Practical II Practice Exam Quizgecko Questions PDF

Summary

This document contains 50 multiple choice questions on renal physiology, covering topics such as the effects of hormones on urine volume, functions of different renal structures, and acid-base balance in the body.

Full Transcript

**1. Which condition leads to an increase in extracellular fluid volume (ECF)?** - A) Excessive salt intake - B) Diarrhea - C) Adrenal insufficiency - D) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) Correct Answer: A **2. How does the addition of aldosterone affect potassium concentr...

**1. Which condition leads to an increase in extracellular fluid volume (ECF)?** - A) Excessive salt intake - B) Diarrhea - C) Adrenal insufficiency - D) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) Correct Answer: A **2. How does the addition of aldosterone affect potassium concentration in urine?** - A) Increases concentration - B) Decreases concentration - C) No effect - D) Only affects sodium reabsorption Correct Answer: A **3. Which of the following accurately describes the role of ADH in the kidney?** - A) Increases sodium reabsorption - B) Increases water reabsorption in distal tubules and collecting ducts - C) Decreases potassium reabsorption - D) Increases urine volume Correct Answer: B **4. What effect does decreasing the efferent arteriole radius have on GFR?** - A) Increases GFR - B) Decreases GFR - C) No effect - D) Variable effect based on blood pressure Correct Answer: A **5. In a hyperventilation experiment, what is the expected change in blood pH?** - A) Decrease due to increased CO2 - B) Increase due to decreased CO2 - C) No change - D) Fluctuates between increase and decrease Correct Answer: B **6. What is the function of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?** - A) Regulates blood pH by controlling H+ ion concentration - B) Removes CO2 from the bloodstream - C) Absorbs excess sodium ions - D) Prevents protein denaturation Correct Answer: A **7. What is the likely blood type of a person whose serum shows agglutination with anti-A but not with anti-B or anti-Rh serum?** - A) Type A, Rh+ - B) Type B, Rh- - C) Type A, Rh- - D) Type AB, Rh+ Correct Answer: C **8. What occurs when the body is exposed to a hypertonic IV solution?** - A) Cells swell due to water influx - B) Cells shrink due to water efflux - C) No change in cell size - D) Increased intracellular fluid volume Correct Answer: B **9. Which metabolic disorder is characterized by a decrease in bicarbonate levels in the blood?** - A) Respiratory acidosis - B) Metabolic acidosis - C) Respiratory alkalosis - D) Metabolic alkalosis Correct Answer: B **10. Which of the following increases during exercise in a conditioned athlete compared to a sedentary individual?** - A) Tidal volume - B) Expiratory reserve volume - C) Vital capacity - D) All of the above Correct Answer: D **11. How is glucose reabsorbed in the nephron?** - A) Primary active transport in the collecting duct - B) Simple diffusion in the distal convoluted tubule - C) Secondary active transport in the proximal convoluted tubule - D) Facilitated diffusion in the loop of Henle Correct Answer: C **12. What happens to urine volume if ADH secretion is inhibited?** - A) Increases due to decreased water reabsorption - B) Decreases due to increased water reabsorption - C) Remains unchanged - D) Increases due to increased sodium reabsorption Correct Answer: A **13. What is the major determinant for the release of aldosterone?** - A) Blood potassium levels - B) Blood sodium levels - C) Blood pressure - D) Blood glucose levels Correct Answer: A **14. Where is aldosterone produced?** - A) Anterior pituitary gland - B) Adrenal cortex - C) Kidney cortex - D) Hypothalamus Correct Answer: B **15. During rebreathing, what happens to blood pCO2 and pH levels?** - A) pCO2 decreases, pH increases - B) pCO2 increases, pH decreases - C) Both pCO2 and pH increase - D) Both pCO2 and pH decrease Correct Answer: B **16. What would be the expected result if a patient with Type I diabetes mellitus was not administered insulin?** - A) Low blood glucose levels - B) No change in blood glucose levels - C) Elevated blood glucose levels - D) Elevated blood insulin levels Correct Answer: C **17. What is the main function of the renal corpuscle?