Philippine Politics and Governance Module 2 PDF

1 Philippine Politics and Governance First Quarter- Module 2 Topic: The Different Political Ideologies  2 Philippine Politics and Governance Supplementary Learning Material Q...

1 Philippine Politics and Governance First Quarter- Module 2 Topic: The Different Political Ideologies  2 Philippine Politics and Governance Supplementary Learning Material Quarter 1 – Module 2: ___The Different Political Ideologies_______ Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Department of Education – Schools Division Office, Mandaluyong Office Address: Calbayog St. Highway Hills, Mandaluyong City Telephone number: CID- 79552557 E-mail Address:[email protected] www.depedmandaluyong.org The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Handle this module with care. Use a separate sheet in answering the exercises. 2. Read the directions carefully before doing each task. 3. Activities in this module can be done individually or with the help of your teacher, home learning partner or knowledge source partner. 4. Finish this module for the intended week. 5. Return this module to the authorize person in charge of retrieval.  3 Name :_____________________ Grade/Section: _________ Date:____________ FIRST QUARTER Module No. 2: Different Political ideologies Lesson 2: The Basic Tenets of the Major Political Ideologies (i.e., Liberalism, Socialism,Conservatism,) etc.) WHAT I NEED TO KNOW: After this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Identify the basic tenets of major political ideologies (i.e., liberalism, socialism, conservatism, etc. 2. Differentiate the different political ideologies. 3. Examine the relationship between political ideologies and configurations of political commutes. 4. Critique ideas that have a direct impact on how to manage political community. WHAT I KNOW Directions: Cross out the words that are not related to political science.  4 justice power WI-FI government vitamins state diode love influence talcum magnitude intensity governance bones decision-making policy conflict crescendo WHAT’ S NEW IDEOLOGY Ideology is basically defined as political statement that aims to call upon massive mass or government action to achieve a relatively better political and economic condition. Ideologies are goal oriented; meaning they are for or against configuration of a political community.Their applications, however, are dependent upon the different political attitudes of people and institutions. Frederick Watkins (1969) suggested that ideologies come from different political extremes such as the  5 conservatives or the pro-status quo on one side, and the radicals orthe anti-status quo on the extreme side. Modern-day political scientists have expanded the spectrum to include different levels of political attitudes and the different ways in which each level wants to preserve or change the status quo. At the extreme right of the spectrum, changing the status quo is not a primary concern and if ever change happens, a retrogressive change is taken into consideration or the return of old status quo. In this level are the reactionaries and the conservatives. Sandwiched at the middle are the moderates, who have no neutral opinion with regard to political matters. At the left side of the spectrum are the liberals and the radicals who are by nature anti- status quo. Though the radicals push for more extreme changes in the political system, both the radicals and the liberals aim for progressive change in the state. Here are some political ideologies and their impact on political communities: 1. Conservatism. As the name implies, one is focused on conserving something. It is characterized by a resistant to change, adherent to limited human freedom as it chooses to maintain traditional values, and at some extreme versions, distrust to human reasoning and nature or anti- egalitarianism. Edmund Burke, through his work Reflections on the French Revolution, argued that institutions evolved over time to fit the needs of society, thus “tampering with tradition is likely to bring grief rather than improvement”. According to Sen. Defensor- Santiago (2002), “Social problems are not always solved by reason “and that the leftist always imagines that things are better now but in reality, “violent upheavals always make things worse.” 2. Liberalism. it can be said that liberalism is the opposite of conservatism for it favors change, prefers more freedom, and has a more optimistic approach to human reasoning and nature (Sargeant 2009). Classical liberalism adheres to the laissez-faire system proposed by Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations, wherein the government does not interfere with the market. Modern liberalism, upon seeing the adverse impact of the free market (such as monopolies, unfair contracts, the poor become poorer), is more open to the idea that, at certain times, the government should interfere. 3. Marxism. One should be careful in branding communism, socialism, or any other similar ideologies as Marxists because they may not necessarily reflect the ideas of Karl Marx although these ideologies might find their roots in the tenets proposed by Marx. Some social scientists do not even consider Karl Marx as Marxist. Some of the ideological and conceptual bases of Marxism are the following: a. Alienation. This is the relationship between two or more people or parts of oneself in which one is cut off from, a stranger or alien, the others. For Marx, alienation in its basic form is the alienation form one’s labor (or product of one’s labor), and capitalism is a great factor in this phenomenon. b. Class Struggle. Karl Marx also noted the struggle between the bourgeoisie (the capitalist or middle class) and the proletariat (workers). The bourgeoisie social class oppresses and exploits the proletariat not only through