Practical Research 1 Discussion Grade 12 PDF

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 GRADE 12  LET’S STIMULATE! Directions: Complete the concept map by writing words associated with the middle word. RESEARCH Goals  WHAT IS RESEARCH? Etymologically, research came from “re” and “se...

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 GRADE 12  LET’S STIMULATE! Directions: Complete the concept map by writing words associated with the middle word. RESEARCH Goals  WHAT IS RESEARCH? Etymologically, research came from “re” and “search”. "Re" is a prefix that means again and “search” is a word which means to look for. Therefore, research is to look for something (Chapman 1979).  THERE ARE TWO (2) THINGS THAT WE NEED TO TAKE NOTE First, research is not only about the discovery of something unknown, it is coming up with a new explanation of something that is known. Second, research is a process. It is a process of searching for something to solve an existing problem or difficulty to solve.  RESEARCH Research is an organized investigation and study of materials and sources to create facts and reach new inferences. Research has come up with developing appropriate solutions to improve the individual’s quality of life. Although it may take place in a different setting and may use different methods, scientific research is universally a systematic and objective search for reliable knowledge (Walker, 2010).  Research is a verified approach to thinking and employing legalized instruments and steps to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem that is otherwise impossible to address under ordinary means (Crawford, as cited by Alcantara & Espina, 1995). In most cases, research helps society to answer the WHAT and HOW questions. It must be a proper investigation and should reach a valid conclusion that would facilitate the Theoretical finding of answers to the questions. Some of these questions are: How can research affect society? What is the impact of research on daily life?  The process of discovering new knowledge is known as research. The National Academy of Sciences defines research as "a systematic investigation (i.e., the gathering and analysis of information) designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge." The goal of research is to "extend human knowledge of the physical, biological, or social world beyond what is already known." Research differs from other forms of discovering knowledge (such as reading a book) because it employs a systematic process known as the Scrutiny Process.  IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE Fostering critical thinking and analytical skills through hands-on learning. The research aims for truth. Research improves the quality of human life. Research saves a life. Research gathers the necessary information. Research explores humanity.  RESEARCH CAN BE CATEGORIZED INTO TWO: 1.Basic Research: This is the type of research that is a purely direct application but increases the nature of understanding about the problem. It develops the scientific theories to be more understandable to the readers. 2.Applied Research: It is a type of research that needs an answer to a specific question. It provides solutions and validation to apply to the real setting.  INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY 1 DIRECTIONS: In your own words, complete the sentence below. (Write your answers on ¼ sheet of paper) 5pts. Research is ____________________________.  INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY 2 Directions: Give at least five (5) importance of research and explain it. 10pts 1.______________________________________ 2.______________________________________  ASSIGNMENT Directions: Arrange the scrambled words properly to form a logical sentence. (10pts) 1. answer to a specific question is a type of research applied research that needs 2. is a type of research that is purely direct application but expanding the nature of understanding basic research.  CORRECT ANSWERS: 1. Applied Research is a type of research that needs answer to a specific question. 2. Basic Research is a type of research that is purely Discussion direct application, but expanding the nature of understanding. “IF WE KNEW WHAT IT WAS, WE WERE DOING, IT WOULD NOT BE CALLED RESEARCH, WOULD IT?” Albert Einstein  LET’S STIMULATE! Directions: Read the statements below that describe each sentence and find the answers on the box that are diagonally, horizontally, and vertically. 1. It is a systematic investigation with its purpose to establish facts and conclusions. 2. It develops the scientific theories to be more understandable to the readers. 3. It is a type of research that needs answers to a specific question.  LET’S STIMULATE! Directions: Write possible steps/processes in the given situations below. 1. How to impress someone. a. b. c. 2. How to go to NSDGA Greenheights Campus. a. b.  CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH Prieto, et.al. (2017) stated that the following are the major characteristics of research: 1.EMPIRICAL- Is based on observations and experiments of theories. 2.SYSTEMATIC- Follows orderly and sequential procedures, based on valid procedures and principles. 3.CONTROLLED- In research, all variables, except those that are tested/experimented on, are kept constant.  CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS- Refers to a search for facts, answers to questions and solutions to problems. 5. ANALYTICAL- Shows analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and or case study. It is done critically.  CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 6. OBJECTIVE- It is unbiased and logical. All findings are logically based on real-life situations. 7.ORIGINAL WORK- It requires its own examination and produces the data needed to complete the study.  