** - A) Filtration of blood to form urine - B) Reabsorption of water and electrolytes - C) Secretion of hormones - D) Regulation of blood pressure Correct Answer: A **18. How is solute reabsorption in the nephron related to water reabsorption?** - A) Independent processes - B) Solute reabsorption drives water reabsorption - C) Water reabsorption inhibits solute reabsorption - D) Water reabsorption increases solute reabsorption Correct Answer: B **19. What is the primary effect of increasing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla?** - A) Increased urine volume - B) Decreased urine volume - C) Increased urine solute concentration - D) Decreased urine solute concentration Correct Answer: C **20. What happens to GFR when blood pressure increases?** - A) GFR decreases - B) GFR increases - C) GFR remains unchanged - D) GFR fluctuates irregularly Correct Answer: B **21. Which hormone has a greater effect on urine volume: ADH or aldosterone?** - A) ADH - B) Aldosterone - C) Both have equal effects - D) Neither affects urine volume Correct Answer: A **22. How does the body compensate for respiratory acidosis?** - A) Increase in blood bicarbonate - B) Decrease in blood bicarbonate - C) Increase in CO2 exhalation - D) Increase in renal bicarbonate secretion Correct Answer: A **23. What is the effect of hypertonic IV fluid administration on intracellular fluid volume?** - A) Increases due to water movement into cells - B) Decreases due to water movement out of cells - C) No effect on intracellular fluid volume - D) Depends on the type of solute in the IV fluid Correct Answer: B **24. What characterizes the condition of metabolic alkalosis?** - A) Elevated blood pH due to decreased bicarbonate - B) Elevated blood pH due to increased bicarbonate - C) Decreased blood pH due to increased CO2 - D) Decreased blood pH due to increased H+ Correct Answer: B **25. How does a decrease in afferent arteriole radius affect GFR?** - A) Increases GFR - B) Decreases GFR - C) No effect on GFR - D) Increases GFR only if blood pressure is high Correct Answer: B **26. What is the main buffer system in the extracellular fluid?** - A) Phosphate buffer system - B) Protein buffer system - C) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - D) Hemoglobin buffer system Correct Answer: C **27. In a blood transfusion, what is the most critical factor to consider?** - A) Donor's antigen type - B) Recipient's antibodies in plasma - C) Donor's blood type - D) Recipient's Rh factor Correct Answer: B **28. What does a high specific gravity in urine indicate?** - A) Low urine concentration - B) High urine concentration - C) High water intake - D) Decreased kidney function Correct Answer: B **29. How does aldosterone regulate blood pressure?** - A) Increases sodium excretion - B) Decreases potassium excretion - C) Increases sodium reabsorption - D) Decreases water reabsorption Correct Answer: C **30. What are agglutinins?** - A) Antigens on red blood cells - B) Antibodies in plasma - C) Hormones that regulate blood pressure - D) Enzymes involved in metabolism Correct Answer: B **31. What occurs in diabetic ketoacidosis?** - A) Decrease in blood glucose levels - B) Increase in blood ketone levels - C) Increase in insulin sensitivity - D) Decrease in urine output Correct Answer: B **32. Where is ADH produced?** - A) Adrenal cortex - B) Posterior pituitary - C) Hypothalamus - D) Anterior pituitary Correct Answer: C **33. How does water reabsorption in the nephron occur?** - A) Passive diffusion through aquaporins - B) Active transport against the concentration gradient - C) Facilitated diffusion through ion channels - D) Active transport coupled with sodium reabsorption Correct Answer: A **34. Which ion's concentration primarily determines extracellular fluid volume?** - A) Potassium B) Calcium - C) Sodium - D) Chloride Correct Answer: C **35. What is the expected outcome when the body compensates for metabolic acidosis?** - A) Increase in blood pH - B) Decrease in blood pH - C) No change in blood pH - D) Increase in blood CO2 Correct Answer: A Here are 20 additional questions based on the content from the "Practical Review 3.pdf" document: **36. What is the primary effect of aldosterone on sodium balance in the body?** - A) Increases sodium secretion in the urine - B) Increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys - C) Decreases sodium reabsorption in the intestines - D) Decreases sodium concentration in sweat Correct Answer: B **37. Which of the following is a major symptom of hyperosmotic volume contraction?