Practical Research - Learning From Others and Reviewing the Literature - Holy Child College of Davao

HOLY CHILD COLLEGE OF DAVAO PRACTICAL RESEARCH TOPIC: 2 Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT  TOPIC OUTLINE Review of Research Hypothesi Related Framewor s Literature k Learning Comp...

HOLY CHILD COLLEGE OF DAVAO PRACTICAL RESEARCH TOPIC: 2 Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT  TOPIC OUTLINE Review of Research Hypothesi Related Framewor s Literature k Learning Competencies: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: illustrate and explain the research framework; list research hypothesis; and present a written review of related literature and conceptual framework.  HOLY CHILD COLLEGE OF DAVAO FOCUS: Research Framework SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT  RESEARCH FRAMEWORK A research framework illustrates the structure or blueprint of the research plan and helps the researcher formulate relevant research questions. It is classified as the theoretical and conceptual frameworks.  RESEARCH FRAMEWORK A theoretical framework is commonly used for studies that anchor on time-tested theories that relate the findings of the investigation to the underpinning relevant theory of knowledge. A conceptual framework refers to the actual ideas, beliefs, and tentative theories that specifically support the study. It is  RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Theoretical Conceptual Framework Framework focus on specific theory used focus on concepts related to your Content of Discussion already in the field study broader in sense, and applicable narrow/focused, and directly Range in different studies related to a specific study presents one or more theory at a may synthesize one or more Theories Presented time and specifically related to theories or concept related to the study current study theory is established before the a working concept during the Time Frame study time of study  CONCEPT MAP A concept map is a visual representation that helps show the relationship between ideas. It arranges related ideas in a hierarchy starting with the broad topic, followed by more specific sub-topics. It can take the form of charts, graphic organizers, tables, flowcharts, Venn Diagrams, etc.  CONCEPT MAP For research, properly representing your concepts can help readers visualize a comprehensive picture of your study. Through a concept map, you are developing your plan or blueprint so that you will be guided on the flow and direction of your research study. With these, you have to understand first the different  VARIABLES INDEPENDENT MODERATING VARIABLE VARIABLE DEPENDENT MEDIATING VARIABLE VARIABLE Independent Variable (IV) the “presumed cause” of the research problem the reason for any “change” or difference in a dependent variable can be purposely manipulated by the researcher the variable that is stable and unaffected by the other variables you are trying to measure Dependent Variable (DV) the “presumed effect” of the research problem usually the problem itself or the element being questioned the variable that depends on other factors that are measured and are affected by the independent variable Independent Variable Dependent Variable (IV) (DV) Academic Hours of Performance Study This sample indicates that hours of study (IV) a student spends affects their academic performance (DV). Moderating Variable an independent variable which influences the direction and the strength of the connection between independent and dependent variables IV interacts with Moderator, which makes the relationship of IV and DV stronger or weaker Moderating Variable Motivation Independent Variable Dependent Variable (IV) (DV) Academic Hours of Performance Study This sample indicates that a student’s motivation level could moderate how study hours affect academic performance. Mediating Variable a variable that describes the effect and influence of the relationship between the variables and what is controlling that relationship an integral part of the cause-effect relationship and helps us to understand the effects of the IV on the DV Mediating Variable Study Habits Independent Variable Dependent Variable (IV) (DV) Academic Hours of Performance Study As the student spends more time in studying, they may develop better study habits that lead to higher academic performance. COMMON EXAMPLES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IV - DV MODEL IPO MODEL INDEPENDENT VARIABLE - INPUT - PROCESS - DEPENDENT VARIABLE OUTPUT IV - DV Model Independent Variable Dependent Variable Hours of Academic Study Performance In this conceptual framework, the hours of study (IV) affects the academic performance (DV) of the a student. It is presumed that the more number of hours a student prepares for the exam, the higher would be the expected academic performance. IPO Model Input (IV) Process Output Socio-demographic Profile 1.Age 1.Profiling 2.Sex Proposed 2.Survey 3.Marital Status Intervention Questionnaire Program 3.Data Analysis Food Safety Profile 4.Knowledge 5.Attitude 6.Practices In this conceptual framework, the input is the IV. The process includes the tools and analyses in gathering the data, while the output is the outcome based on the results of the study.  