes a holistic, more verifiable, and stronger there is no difference or no relationship findings at your end as a researcher null hypothesis is the one being tested, which can failure to identify may pose threats to the internal either be rejected or retained and external validity of the study rejected null hypothesis means that there is a Delimitation difference between the variables being specific characteristics that limit the scope of the investigated study Alternative Hypothesis includes the objectives, purpose, and specific there is a difference or relationship questions fail to reject the null hypothesis means that the include the theories used in the study and the alternative hypothesis should be rejected direction in which the study should be conducted Second Category of a Research Hypothesis dependent and independent variables must also nondirectional hypothesis – used if you believe be indicated as part of the delimitations set and that the variables being tested will differ, but decided by the researchers themselves cannot determine which direction the variables Writing the Scope, Limitation, and Delimitation will pan Limiting your sample size. 10  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH Limit the profile of the respondents to survey are groups of people or individuals who will questionnaire items that will be useful to your benefit from your study study. Research Participants The general design of your study must be reflected not stakeholders by definition, but they have the in this section. biggest impact on the results of your study based State the general method of your data collection. on their feedback and suggestions from a given Select the design of your study that will best fit the survey timeframe set by your research adviser. RELEVANT LITERATURE SOURCES Always consider your financial sources before conducting any research. APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A Access to literature. QUANTITATIVE STUDY) IDENTIFYING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF Unit 4 Lesson 1 | 2nd Quarter | 1st Semester QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SOURCES OF DATA APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A Primary Sources of Data QUANTITATIVE STUDY) first-hand evidence of the literature Unit 3 Lesson 4 | 2nd Quarter | 1st Semester ○ original copies these materials include published research on SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY academic journals enumerates and elaborates on the people who will original sources of textual, tabular, graphical, or benefit from the study statistical data and mathematical models researchers use primary sources of data to explore Stakeholders: Their Roles and Engagement specific details and other findings that were not stakeholders are the beneficiaries of your study, wholly reflected on secondary sources of data since they receive the benefits or the positive effects of your study stakeholders can also receive negative impacts from your study Writing Your Significance of the Study After carefully choosing the stakeholders of your study, identifying the benefits that they will receive, and pointing out groups or individuals who might experience disadvantages, you can now comprehensively create a well-written Significance of the Study section for your Introduction. two simple factors that you must remember: can give authoritative and credible support for the The Statement of the Problem of Your Study findings of your study must lead to an output that will determine the Secondary Sources of Data benefits of your study The Benefits of the Study from General to Specific state the benefits of your study from a general scope (the society or community) to a specific scope (small group of people or you as a researcher) Stakeholders are a group of people or individuals who will be positively or negatively affected by the output of your study Beneficiaries 11  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH interpretations of pertinent information from 1. Theories and definitions. primary sources 2. Ideas in the literature review. may be in the form of syntheses and summaries 3. Hypotheses and previous results. from academic books, encyclopedias, or synopses 4. Data collection and analysis techniques. and descriptions of works of art 5. Data sources. necessary for having a wide background of Types of In-Text Citations knowledge of the topic that you are studying Parenthetical Citation help researchers access primary sources of data citation details are put inside the parentheses that are not available to the general public placed at the end of the sentence containing the Guidelines for Selecting Relevant Literature referenced material 1. Select literature based on your Statement of the Narrative Citation Problem (SOP). incorporated into the sentence structure of the 2. Select literature that is related to your specific body text topic and field of interest or field of specialization. a common way of putting narrative citations is to 3. Select literature that uses evidence. put the last name/s of the author/s within the text 4. Select literature and studies that are current. and the year of publication inside the parentheses 5. Select literature published locally and Citation Formats internationally. APA Style (American Psychological Association) CITING LITERATURE SOURCES one of the most commonly used citation formats in academic writing, especially in natural and physical APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A sciences and the social sciences QUANTITATIVE STUDY) require the surname of the author and the year of Unit 4 Lesson 2 | 2nd Quarter | 1st Semester publication MLA (Modern Language Association) CITATIONS