** - A) Increased blood pressure - B) Decreased blood osmolarity - C) Dehydration and hypernatremia - D) Increased ECF volume Correct Answer: C **38. During respiratory alkalosis, what happens to blood pH and PCO2?** - A) pH decreases, PCO2 decreases - B) pH increases, PCO2 decreases - C) pH decreases, PCO2 increases - D) pH increases, PCO2 increases Correct Answer: B **39. What causes metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease?** - A) Increased renal reabsorption of HCO3- - B) Decreased renal excretion of H+ - C) Increased production of CO2 - D) Decreased production of lactic acid Correct Answer: B **40. What role does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system play in the ECF?** - A) Buffers changes in plasma sodium concentration - B) Maintains osmotic pressure - C) Buffers changes in blood pH - D) Regulates potassium levels Correct Answer: C **41. In the context of fluid compartments, what does a decrease in intracellular fluid (ICF) volume typically indicate?** - A) Iso-osmotic fluid loss - B) Increased osmolarity in the ICF - C) Fluid movement into the extracellular fluid (ECF) - D) Excessive water intake Correct Answer: C **42. What is a key characteristic of hypo-osmotic volume expansion?** - A) Decreased ECF osmolarity - B) Increased ECF osmolarity - C) Decreased ICF volume - D) Increased urine output Correct Answer: A **43. Which condition might lead to hypo-osmotic volume contraction?** - A) Sweating in a desert - B) Excessive intake of isotonic saline - C) Adrenal insufficiency - D) High sodium diet Correct Answer: C **44. What is the effect of ADH on the nephron's permeability to water?** - A) Decreases permeability - B) Increases permeability in the proximal tubule - C) Increases permeability in the collecting ducts - D) No effect on permeability Correct Answer: C **45. How does angiotensin II affect the efferent arterioles in the kidney?** - A) Dilates the efferent arterioles - B) Constricts the efferent arterioles - C) Decreases blood flow through the efferent arterioles - D) Has no effect on the efferent arterioles Correct Answer: B **46. Which of the following is true regarding iso-osmotic volume expansion?** - A) It results from the intake of hypertonic solutions - B) It leads to an increase in both ECF and ICF osmolarity - C) It involves the intake of isotonic saline, increasing ECF volume - D) It causes fluid to move from the ECF to the ICF Correct Answer: C **47. How does the kidney respond to metabolic acidosis?** - A) Increases reabsorption of H+ - B) Increases excretion of HCO3- - C) Increases reabsorption of HCO3- - D) Decreases production of NH3 Correct Answer: C **48. What is the primary stimulus for ADH release?** - A) High blood pressure - B) Low plasma osmolarity - C) High plasma osmolarity - D) High blood glucose Correct Answer: C **49. What is the expected outcome when the afferent arteriole dilates?** - A) Decrease in GFR - B) Increase in GFR - C) No change in GFR - D) Decrease in renal blood flow Correct Answer: B **50. Which type of acid-base imbalance is characterized by elevated HCO3- levels?** - A) Metabolic acidosis - B) Respiratory acidosis - C) Metabolic alkalosis - D) Respiratory alkalosis Correct Answer: C **51. How is metabolic alkalosis compensated for by the respiratory system?** - A) Hyperventilation - B) Hypoventilation - C) Increased H+ secretion - D) Increased HCO3- reabsorption Correct Answer: B **52. What is the main component of the glomerular filtration barrier that prevents large proteins from being filtered?** - A) Glomerular basement membrane - B) Podocytes - C) Endothelial cells - D) Mesangial cells Correct Answer: A **53. During hyperosmotic volume expansion, what is the body's response?** - A) Decreased ADH release - B) Increased ADH release - C) Decreased thirst sensation - D) Increased aldosterone secretion Correct Answer: B **54. Which of the following describes the effect of decreased efferent arteriole resistance on GFR?** - A) Decreases GFR due to decreased filtration pressure - B) Increases GFR due to increased filtration pressure - C) No effect on GFR - D) Increases renal blood flow without affecting GFR Correct Answer: A **55. What is the effect of the renal compensation mechanism in respiratory acidosis?