PROCESS OF RESEARCH Prieto, et.al. (2017) also added that the following are involved in the Research Processes: 1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM: What is the problem? 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: What evidence is already presented? 3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS: How are we going to find/look for the answer to questions being studied?  PROCESS OF RESEARCH 4. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be shown and with what population? 5. COLLECTING DATA: Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find the data? 6. ANALYZING DATA: How do the data answer the research queries? 7. INTERPRET AND REPORT: What are the implications of the results?  ACCORDING TO RESNIK, 2007, ETHICAL NORMS ARE SIGNIFICANT IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH STUDIES AS EXPLAINED IN THE FOLLOWING: First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility. It also fosters values that are essential to collaborative work. Second, ethical norms help individuals to be accountable in every act that the researcher/s undertake.  ACCORDING TO RESNIK, 2007, ETHICAL NORMS ARE SIGNIFICANT IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH STUDIES AS EXPLAINED IN THE FOLLOWING: Third, ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public. Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public awareness. This can be evaluated by the researcher before conducting the study because this may help a certain population in an area once the study is completed.  ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH, RESNIK, 2007 Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a research, you will follow codes and policies for research: 1. Honesty - Maintain all communication. Data should not be faked. 2. Objectivity- Avoid biases in experimental designs, data analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and other aspects of research. 3. Integrity- Keep your promises and agreements.  ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH, RESNIK, 2007 4. Carefulness- Avoid careless errors and negligence. 5. Openness- Share data, results, ideas and tools. Be open to criticism and new ideas. 6. Confidentiality- Protect confidential communication. 7. Responsible Publication- Avoid duplicating publications. 8. Responsible Mentoring- Help to educate, mentor, and advise others.  ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH, RESNIK, 2007 9. Respect Colleagues- Treat all peers fairly. 10. Social Responsibility- Strive to promote social good. Avoid social harm. 11. Non-Discrimination- avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, races, ethnicity, and or others. 12. Legality- Be informed and obey relevant laws and institutional governmental policies.  ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH, RESNIK, 2007 13. Respect of Intellectual Property- Give proper acknowledgment or credits to all researchers. 14. Human Subject- Minimize risks that involve human lives, dignity, and privacy.  ACTIVITY Directions: Match the characteristics of a research from Column A to Column B and write your answer in Column C.  TASK 1 Directions: Answer the following questions using YES or NO. 1. Research starts with a problem and always ends with an answer. 2. Research utilizes proven logical process in gathering the data. 3. Research replicates to arrive at valid and conclusive results. 4. Research is conducted in a organized manner with bias. 5. Research utilizes historical and experimental procedures.  TASK 1 Directions: Answer the following questions using YES or NO. 6. Research is said to be critical if it exhibits cautious judgement. 7. Research is based on invalid procedures and principles. 8. Research is not based on observation by the researcher. 9. The research process begins with a very broad idea of a topic. 10. The purpose of research is not to inform action.  ASSIGNMENT Directions: If given a chance to research about your favorite food during your lunch break in school, what characteristic would you choose? Explain your choice. 10points YOUR ANSWER:____________________________. YOUR ANSWER:____________________________.  “I AM FULLY AWARE THAT EVERYBODY HAS A RIGHT TO SUCCEED, AND SUCCESS SHOULD BE WITH ETHICS.” Sharad Pawar  LET’S STIMULATE Directions: Distinguish the difference between the two panels. After that, answer to following questions.  LET’S STIMULATE 1. What have you noticed on the two panels? 2. What do you know about the said methods?  Quantitative and Qualitative Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017) There are two broad categories of research methodology: quantitative research and qualitative research. The method to be used in conducting research will determine the approach the researcher takes in identifying relevant data and collecting and analyzing the information gathered in the research. Choosing either a quantitative or qualitative approach will affect the components of the research.  Quantitative and Qualitative Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017) For instance, a researcher may decide to undertake scientific research. If he/she takes a quantitative approach, he/she will use statistical data to explain the phenomenon. On the other hand, if the researcher chooses a qualitative approach, the goal of the study will be to discuss and analyze the underlying concepts and theories related to the research topic.  What is Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research? Qualitative – is defined as the “naturalistic method of research which deals with the concern of human difficulty by discovering it straightly.” (Beck, 2004). It is concerned with the individual's experiences, understanding, and words.  What is Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research? Quantitative – is a positivist scientific method that refers to a general set of orderly discipline procedures to acquire information (Beck, 2004). Mostly, it is concerned with numbers and measurement.  