PPT NO. 1 - Overview Of The Immune System PDF

OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM – DR. HUSSEIN (1ST PPT) 1. What is the role of immunology for pharmacists? A: Pharmacists need to understand how the immune system works for providing vaccines, managing immunomodulating drugs, and understanding mechanisms of action for therapies like monoclonal antibo...

OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM – DR. HUSSEIN (1ST PPT) 1. What is the role of immunology for pharmacists? A: Pharmacists need to understand how the immune system works for providing vaccines, managing immunomodulating drugs, and understanding mechanisms of action for therapies like monoclonal antibodies and cytokine analogs. 2. What are the two main branches of the immune system? A: Innate immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. 3. What is innate immunity? A: Innate immunity is non-specific and non-adaptive, involving white blood cells except for B and T lymphocytes. 4. What cells are involved in innate immunity? A: Phagocytes like monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells. 5. What are the exterior defenses in innate immunity? A: Skin, stomach acidity, mucus, cilia, and lysozyme in tears. 6. What is adaptive (acquired) immunity? A: It develops in response to microorganisms and foreign antigens and improves after each encounter due to memory. 7. What are the two types of adaptive immunity? A: Humoral immunity (involving antibodies) and cell-mediated immunity. 8. What are the major functions of antibodies? A: Antibodies neutralize pathogens, activate the complement system, and opsonize pathogens for phagocytosis. 9. What are the main types of immunoglobulins (antibodies)? A: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, and IgD. 10. What are the phases of the immune response? A: Recognition of antigen, clonal expansion, differentiation, and effector phases (elimination of antigens). 11. What are effector cells in the immune response? A: Effector cells are activated B cells (antibody-producing cells) and T cells (cytotoxic or helper T cells). 12. What is the difference between active and passive immunization? A: Active immunization involves the body's own immune response to a pathogen or vaccine, while passive immunization involves the transfer of antibodies from another individual. 13. What is the role of self vs. nonself recognition in the immune system? A: It helps the immune system distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign pathogens, preventing autoimmunity. 14. What are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)? A: Cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells that present antigens to T cells. 15. What are the main functions of helper T cells (TH)? A: Helper T cells activate B cells, macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells by secreting cytokines. 16. What is the role of cytotoxic T cells (Tc)? A: They kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. 17. What is the complement system? A: A series of proteins in the blood that enhance (complement) the ability of antibodies to clear pathogens. 18. What are the functions of the complement system? A: Lysis of pathogens, opsonization, and chemotaxis. 19. What are cytokines? A: Small proteins that regulate immune responses by acting as signaling molecules between cells. 20. What is the clonal selection theory? A: Lymphocytes with specific receptors for antigens proliferate and differentiate upon encountering their specific antigen. 21. What is hypersensitivity? A: An exaggerated immune response that can cause tissue damage, such as allergies. 22. What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions? A: Type I (immediate), Type II (antibody-mediated), Type III (immune complex), and Type IV (delayed-type, cell-mediated). 23. What is autoimmunity? A: A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. 24. What are some examples of autoimmune diseases? A: Rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, and systemic lupus erythematosus. 25. What is immunodeficiency? A: A state where one or more components of the immune system are inactive or fail to function properly. 26. What is the genetic basis of immune response diversity? A: Genetic recombination within the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes allows for a wide variety of antigen specificities. 27. What are monoclonal antibodies? A: Antibodies derived from a single B cell clone that are specific for a single antigen epitope. 28. What are natural killer (NK) cells? A: A type of lymphocyte that can kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells without the need for prior sensitization. 29. What is the difference between MHC class I and MHC class II molecules? A: MHC class I presents antigens to cytotoxic T cells, while MHC class II presents antigens to helper T cells. 30. What is apoptosis? A: Programmed cell death that removes infected or damaged cells during the immune response. 31. What is the role of neutrophils in the immune system? A: Neutrophils are the first responders to infections, particularly bacterial infections, and act by phagocytosing pathogens. 32. What is passive immunization? A: The administration of antibodies to an individual from an immunized person or animal to provide immediate protection. 33. How do vaccines work? A: Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce a memory response without causing the disease, providing long-term immunity. 34. What is the role of macrophages in immunity? A: Macrophages are phagocytic cells that engulf and digest pathogens and present antigens to T cells. 35. What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)? A: A set of proteins on cell surfaces that help the immune system recognize foreign substances. 36. What is chemotaxis? A: The movement of immune cells towards the site of infection or injury in response to chemical signals. 37. What is the primary function of dendritic cells? A: Dendritic cells capture antigens and present them to T cells, initiating the adaptive immune response. 38. What is the role of eosinophils? A: Eosinophils are involved in combating parasitic infections and play a role in allergic reactions. 39. What is immune tolerance? A: The immune system's ability to recognize self-antigens and not mount an immune response against them. 40. What are the phases of an immune response? A: The recognition phase, the activation phase, the effector phase, and the memory phase.