** - A) Decreases H+ excretion - B) Increases HCO3- reabsorption - C) Decreases NH3 production - D) Increases renal blood flow Correct Answer: B **1. During iso-osmotic volume contraction, such as in diarrhea, what happens to the ECF volume and osmolarity?** - A) ECF volume decreases, ECF osmolarity increases - B) ECF volume decreases, ECF osmolarity remains constant - C) ECF volume increases, ECF osmolarity decreases - D) ECF volume remains constant, ECF osmolarity increases Correct Answer: B **2. What is the effect of hyperosmotic volume contraction, as seen in sweating in a desert?** - A) ECF volume decreases, water moves from ICF to ECF - B) ECF volume increases, water moves from ECF to ICF - C) ECF osmolarity decreases, volume increases - D) ECF and ICF volumes increase Correct Answer: A **3. Which condition results from hypo-osmotic volume contraction, such as adrenal insufficiency?** - A) Decreased aldosterone leads to more NaCl reabsorption - B) Increased aldosterone leads to more NaCl secretion - C) ECF osmolarity decreases, water moves into the ICF - D) ECF volume increases, ICF volume decreases Correct Answer: C **4. In the case of excessive NaCl intake, which type of volume change occurs?** - A) Iso-osmotic volume expansion - B) Hypo-osmotic volume expansion - C) Hyperosmotic volume expansion - D) Hyperosmotic volume contraction Correct Answer: C **5. How does ADH influence water reabsorption in the kidneys?** - A) It decreases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts - B) It increases water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins in the DCT and collecting ducts - C) It increases sodium reabsorption, indirectly reducing water reabsorption - D) It reduces the permeability of the collecting ducts to water Correct Answer: B **6. What role does aldosterone play in renal physiology?** - A) Decreases potassium reabsorption - B) Increases sodium and water reabsorption - C) Decreases sodium reabsorption - D) Increases water excretion Correct Answer: B **7. Which of the following pressures contributes to the filtration pressure in the glomerulus?** - A) Glomerular hydrostatic pressure - B) Bowman's capsule osmotic pressure - C) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure - D) Efferent arteriole colloid pressure Correct Answer: A **8. What is the effect of decreasing the afferent arteriole radius on GFR?** - A) Increases GFR - B) Decreases GFR - C) No effect on GFR - D) Increases filtration pressure Correct Answer: B **9. What would you expect to happen during hyperventilation?** - A) Increased CO2 levels and decreased pH - B) Decreased CO2 levels and increased pH - C) Increased O2 levels and decreased pH - D) Decreased O2 levels and decreased pH Correct Answer: B **10. Which buffer system is most abundant in the body's cells and blood?** - A) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - B) Phosphate buffer system - C) Protein buffer system - D) Ammonia buffer system Correct Answer: C **11. Which condition is characterized by a decrease in HCO3- and pH, and compensatory hyperventilation?** - A) Metabolic acidosis - B) Respiratory acidosis - C) Metabolic alkalosis - D) Respiratory alkalosis Correct Answer: A **12. In the case of respiratory acidosis, what compensatory mechanism does the body employ?** - A) Decrease in renal H+ excretion - B) Increase in renal HCO3- reabsorption - C) Decrease in ventilation rate - D) Increase in lactic acid production Correct Answer: B **13. What changes occur in ECF and ICF compartments during hypo-osmotic volume expansion, such as with excessive distilled water intake?** - A) ECF osmolarity increases, ICF volume decreases - B) ECF volume increases, ICF osmolarity decreases - C) ECF volume decreases, ICF volume increases - D) ECF volume increases, ICF volume increases Correct Answer: D **14. In which location is ADH synthesized?** - A) Posterior pituitary gland - B) Anterior pituitary gland - C) Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus - D) Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex Correct Answer: C **15. What is the normal range for arterial blood pH?** - A) 7.35-7.45 - B) 7.25-7.35 - C) 7.45-7.55 - D) 7.15-7.25 Correct Answer: A **16. Which type of acid-base imbalance might occur at high altitudes due to increased ventilation?** - A) Metabolic acidosis - B) Respiratory alkalosis - C) Metabolic alkalosis - D) Respiratory acidosis Correct Answer: B **17. What is the result of aldosterone secretion in response to decreased ECF volume?