Study the following table cited by Cristobal & Cristobal (2017) from the Social Science Research Extension Institute (SSREI), University of the Philippines (UP)-Baguio (2009). Generally, quantitative and qualitative research differ in the type of data they produce. The former dwells on the collection of numerical data analyzed by statistical analysis, while the latter deals with descriptive, in- depth, and holistic data analyzed by summarizing, categorizing, and interpreting. On this note, you need to use quantitative research to confirm or test a theory or hypothesis and use qualitative research to understand concepts, thoughts, and experiences. Here is a simple example on how you can apply two methods differently on the same research question, “How satisfied are students with their studies?” In quantitative research, you may survey 250 students at your school and ask them a question, “On a scale from 1-5, how satisfied are you with your studies?” Then, you can perform statistical analysis on the data and conclude such as: “On average, students rated their studies 4.1”. In qualitative research, you may conduct in-depth interviews with 15 students and ask them open-ended questions such as: “How satisfied are you with your studies?”, “What is the most positive aspect of your study program?”, and “What can be done to improve the study program?” Based on their answers, you can ask follow-up questions to clarify things. Furthermore, you can transcribe all interviews and try to find patterns and commonalities.  ACTIVITY 4 Directions: Construct a Venn Diagram about Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Qualitative Quantitative  ACTIVITY 4 Directions: Read and analyze the following concepts. Then, categorize them into what type of research method they belong to. Use the given table below and accomplish it on ½ crosswise. 1.The researcher is an objective observer. 2.There is one concrete reality being governed by unchanging natural laws that can explain any given phenomenon. 3.The researcher is part of the context and intrinsically linked to the findings. 4.Concerns of bias are not part of research because the researcher is transparent. 5.There is one true reality regardless of context.  ACTIVITY 4 6. A phenomenon can be understood by studying its component parts. 7. Conditions must be carefully controlled to prevent unwanted influences. 8. Reality is context-specific. 9. A phenomenon can be understood only when studied as a whole. 10. Reality is socially and experientially constructed – resulting in multiple realities of a phenomenon. “Qualitative research allows for richer, more insightful results, especially when researching what people think and feel.” -Anonymous Duck Directions: Analyze the given topics and use the Venn Diagram below. Categorize them according to the most appropriate research design to be used. Kinds of Research Across the Field  The Descriptive Method Descriptive research describes the phenomena being studied. It addresses the “what” question. Data are gathered and descriptive statistics are then used to analyze such data. Thus, descriptive research considers one variable at a time (i.e., univariate analysis), and is typically the entry- level type of research in a new area of inquiry. It typically describes what appears to be happening and what the important variables seem to be.  Examples: 1. Is Food Intake Associated with Pre-Adolescent Obesity? : An Observational Study in Metro Manila, Philippines. 2. Water Pollution Control - A Guide to the Use of Water Quality Management Principles: A Case Study of the Pasig River 3. Language Learning Strategies of Students at Different Levels of Speaking Proficiency 4. A Survey on the Filipino’s Acceptance of the K to 12 curriculums.  The Correlational Research Correlational research determines the relations among two or more variables. Data are gathered from multiple variables and correlational statistical techniques are then applied to the data. Thus, correlational research is a bit more complicated than descriptive research; after the important variable have been identified, the relations among those variables are investigated.  The Correlational Research Correlational research investigates a range of factors, including the nature of the relationship between two or more variables and the theoretical model that might be developed and tested to explain these resulting correlations. Correlation does not imply causation. Thus, correlational research can only enable the researcher to make weak causal inferences at best. Correlational research can be bivariate, meaning two variables in which one variable is known as an independent variable (or input variable) and the second variable as a dependent variable (or outcome variable). Bivariate correlations provide information about both the strength of the relationship, from no correlation to perfectly correlated.  Examples: 1. A Correlational Study On Parental Attachment And Spiritual Development Of College Students 2. Correlation Study: The Effect Of Student-teacher Rapport On High School Student Performance Rate 3. Leadership Trust in Virtual Teams Using Communication Tools: A Quantitative Correlational Study  The Experimental Method In experimental research, the researcher manipulates one or more independent or grouping variables, (e.g., by comparing treatment conditions, such as an intervention group vs. a control group) and then observes the impact of that manipulation on one or more dependent or outcome variables (e.g., student achievement or motivation). The statistical method of analysis is typically some form of the analysis of variance.  