Practical Research PDF

Practical Research 1. Right to voluntary participation 2. Right to informed consent- ongoing Research- re and search, meaning again and to commun...

Practical Research 1. Right to voluntary participation 2. Right to informed consent- ongoing Research- re and search, meaning again and to communication between research look for something. It is the creation of new participants knowledge or use of existing knowledge to create 3. Right to be protected from harm- protect new concepts. participants from exploitation. Participants Importance of Research will not be physical and mental harmed. 4. Right to confidentiality- investigator's Gather relevant information agreement with participants Improve the quality of life 5. Right to anonymity- There is no way for Helps you understand history anyone to personally identify participants Professional and personal development in the study Challenges us to become better individuals through new ideas, perspectives and skills THE NUREMBERG CODE Helps you become a good decision maker Aimed to protect subjects from enduring cruelty Helps you become good problem solver the prisoners endured at concentration camps. Makes you a good critical and creative thinker. Response to the Nazi physicians (1947) forcibly Makes you a good contributor of knowledge performing gruesome experiments on prisoners. Characteristics of a Good Research 1. Voluntary consent is essential EMPIRICAL- It uses facts and data. 2. The results must be for greater good of society ANALYTICAL- carefully analyzes data 3. Human experiments should be based on before concluding. previous animal experimentation SYSTEMATIC- It follows a certain method 4. Experiments should be conducted by avoiding or procedure to obtain results. physical/mental suffering and injury CYCLICAL- Begins with problem and ends 5. No experiments should be conducted if it is with resolution to complete cycle. believed to cause death/disability ORIGINAL- A research output is a product 6. The risks should never exceed the benefits of novel ideas and shows originality. 7. Adequate facilities be used to protect subjects 8. Conducted only by qualified scientists Characteristics of a Good Researcher 9. Subjects free to end participation anytime Research Oriented 10. The scientist in charge be prepared to end Efficient Active Honest experiment when injury is likely to occur Scientific Resourceful Economical Effective C - Creative Reliable Areas of Scientific Dishonesty in Research RESEARH ETHICS – establishes the moral 1. Plagiarism-using the ideas, writings, and integrity of researchers which is crucial in drawings of others as your own ensuring research is valid and trustworthy. 2. Fabrication and falsification-making up or 1. Honesty altering data 2. Objectivity- Undistorted by emotion or bias 3. Nonpublication of data, also called 3. Integrity -strive for consistency "cooking data" 4. Carefulness - keep good records of research 4. Faulty data-gathering procedures activities. 5. Poor data storage and retention 5. Openness -share data, ideas tools and resources. Be open to criticism. Qualitative and Quantitative Research 6. Respect for intellectual property - honor Qualitative Research- Describes a certain copyrights, patents and others phenomenon or event, observed through senses, 7. Confidentiality – protect confidential Collect data in the form of words or statements communications and personal information. 8. Legality – know and obey relevant laws - Subjective 9. Social Responsibility – strive to promote - RRL is done as study progresses social good - Reports narrative interpretation 10. Competence – maintain and improve your Quantitative Research- Usually characterized by own professional competence numerical measure 11. Animal Care – show proper respect and care for animals - Objective, answers how many or strength 12. Human subjects protection –minimize - RRL is done before the study harms and risks and maximize benefits - Reports statistical analysis Human Rights in Research Characteristics of Qualitative Research  1. The researcher has an important role in of its organizational setup, internal qualitative research operation and lifestyle 2. data are gathered and presented in a form 3. PHENOMENOLOGY- the study of how of words, descriptions, pictures or people find their experiences meaningful meanings not in numbers aims to make people understand their 3. Qualitative researcher is concerned with experiences about death of loved ones, care the process involved for handicapped persons, friendliness of 4. Inductive reasoning is used in analyzing people, etc. qualitative data 4. CONTENT & DISCOURSE ANALYSIS- 5. concerned with meanings and requires an analysis or examination of the interpretations. substance or content of the mode of communication (letters, books, journals, Strengths of Qualitative Research photos, videos, sms, etc.) 1. Issues can be examined in details and in depth. 5. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS- takes place when 2. Interviews are not restricted to specific you discover a new theory to underlie your questions and can be guided or redirected by study at the time of data collection and the researcher in real time. analysis 3. The research framework and direction can be 6. NARRATIVE RESEARCH- narrates the life quickly revised as new information emerges. experiences of an individual told to the 4. The data based on human experience is researcher powerful and sometimes more compelling than Guidelines in Choosing a Research Topic quantitative data. 5. Subtleties and complexities about the research 1. Interest in the subject matter subjects and/or topic are discovered that are 2. Availability of information often missed by more positivistic enquiries. 3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic 6. Although data are collected from a few cases or 4. Limitations on the subject individuals, the findings can be transferrable to 5. Personal resources another setting. Topics that should be avoided when writing a Limitations of Qualitative Research research paper 1. Research quality is heavily dependent on 1. Controversial topics the individual skills of the researcher and 2. Highly technical subjects more easily influenced by the researcher’s 3. Hard-to-investigate subjects personal biases. 4. Too broad subjects 2. Rigor is more difficult to maintain, assess 5. Too narrow subjects and demonstrate. 6. Vague subjects 3. The volume of data makes analysis and interpretation time consuming. 6 STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (Fraenkel & 4. It is sometimes not as well understood and Wallen, 2010) accepted as quantitative research within 1. Identification of the phenomenon to be studied the scientific community. 2. Identification of the participants in the study 5. The researcher’s presence during data 3. Generation of hypothesis gathering, which is often unavoidable in a. Two Types of Hypothesis qualitative research, can affect the i. Scientific Hypothesis – provides answers to subjects’ responses. questions based on the RRL 6. Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can ii. Statistical Hypothesis – a statement about the present problems when presenting nature of a population. It is often stated in findings. terms of a population parameter. 7. Findings can be more difficult and time 1. Null hypothesis – suggests a negative consuming to characterize in a visual way. relation between variables Types of Qualitative Research 2. Alternative hypothesis – suggests positive relations between variables 1. CASE STUDY- long-time study of a 4. Data collection phenomeno that uses interviews, 5. Data Analysis questionnaires, observations and 6. Interpretations and Conclusions documentary analysis 2. ETHNOGRAPHY- the study of a particular GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING QUALITATIVE cultural group to get a clear understanding RESEARCH PROBLEMS  1. Establish a clear relation between the research questions and problem or topic. 2. Base your research questions on your RRL. 3. Formulate research questions that can arouse your curiosity and surprise you with your discoveries or findings. 4. Read a lot of articles. This will help you formulate good research problems. 5. Avoid asking research questions that are answerable with YES or NO. Use the HOW questions (answerable by data) only in QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH. Characteristics of Research Problems/Objectives 1. Specific – the question should specify what variables are to be determined. 2. Measurable – variables involved can be subjected to measurement 3. Attainable – questions can be answered 4. Realistic – results can be obtained because the data can be obtained following scientific procedures and techniques 5. Time-bound – there is a time frame for every activity or step in the research work Types of Research Questions 1. Factor – Isolating Questions Factor – Isolating questions are also called factor naming questions. They isolate, categorize, describe, or name factors and situations. (What is this?) 2. Factor – Relating Questions In factor – relating questions, these determine the relationships among factors identified in the problem. These are usually the questions raise for non-experimental study. (What is happening here?) 3. Situation – Relating Questions: The hypothesis testing or experimental designs are usually applied. The researchers manipulate the variables to find out what will happen. (What will happen if….?) 4. Situation – Producing Questions: These questions require a proposed output. It suggests developmental and action plans where the researchers have to establish areas for proposals of plans to achieve the goals – to solve problems. (How can I make it happen?)