** - A) Decreased sodium reabsorption - B) Increased potassium reabsorption - C) Increased sodium and water reabsorption - D) Decreased blood pressure Correct Answer: C **18. What effect does ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) have in the RAAS pathway?** - A) Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I - B) Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II - C) Directly increases aldosterone secretion - D) Inhibits renin release from the kidney Correct Answer: B **19. How does the body compensate for metabolic alkalosis?** - A) Hypoventilation - B) Hyperventilation - C) Increased renal excretion of HCO3- - D) Increased renal reabsorption of H+ Correct Answer: A **20. What is the major determinant for the release of ADH?** - A) Plasma sodium concentration - B) Plasma osmolarity - C) Blood pressure - D) Blood glucose levels Correct Answer: B **21. What is the expected outcome of iso-osmotic volume expansion, such as from the intake of isotonic saline?** - A) Increase in ECF osmolarity - B) Decrease in ECF volume - C) No change in osmolarity, increase in ECF volume - D) No change in ECF volume, increase in ICF volume Correct Answer: C **22. During respiratory alkalosis, what compensatory mechanism does the body employ?** - A) Renal retention of H+ - B) Renal excretion of HCO3- - C) Increase in ventilation rate - D) Decrease in ventilation rate Correct Answer: B **23. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of metabolic acidosis?** - A) Elevated blood HCO3- concentration - B) Decreased blood CO2 levels - C) Increased blood H+ concentration - D) Decreased blood K+ levels Correct Answer: C **24. What is the primary action of angiotensin II in the RAAS system?** - A) Vasodilation of afferent arterioles - B) Stimulation of renin release - C) Constriction of efferent arterioles - D) Inhibition of aldosterone secretion Correct Answer: C **25. In which buffer system does hemoglobin play a critical role?** - A) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - B) Phosphate buffer system - C) Protein buffer system - D) Ammonia buffer system Correct Answer: C **26. What is the consequence of decreased efferent arteriole radius on GFR?** - A) Increased GFR - B) Decreased GFR - C) No change in GFR - D) Decreased filtration pressure Correct Answer: A **27. Which condition can lead to respiratory acidosis?** - A) Anxiety-induced hyperventilation - B) Obstructive pulmonary diseases - C) Excessive vomiting - D) Ingestion of antacids Correct Answer: B **28. How does aldosterone affect potassium levels in the body?** - A) Increases potassium reabsorption - B) Decreases potassium secretion - C) Increases potassium secretion - D) Decreases potassium reabsorption Correct Answer: C **29. What is the primary function of aquaporins in the kidney?** - A) Reabsorption of sodium - B) Excretion of potassium - C) Facilitation of water reabsorption - D) Regulation of acid-base balance Correct Answer: C **30. Which hormone is released in response to increased plasma osmolarity?** - A) Aldosterone - B) Renin - C) ADH - D) Angiotensin II Correct Answer: C **31. What role does the phosphate buffer system play in the body?** - A) Regulates blood pH - B) Maintains plasma calcium levels - C) Buffers urine pH - D) Controls sodium balance Correct Answer: C **32. What is the physiological response to hypo-osmotic volume expansion, such as from excessive water intake?** - A) Increase in ADH secretion - B) Increase in aldosterone secretion - C) Decrease in ADH secretion - D) Decrease in aldosterone secretion Correct Answer: C **33. How does the body respond to metabolic alkalosis?** - A) Increase in renal H+ secretion - B) Decrease in ventilation rate - C) Increase in ventilation rate - D) Decrease in renal HCO3- excretion Correct Answer: B **34. Which laboratory measurement is used to clinically assess GFR?** - A) Serum creatinine levels - B) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - C) Urinary protein levels - D) Plasma osmolarity Correct Answer: A **35. How does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic acidosis?** - A) Increased renal H+ secretion - B) Increased HCO3- reabsorption - C) Increased ventilation rate - D) Decreased ventilation rate Correct Answer: C

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