HOLY CHILD COLLEGE OF DAVAO FOCUS: Hypothesis SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT  RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific and testable prediction of what you expect to happen with the variables in your study. It is also described as an “educated guess” of what possibly the result would be of your research, which should be  RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS TYPES OF Logical Hypothesis HYPOTHESIS Simple Hypothesis Statistical Hypothesis Complex Hypothesis Null Hypothesis Empirical Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis Simple Hypothesis It is a prediction of the relationship between two variables, showing the connection between one IV and one DV. Example: Increasing the number of hours spent studying (IV) will improve students' test scores (DV). Complex Hypothesis It expresses the relationship between two or more IVs and two or more DVs. Example: Increasing the number of hours spent studying (IV1) and attending tutoring sessions (IV2) will improve students' test scores (DV1) and overall course grades (DV2). Empirical Hypothesis It is also called as the “working hypothesis.” It comes to life when a theory is being put to test using observation and experiment, and it can be changed or replaced anytime as soon as it is no longer supported or accepted based on observation and experimentation being done. Example: Students who study for at least 15 hours a week will score 10% higher on their final exams compared to those who study for less than 5 hours a week. (In this hypothesis, number of hours or score may change depending on observation.) Logical Hypothesis It expresses an explanation with limited evidence that can be verified logically. It reflects a relationship of the variables which are anchored based on logical phenomena. Example: If a student reviews their notes daily, then their long-term retention of the material will improve. Statistical Hypothesis It is an analysis of a portion of a population, and can be verified statistically. Example: The mean test score of students who study in groups is significantly different from the mean test score of students who study alone. Null Hypothesis It is denoted with the symbol (H0), and it exists when you consider that there is NO relationship between the IV and DV, or that there is an insufficient amount of information to claim a scientific hypothesis. Example: There is no significant difference in test scores between students Alternative Hypothesis who study for 5 hours a week and those who study for 15 hours a week. It is denoted with the symbol (Ha), and is expressed to be tested in order to generate the desired output when the empirical or null hypothesis is not accepted. Example: Students who study for 15 hours a week will have significantly  RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS A hypothesis can be classified as directional or non-directional hypothesis. DIRECTIONAL This hypothesis relates the relationship between the variables and can also predict its nature, illustrating the direct association of the impact of IV with the DV. NON- This hypothesis is a premise that a relationship exists between two variables, DIRECTIONAL but the direction of the effect is not specifically determined.  ACTIVITY Given the following hypothesis, identify the type and direction which applies to each. HYPOTHESES TYPE DIRECTION The higher the unemployment rate, the higher the poverty and crime rate will be. Increase of food intake with high carbohydrate content daily leads to obesity. There is no relationship between the use of social media and attention span of students in school. Guidelines in formulating hypothesis: 1.Before writing your specific hypothesis, spend more time researching about the topic you are interested in. Focus on information and previous studies related to your topic. 2.Your IV and DV must be included in your hypothesis. 3.The relationships between your variables must be reflected in your hypothesis. 4.Your hypothesis should be as simple and specific as possible to avoid difficulty finding the answer to your question. 5.Your hypothesis should be concise and comprise clear and simple language for it to be easily understood. 6.Your hypothesis should be testable without violating ethical standards. 7.Your hypothesis must be falsifiable, which means that it can be  HOLY CHILD COLLEGE OF DAVAO FOCUS: Review of Related Literature SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT  REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Review of related literature is a compilation of studies related to a specific area of research. It evaluates, classifies and summarizes all the relevant previous studies conducted on a specified topic. It is also designed to justify your research by exposing the gaps of the previous studies. It forms a “picture” for the readers, providing a support and  REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE It plays a significant impact in the discussion of the results and findings. It is used only in the discussion as support, evidence, and further explanation for your study. In doing so, these are the three ways: 1.providing context as a foundation to develop your ideas 2.comparing your findings from other previous related Purpose of a Literature Review: 1.To discover the connection of your research to the existing body of knowledge and to the real-life situations. 