The Experimental Method Experimental research includes (a) true experiments (in which individuals are randomly assigned to conditions or groups, such as method of instruction or counseling) and (b) quasi-experiments (in which individuals cannot be randomly assigned as they are already in a condition or group, such as gender, socioeconomic status or classroom). The basic question to be posed in experimental research concerns what extent a particular intervention causes a particular outcome. Thus, experimental studies are those in which strong causal inferences are most likely to be drawn.  Examples: 1.“Effects of Cognitive Overweight Status and Food Motives on Food Choice: Implications for Public Policy and Marketing” 2.An Experimental Study on the Effectiveness of Multimedia in College English Teaching 3.The Development of An Interactive E-Module with The Self-Reinforcing Character for Elementary School Students 4.Contribution of Geographic Education in Growing Students’ Character of Environment  The Historical Research The historical method is employed by researchers who are interested in reporting events and/or conditions that occurred in the past. This is for the purpose of establishing facts in order to arrive at conclusions concerning part events or predict future events.  Examples: 1.Young Adult Literature: From Romance to Realism 2.Children's Literature: A Reader’s History, from Aesop to Harry Potter 3.Historical Research in Social Work – Theory and Practice 4."The population wants to be completely free from the Spanish yoke": a case of Sephardic Jewish anticolonial solidarity from the Ottoman Empire during the wars of Philippine independence (1896- 1899)  The Market Research Market research is any organized effort to gather information about target markets or customers. Market research provides important information to identify and analyze customer satisfaction, market needs, market size, and competition. Market research, which includes social and opinion research, is the systematic gathering and interpretation of information about individuals or organizations using statistical and analytical methods and techniques of the applied social sciences to gain insight or support decision-making.  Feasibility Study A feasibility study is an analysis of the ability to complete a project successfully, taking into account legal, economic, technical, scheduling, marketing, environmental, and other factors. Rather than just diving into a project and hoping for the best, a feasibility study allows project managers to investigate the possible negative and positive outcomes of a project before investing too much time and money. “Research can be undertaken in any kind of environment. As long as you have the interest. I believe that true education means fostering the ability to be interested in something.” - Sumio Iljima  LET’S STIMULATE Directions: Decipher the following numbers into words using Number Substitution Cypher to be able to fill the blanks. Kinds and Characteristics of Research  KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH In conducting a qualitative type of research on different fields such as business, education, medicine, etc., there are six (6) widely used qualitative research kinds namely: (1) phenomenological; (2) ethnographic; (3) grounded theory; (4) case study; (5) historical; and (6) narrative.  Phenomenological Research This kind of qualitative research focuses on subjective lived experiences of the participants in order to understand phenomenon. Here, the researcher is concerned with the feelings of the participants regarding a particular event or activity, hence, the uniqueness of their lived situations can be described. Interview is the common instrument used for its data collection with the suggested sample size ranging from 5 to 25.  Examples A researcher aims to determine the challenges and coping mechanisms of senior high school working students in the second district of Bataan. A researcher aims to explain the lived experiences of the COVID-19 survivors in the province of Bataan.  Ethnographic Research It is a kind of qualitative research which concentrates on the study of a group of people in a particular environment. To characterize behaviors, cultures, challenges, and possible occurring themes, the researcher is required to engage himself/herself with the participants through immersion in an extended period of time. Observation, along with the use of interview and survey, is an essential instrument for this type of study.  Examples: A researcher seeks to determine the cultural practices and healthcare beliefs of the ethnic group living in Bataan province. A researcher seeks to characterize the survival strategies of families in an urban poor community.  Case Study Research A case study is an in-depth study of one person, group, or event. In a case study, nearly every aspect of the subject's life and history is analyzed to seek patterns and causes of behavior. Case studies can be used in a variety of fields including psychology, medicine, education, anthropology, political science, and social work.  Examples: A researcher aims to explain the causes of the reading difficulty of a grade 5 struggling reader A researcher aims to describe the language challenges of hearing-impaired students in a SPED class.  Examples: A researcher aims to explain the causes of the reading difficulty of a grade 5 struggling reader A researcher aims to describe the language challenges of hearing-impaired students in a SPED class.  Grounded Theory Research This kind of qualitative research intends to explain a phenomenon through developing a theory. Compared with phenomenological study that primarily describes lived experiences, grounded theory aims to provide explanation and theory behind those lived experiences. Interview and supporting documents are the commonly used data collection instrument for its participants approximately ranging from 20 to 30 or until data achieve saturation.  