commonly-used citation format in the field of an organized method of acknowledging literature humanities like language, arts, communication, sources and literature in-text citations – citations that are placed in require the author’s surname followed by the page between parts of the body text numbers of the cited content reference list (bibliography) – list of citations at CMOS (Chicago Manual of Style) the end of the paper used by multiple fields like social sciences, important to avoid intellectual property issues, humanities, and other physical sciences such as plagiarism comes in two forms: the notes and bibliography good practice to acknowledge and properly and the author-date system. attribute the contribution of other researchers The notes and bibliography system for in-text Purpose of Citations citations uses superscript numbers at the end of 1. Give credit to other researchers. the sentence or paragraph followed by footnotes 2. Supports arguments. that show the bibliographic information of the 3. Supports arguments. literature cited. IN-TEXT CITATIONS The author-date system for in-text citations is most common method of putting citations is similar to the APA style. Page numbers may or may through the use of in-text citations not be included in the in-text citations depending is a marker placed before or after the text that was on whether the writer used specific parts of the quoted or paraphrased reference material or not. ideas considered as general knowledge do not SUMMARIZING LITERATURE SOURCES require in-text citations ○ information that is commonly known to APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A be true is classified as general knowledge QUANTITATIVE STUDY) Ideas in the research paper that need In-text Citations Unit 4 Lesson 3 | 2nd Quarter | 1st Semester 12  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS Summary a process of explaining the content of any material in a concise and coherent manner provides an objective discussion of the main arguments or ideas of a literature source does not contain personal interpretations of the researcher about the source material contains essential information on the main arguments and claims of the material presents information from different parts of the 1. Set the main argument/s of each synthesis. individual source (e.g., Introduction to Conclusion) 2. Group summaries according to idea/argument. highlights the important points of an individual 3. Write the synthesis. source excludes personal analysis of the researcher on the LISTING REFERENCES main points in the discussion APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A Starting a Summary QUANTITATIVE STUDY) to write a good summary, the researcher must pay Unit 4 Lesson 4 | 2nd Quarter | 1st Semester attention to these parts of the research paper: introduction, methodology, discussion of results, BIBLIOGRAPHY conclusion the section of a research paper that shows a list of information from the introduction provide a brief all sources used in the research paper but comprehensive overview of the research topic “reference list” methodology provides essential information on usually added as the last section of the paper prior data collection and analysis techniques and to the appendices procedures each source listed in the bibliography can be discussion of results essentially provides the termed as a bibliographic entry findings of the study upon gathering and analyzing It provides a complete attribution of the sources the needed data used and cited in your work. conclusion directly gives the reader a It helps avoid issues in intellectual property and generalization of the key results in the paper research ethics, such as plagiarism. Writing a Good Summary It allows the readers of your work to validate the 1. Identify if the topic is relevant to your current references used. study. It gives readers a reference to existing studies on 2. Locate discussion of key concepts and variables the research topic. based on your topic. Bibliographic Details 3. Summarize the information regarding the complete reference information is important for identified key concepts. proper attribution of the works and as a guide to Synthesis readers who may be interested in the same work links multiple summaries coming from various Title of the Work sources in order to form a coherent and logical title of the book, journal article title, book chapter explanation of an idea or argument title, or title of webpage article combines information from different parts of each individual source gathered into a single narrative Author highlights the important points of multiple sources name of a single author, two authors, or multiple Includes personal analysis of the researcher on the authors main points in the discussion Editor Synthesizing Summaries 13  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH name of a book editor (applicable for book With author chapters) Blaug, M. (2020, February 3). Economics. Retrieved from Publication Date https://www.britannica.com/topic/economics year of publication or date of publication Without author (month/date/year) for websites Philippine Statistics Authority. (n.d.). PSA Statistical Bases. Publisher Information Retrieved from http://openstat.psa.gov.ph/ location of publisher and name of the publishing Database company Modern Language Association (MLA) URL/DOI MLA citation style guide is used in the field of URL – for websites entries humanities like language, communication,and DOI – for journal articles literature Importance of a Bibliography “Works Cited” 1. Shows breadth of the research work. Journal Article 2. Helps locate literature sources. Single author 3. Guides readers about the