unfair compensation of the latter’s labor but also by setting up laws and standards and controlling the system or the state to maintain its social status. But there will come a time for the need to educate the proletariat and/or they will eventually be made aware of their situation and will overthrow the bourgeoisie and the systems they created, which means overthrowing the state (Defensor Santiago 2002). c. Materialism. Marxism and the offshoots of this ideology offer a complex perspective and usage of materialism. Most social scientists, however, would agree to the basic definition that “how people think is greatly affected by how you live” (Sargent 2009). For example, the members of the bourgeoisie might think more of profit and leisure, that life is good and that money can do anything. This is because they a comfortable life with money and power in the state. They do not actually do the hard labor. In fact, their profit might even come in through passive income. But the members of the  6 proletariat who work everyday for income might think that either there is no good in trying to change their status or they might be driven to strive for more whatever it takes. d. Revolution. Almost all theories and ideologies related to Marxism consider proclaiming revolution as the way to change the system. By revolution, Marx did not mean peaceful walkouts but a violent one in which the proletariat will topple dow the elite class and all the systems they have made. Even in its violent nature, Marx considered revolution as a good and inevitable process that will eventually lead to a classless ideal society in the form of communism ( Sargeant 2009). 4. Anarchism. While most people are similar with how anarchy is popularly used to mean chaos due to the nonexistence of control mechanisms, the idea behind it is is actually more on peaceful coexistence and equality. Contrary to the popular depiction of anarchism in movies, anarchists believe that since power corrupts, a better system based on voluntary cooperation and not on power relations should be established, and that system will address the needs of the people more successfully (Sargeant 2009). it is living a peaceful life without coercion from anyone. As Alexander Berkman (1964) put it: “Anarchism teaches that we can live in a society where there is no compulsion of any kind. A life without compulsion naturally means liberty; it means freedom from being forced or coerced, a chance to lead the life that suits you best.” 5. Libertarianism. This is another version of anarchism but involves the government in a minimal role such as ensuing the safety of everyone and fairness in whatever contracts or dealings (Sargeant 2009). Learning about political ideologies is advantageous in understanding certain political contexts. In the Philippines, different political ideologies like Marxism and communism have affected different political-historical events such as the First Quarter Storm during the Marcos dictatorship and the formation of different insurgents in the country like the New People’s Army (NPA) of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). There are other ideologies, depending on the issue or aspect of human life one is studying. There are also new ideologies that may crop up. Remember that because of the multitude and complexity of some issues on politics and governance, we cannot be all too liberal or all too conservative. Directions: According to their perspective and approach, arrange the ideologies discussed in the lesson in the political spectrum below. Write the name of the ideology below the area of the spectrum where they belong. 🡸🡸🡸🡸🡺🡺🡺🡺 Directions: Create an ideology or theory using a simple political statement (around five sentences) based on the ideologies you have learned in the previous activity to address how  7 governance should be done. Research at least one more ideology to enhance our lesson. Write your answer on the space provided or in another sheet of paper if needed. ASSESSMENT (Post Test) Directions: Study the following test items below. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. ________________ is basically defined as political statements that aim to call upon massive mass or government action to achieve a relatively better political and economic condition. A. Politics C. Law B. b. Ideology D. liberalism 2. ________________ is characterized by a resistant to change, adherent to limited human freedom as it chooses to maintain traditional values, and at some extreme versions, distrust to human reasoning and nature or anti- egalitarianism. A. Liberalism C. Marxism b. Materialism D. Conservatism 3.________________ is another version of anarchism but involves the government in a minimal role such as ensuring the safety of everyone and fairness in whatever contracts or dealings. A. Anarchism C. Libertarianism B. Alienation D. Materialism 4.Almost all theories and ideologies related to Marxism consider proclaiming ___________ as the way to change the system. A. Class Struggle C. Liberalism B. Revolution D. Conservatism 5. It can be said that Liberalism is the opposite of _____________________ for it favors change, prefers more freedom, and has more optimistic approach to human reasoning and nature. A. Conservatism C. Marxism B. Materialism D. Anarchism REFERENCES: Pawilen, R.A , Pawilen Reidan M “:Politics, Governance, and Other key Concepts.” Philippine Politics and Governance First Edition for SHS pp. 8-15. Pulma Erlinda B. “Introduction to Politics”, Philippine Politics and Governance First Edition for SHS, pp. 9 -15. Legaspi, Perla E. (2005). Overview of Governance Framework. A Working Draft on a Handbook on LGU- SPA Partnership; UP NCPAG. ACTIVITY 1-3 : Answers may vary but teacher needs to validate the students’ answers. ASSESSMENT 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. A 8