2.To identify more theories or concepts as the foundation of your research study and to learn from them. 3.To determine the relationship of your research with previous research studies to prevent duplication and to acknowledge other researchers. 4.To acquire knowledge on the accuracy and significance of your research questions. 5.To acquaint yourself with the technical terminologies relevant to your study. 6.To determine possible gaps, conflicts, and open questions left from the other research which might help you in formulating and justifying your research ideas.  TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW Context Review Methodogical Review Historical Review Self-study Review Integrative Review Theoretical Review Context Review It is primarily focused on the content or contextual aspect of research. This type of review in which the researcher relates his or her study to a larger body of knowledge. Historical Review It is a specialized type of literature review in which the research organizes the related research according to the period of time it was conducted. It focuses on probing research in a specified field throughout a chronological order, which usually starts from the oldest period of time to the most recent studies. Integrative Review It is a common type of literature review, specially in social sciences, in which the researcher introduces and summarizes the recent knowledge of the study. It emphasizes the agreements and disagreements of knowledge among previous research. This is usually merged with a context review. Methodological Review It is a specialized type of literature review in which the researcher gathers, compares and contrasts other studies to the current research. It summarizes and evaluates the strengths and gaps in methodological aspects of various studies. Self-study Review It is a literature review in which the researcher demonstrates his or her understanding of a specific body of knowledge. It contains existing proof associated to a clearly stated research questions and uses standardized methods to determine and evaluate relevant Theoretical research. Review It is a literature review in which the researcher introduces several theories or concepts that are focused on a specific topic. It is particular on the theories and concepts being highlighted on other researches and compares to them to the current study.  SOURCES FOR A LITERATURE REVIEW Researchers must be acquainted with the three basic types of sources in doing a literature review: GENERAL REFERENCES These are sources in which a researcher refers to tract down other sources. PRIMARY These are publications in which a researcher accounts the findings of his or SOURCES her investigations. SECONDARY SOURCES These are publications in which a researcher considers the work of others.  WHERE TO FIND RRL? Books Government Documents Scholarly Journals Policy Reports Dissertations Periodicals Books Books convey many forms of information from a collection of research materials and materials. You can find citation information such as the title, author, date, and publisher in the catalog system. Scholarly Journals These are also referred to as academic journals or peer-reviewed journals. They are filled with articles that are written by scholars in the field and the researcher is always identified. List of the sources of the information like footnotes, endnotes, and bibliography is always included. Dissertations Dissertation is a final requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in which the student or researcher has to complete a work of original research Government Documents Most of the government agencies around the world support research undertakings and publish the findings of the study, and are kept at the government and some school libraries. However, they are rarely found in the catalog system. Policy Reports Policy papers are not like the typical research papers, as they are usually discussed to non-academic readers. They may initiate by identifying an issue or phenomenon that usually claim an answer and they are focused on being persuasive. Periodicals Periodicals are findings of the study that can be seen in newspapers, in popular magazines, on television or radio broadcasts, and in Internet news summaries. They are the chosen edited summaries done by journalists for the general readers.  IN-TEXT CITATION AND REFERENCING STYLES Citation is a way of giving acknowledgement to the authors whom you have referred their intellectual works and creativity as a support or foundation of your research. An in-text citation is a reference made within the body of text in the paper. It should be reflected when you refer, paraphrase, summarize, or quote from the author.  IN-TEXT CITATION AND REFERENCING STYLES A reference includes only the sources that have mentioned or cited in-text in your paper, while a bibliography is generally a list of all the sources you use to generate your ideas about your research even if you have not mentioned or cited them in your paper.