research topic.. Auster, Carol. “Manuals for Socialization: Examples from Girl CITATION STYLE GUIDES Scout Handbooks 1913-1984.” Qualitative citation styles provide guidelines in putting in-text Sociology, vol. 8 no. 4, 1985, pp. 359-367. citations and making a bibliography Multiple authors these styles also share some similarities like using Beatty, Paul, and Gordon Willis. “Research Synthesis: The an alphabetical arrangement and a hanging Practice of Cognitive Interviewing.” Public Opinion indentation for the listed bibliographic entries Quarterly, vol. 71 no. 2, 2007, pp. 287-311. American Psychological Association (APA) Book APA citation style guide is often used in the social Weiss, Carol. Evaluation Research. Prentice-Hall, 1972. sciences Book Chapter “References” Kendall, Patricia, and Paul Lazarsfeld. “Problems of Survey Journal Article Analysis.” Continuities in Social Research: Studies Single author in the Scope and Method of “The American Auster, C. (1985). Manuals for socialization: Examples from Soldier, edited by Robert Merton and Paul girl scout handbooks 1913-1984. Qualitative Lazarsfeld, Free Press, 1950, pp. 133-196. Sociology, 8(4), 359-367. Online Sources Two authors Blaug, Mark. “Economics.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Beatty, P., & Willis, G. (2007). Research synthesis: The February 2020, practice of cognitive interviewing. Public Opinion https://www.britannica.com/topic/economics. Quarterly, 71(2), 287-311. Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) Multiple authors CMOS guide is a citation style that is used across Kaplowitz, M., Hadlock, T., & Levine, R. (2004). A the different disciplines such as humanities, social comparison of web and mail survey response sciences, and natural sciences rates. Public Opinion Quarterly 68(1): 94-101. “Bibliography” Book Journal Article Weiss, C. (1972). Evaluation research. New Jersey: Single author Prentice-Hall. Auster, Carol. “Manuals for Socialization: Examples from Girl Book Chapter ScoutHandbooks 1913-1984.” Kendall, P., & Lazarsfeld, P. (1950). Problems of survey Multiple authors analysis. In R. Merton & P. Lazarsfeld (Eds.), Beatty, Paul, and Gordon Willis. “Research Synthesis: The Continuities in social research: Studies in the scope Practice of Cognitive Interviewing.” Public Opinion and method of “The American Soldier” (pp. Quarterly 71 no. 2 (2007): 287-311. 133-96). Free Press. Book Online Sources Weiss, Carol. Evaluation Research. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1972. 14  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH Book Chapter 5. Avoid missing relevant citations in the literature Kendall, Patricia, and Paul Lazarsfeld. “Problems of Survey review. Analysis.” In Continuities in Social Research: 6. Avoid providing incomplete or wrong information Studies in the Scope and Method of “The American of the literature source in the bibliography. Soldier”, edited by Robert Merton and Paul PLAGIARISM Lazarsfeld, 133-196. New York: Free Press, 1950. act of copying or using works from another person Online Sources and presenting it as your own Blaug, Mark. “Economics.” Encyclopædia Britannica. can occur in the process of writing the literature February 3, 2020. review when the researcher does not give proper https://www.britannica.com/topic/economics. attribution (i.e., citation) to the original owners of the ideas being synthesized ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING A Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines or LITERATURE REVIEW Republic Act No. 8293 protects the intellectual APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A works and property of people, such as books and inventions through registered copyrights. This law QUANTITATIVE STUDY) covers issues regarding plagiarism Unit 4 Lesson 5 | 2nd Quarter | 1st Semester Common Types of Plagiarism Direct Plagiarism ETHICAL STANDARDS committed when the content is directly copied guide the researcher in knowing the right and from the source without revision and proper wrong ways in constructing the synthesis of attribution literature sources Inadequate Paraphrasing tackles the “dos” and “don’ts” in conducting a occurs when the act of paraphrasing is done by research project simply replacing selected words in the sentences enumerates the different ethical standards that with synonyms or other interchangeable words must be observed when doing a literature review Self-Plagiarism Importance of Compliance to the Ethical Standards occurs when the researcher lifts the contents of allow the researchers to reflect on the right things his/her previous work, and places them in the to do, and help them avoid wrong actions current work without proper attribution Do’s Incomplete Citations 1. Collect relevant literature sources. incomplete citation details (e.g., incomplete names 2. Review the data presented and extract essential of multiple authors) information. giving false information (e.g., wrong title of the 3. Summarize the essential information from each work) source using your own words. fabricating citation details (e.g., putting a 4. Paraphrase the contents of the source while non-existent detail) retaining the main thoughts of the content. Avoiding Plagiarism 5. Attribute ideas accordingly by providing in-text and extract essential information from the reference bibliographic citations. material and to restate them in brief, concise terms 6. Provide complete and correct information of the focus on the main points literature sources in the bibliography. one must focus on making a generalization of the Don’ts paper 1. Avoid main use of secondary source literature. express the essential ideas of the source using 2. Avoid directly copying the content of the literature your own words and based on your own source. understanding 3. Avoid directly using the tables and figures add in-text citations and a list of references presented in the literature source. avoid self-plagiarism 4. Avoid redirecting the main idea of the literature avoid false and fabricated citations and including your own perspective on the topic. 