Examples: A researcher attempts to conceptualize the breast cancer survivorship process among Bataeños. A researcher attempts to generate a theory of defense mechanisms of students who experience school bullying.  Historical Research This qualitative research kind is concerned with the identification, evaluation, and synthesis of past event data. Further, it aims to understand present patterns and to anticipate future choices through clearly relating the past event data which are obtained from sources such as documents, relics and artifacts, and oral reports.  In doing so, researchers rely heavily on primary historical data (direct accounts of events, archival data official documents, personal records, and records of eyewitnesses) and less frequently on secondary historical data (information from persons who didn't witness the event; e.g. textbooks, newspapers, encyclopedias)  Examples: A researcher attempts to explore the nature and context of the political leadership of Bataan governors. A researcher seeks to explore the development in the courtship letter writing style among Bataeños.  CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 1. Qualitative research is naturalistic A study to be conducted by the researcher should be based on real-life situations. Likewise, the researcher should also unfold the study naturally, that is, the findings are derived from the analysis of authentic data gathered from the participants.  2. Qualitative research is purposeful In conducting a qualitative type of study, the researcher should select the participants in a purposive manner, that is, they will be selected because they either have easy access to the information needed or simply have the knowledge to provide a great deal of information needed to the study. Hence, these participants are called “information rich” in the context of research.  3. Qualitative research is detailed A thick description of gathered data from the participants makes this type of study a detailed one. It is important that the researcher should capture the direct quotations of the responses of the participant/s from the conducted interview or observation.  4. Qualitative research requires engagement and neutrality Direct contact with the people, situation, and phenomenon under investigation should be established by the researcher. Immersing oneself would enable the researcher to acquire personal experiences and insights which are essential to better understand the phenomenon. Further, the researcher should also be neutral in the responses and observations he/she may get while engaging with the participant/s. The researcher should likewise show openness, sensitivity, and respect.  5. Qualitative research follows an inductive procedure As the researcher immerses himself/herself in the phenomenon under investigation, specific details and data will be gathered from the target participant/s. These data then can be used to discover emerging patterns and themes. Following an inductive procedure, the researcher will start from exploring the phenomenon and will end to confirming findings of the works. 6. Qualitative research is viewed in a holistic perspective A study in a qualitative type cannot be simply done in a linear and cause and effect relationship approach. Rather, it requires the researcher to view the whole phenomenon under investigation in a complex system, that is, different variables can either cause or effect the phenomenon. STRENGHT AND WEAKNESSES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH  Strengths: 1. Qualitative research complements quantitative data Interview and observation are the common instruments used in the conduct of a qualitative study. Such instruments can provide qualitative data that can be utilized as a support for any quantitative data appearing in a study, hence, a more reliable result will be ensured.  2. Qualitative research provides more detailed information to explain complex issues Since this type of research study requires the researcher to immerse himself/herself in the phenomenon under investigation, direct experiences can be acquired. Similarly, considering “information rich” participant/s, as well as utilizing interview and observation as qualitative research instruments, may enable the researcher to gather more accurate data needed in explaining a complex phenomenon.  3. Qualitative research is cost efficient Small number of participants is usually considered in qualitative research. Hence, less resources will be needed to accomplish the study. Likewise, interview schedule and observation checklist as qualitative research tools demand the researcher to spend less resources unlike questionnaires as a primary tool utilized in quantitative research.  Weaknesses: 1. Qualitative research cannot generalize the findings to the study population The use of a small number of participants in qualitative research may result in limited responses. Thus, findings of the study might not be possibly generalized to a larger population. Replication of the study is often suggested. 2. Qualitative research is more difficult to analyze Unlike quantitative research which deals with numeric data and can be interpreted through statistical formula, qualitative research presents non-numeric data which are all based on the subjective responses of the participants. If data are not critically analyzed and carefully interpreted, results may become biased and even less credible.  3. Qualitative research is time consuming Though qualitative research utilizes a small number of participants, this, however, demands the researcher to spend more time in dealing and engaging with them. Similarly, the analysis and interpretation phase of the study also requires the researcher to take more time in observing the emerging patterns and themes derived from participants’ provided data. THANK YOU