15  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN to study a naturally occurring phenomenon or subject of interest APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A describes a specific characteristic or behavior of a QUANTITATIVE STUDY) target population Unit 5 Lesson 1 | 3rd Quarter | 2nd Semester does not require hypotheses from the researcher since it only asks about basic information about RESEARCH DESIGN the group of interest systematic procedure implemented by a it does not involve the manipulation of variables researcher and assigning participants to different conditions aims to answer the research problem precisely and explain different patterns of information about a without bias target population and can be classified as survey, empirical, straightforward, and can test their demographic, or epidemiological research reliability and validity Survey Research information provided in quantitative research used to explore the trends in the behaviors, designs is more constricted and rigid for it to attitudes, characteristics, and opinions of a group undergo verification using replication studies of people representing a population through the varies on: the intent, use of manipulation, and use of a survey questionnaire procedures used Demographic Research Experimental Research Design Life events, such as mortality rate, layoffs, and the find out whether an intervention considered as the number of household members, are described and independent variable has an effect on a dependent understood using demographic research. variable Epidemiological Research extraneous variables – interfere with the often used by medical and public health interpretation of the findings researchers who study different patterns of experimental design must contain the following disease and health elements: manipulation or intervention, SAMPLING PROCEDURE FOR controlled extraneous variables, and random selection of participants QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Quasi-Experimental Design APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A requires the independent variable to be QUANTITATIVE STUDY) manipulated Unit 5 Lesson 2 | 3rd Quarter | 2nd Semester lacks a key element of an experimental design, which is randomization population can be described as a group of people make use of intact groups and are used when the possessing a similar characteristic artificial creation of treatment conditions is not sample pertains to the subgroup or a portion from possible a population Correlational Research Design study the association between two variables the researcher is interested if the variables are related to one another this research design is a nonexperimental procedure it does not tell about the causality between two or more variables it only describes the degree of association Types of Correlation 1. Positive – direct relationship. 2. Negative – inverse relationship. Descriptive Research Design 16  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH SAMPLING target population, and chooses every nth case the goal of sampling in quantitative research is to from the population ensure that the sample you have selected is n is a random number decided by the researcher representative of the target population Stratified Random Sampling defined as obtaining a relatively small amount of pertains to the division of the target population sample from a bigger group to explore unknown into subgroups and randomly selects participants information about a certain population from each subgroup Probability Sampling to ensure that the sample will represent a all individuals from the target population have an proportionate number of subgroups from the equal chance of being selected for the sample target population researchers use a random process to recruit their Nonprobability Sampling participants more practical and convenient for the researchers commonly used if the researchers have a specific since the sample is chosen by the researcher from population in mind to study, or infer a particular the target population rather than being randomly behavior or characteristic selected three methods under probability sampling: simple common types of nonprobability sampling: random sampling, systematic random sampling, convenience, quota, purposive, and snowball and stratified random sampling sampling Simple Random Sampling Convenience Sampling when the researcher randomly selects their the researcher recruits participants who are readily participants from a list of all the individuals from available and accessible to participate in the the target population research study each individual has an equal chance of being Quota Sampling selected involves selecting people from different subgroups options in doing this technique: computer from the target population selection, random number tables, manual random methods are not being employed and the selection selection from each subgroup is solely based on Computer Selection the researcher’s decision computer programs that can generate random set Purposive Sampling of names for your sample when you encode the the researcher chooses their participants names of the entire population intentionally because they are considered as most Random Number Tables suitable in providing information for the research assign a number for each individual from the study population participants who will be selected are most likely to move through the number table and pick a random have appropriate expertise and experience on the number to select your desired number of samples topic Manual Selection Snowball Sampling fishbowl method used when the characteristics of the participants convenient to use when the target population is are uncommon small The researcher contacts a few potential the names of each member of the population are participants, and asks them if they can refer more listed down on slips of paper, and put in a box or participants who have similar characteristics as container them. the sample will be picked out one by one, and will SAMPLE SIZE be reshuffled every time a slip of paper will be the actual number of individuals, who participated drawn out in the research study and contributed significant Systematic Random Sampling data sampling, the researcher randomly decides on a the larger the sample size, the better starting point in the list of the members of the 17  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH at least 15 participants per group in a true measures are used to assess or rate an individual’s experiment or quasi-experiment ability such as achievement, intelligence, aptitude, approximately 30 participants for a correlational or interests study relating variables e.g., National Achievement Test administered by a minimum of 350 individuals for a survey study, the Department of Education or the college but varies depending on other considerations such admission tests conducted by the different as the number of the target population universities in the country RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS FOR Attitudinal Measures measure an individual’s attitudes and opinions QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH about a subject APP 5 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: A assess the respondent’s level of agreement to the statements, which often requires them to choose QUANTITATIVE STUDY) from varied responses such as strongly agree to Unit 5 Lesson 3 | 3rd Quarter | 2nd Semester strongly disagree Behavioral Observation Checklist RESEARCH INSTRUMENT used to record individuals’ behaviors definition, an instrument can be defined as a tool, used when researchers want to measure an such as a questionnaire or a survey, that measures individual’s actual behavior instead of simply specific items to gather quantitative data recording a person’s views or perceptions measure abstract concepts such as achievement, Factual Information Documents the ability of individuals, or personality are accessed to tell information about the allows researchers to observe behavior and participants’ documents such as available public interview individuals records Types of Research Instruments e.g., school records, attendance records, medical types of research instruments: demographic forms, records or even census information performance measures, attitudinal measures, Constructing Research Instruments for Quantitative behavioral observation checklists, and factual Research information documents 1. State your research objectives. Demographic Forms 2. Ask questions about your objectives. used by the researchers to collect basic 3. Gather the required information. information about the participants 4. Formulate questions. age, gender, ethnicity, and annual income ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF AN INSTRUMENT this will determine the quality of the data you can collect for your research study the researcher can either construct their own instrument or use a well-developed instrument by another researcher for their study A valid test is always reliable but a reliable test is not always valid. Reliability a measure can be simply defined as the stability and consistency of an instrument under different circumstances or points in time can tell about the instrument’s internal consistency, stability over time, and alternate forms Performance Measures Internal Consistency any group of items taken out from a specific instrument will likely bring about the same results 18  Practical Research 2: A Quantitative Study by Everydaynotes PH just like when the entire instrument was concurrent validity – can be obtained by administered correlating two research instruments taken at the will tell how consistent are the items from a same time research instrument measuring a specific concept predictive validity – the ability of an instrument to can be obtained through: Split-half reliability, predict another variable, which is called a criterion Odd-even reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha Construct Validity Split-half reliability. The score which resulted from can be assessed by examining whether a specific half of the items on the instrument was correlated instrument relates to other measures with the score on the other half of the instrument. most sophisticated among all the other types Odd-even reliability. The obtained score of the involves correlating the scores between the even-numbered items (e.g., items 2, 4, 6, 8, and so instrument to be evaluated to other instruments on) was correlated with the score on the convergent validity – obtained when an instrument odd-numbered items (e.g., items 1, 3, 5, 7, and so correlates with other similar instruments that it is on) of the same instrument. expected to correlate with Cronbach’s alpha. Also called the alpha reliability. discriminant validity –obtained if an instrument This is obtained by getting the mean of every does not correlate with other instruments that it possible half of the items correlated with every should not correlate with possible other half of the items. In other words,