Henry VIII & His Chief Ministers 1509-1540 PDF

Knowledge Organiser Henry VIII & His Chief Ministers 1509-1540 Unit #1 Key Terms...

Knowledge Organiser Henry VIII & His Chief Ministers 1509-1540 Unit #1 Key Terms Renaissance: Aims of Foreign Policies Transition period from the Middle In 1509, Henry VIII (Henry the 8th) became King. 1. Improve relationships with France and Habsburg empire Ages to Modernity 15th-16th Century. Aged only 18 in 1509, the young king now ruled 2. To play France and Habsburg empire off against each other Changes in literature and arts and a over 2.5 million people. His was mainly a rural 3. Increase England’s military glory and win land/ wars while new appreciation for learning. kingdom, with most people living and working on keeping the cost down the land. The religion of the whole of England was Roman Catholicism- a form of Christianity followed 4. To increase Henry’s prestige and power as a major Divine Right: throughout Western Europe during much of Henry peacemaker rather than 3rd best The idea that the monarch was VIII’s rule. By the time Henry became king in chosen by God and acted as 1509, England had been a Catholic country for God’s representative. nearly 1000 years. Most people went to Church every Sunday and all the important rituals of their Salvation: going to heaven lives were linked to the Church. In Tudor England, the Roman Catholic Church was central to people’s lives. Cardinal: A senior leader in How did Thomas Wolsey Rise to Power? the Roman Catholic Church Henry had a clear vision for his kingship. He Thomas Wolsey was Henry VIII’s chief advisor from wanted to model his rule on the great Renaissance 1515 until 1529. Why Wolsey? Papal Legate: monarchies of France and Spain. He believed the He gained power through: 1. Henry VIII had no interest represented the Pope in a king should be the towering figure with a dazzling court that celebrated the king as well as the 1. Education- in day to day duties running foreign country. latest ideas in arts, culture and learning. Henry He was the son of a butcher and therefore a England. was inspired by past stories of English kings commoner. Wolsey was extremely intelligent, charming His appointment as Royal winning victories over the French. Henry wanted and gifted. He gained a degree at the age of 15. whilst Almoner gave him access to Lord Chancellor: to decide on England’s policies and dictate this to at Oxford University he became a priest. the king, this increased his most important post in Henry Successes: 1522-25 failed war Duke of Suffolk his ministers. power/ influence. VIII’s government, responsible 2. The Church- 1501, Wolsey became chaplain to the 2. Henry VIII disliked his 1514 battle of the spurs invades but Charles had no interest in Archbishop of Canterbury and got to know other 1518 Treaty of London invading France but Henry thought that for advising the king on all Tudor society was hierarchal- this meant that you fathers advisers who were important people. In 1507, he was appointed a royal Signed by 20 leaders the Treaty of Bruges (1521) was a plan to matters. were ranked in society based on your wealth and too cautious Brought Henry prestige split France with Charles V! The unpopular social status. There was only very limited chaplain to Henry VII (7th), so now he was at court. 3. War with France in 1512 1520 Field of Cloth of Gold war costs £430,000 opportunities to move up on the social ladder. In 1514 he became Bishop of Lincoln, Archbishop of was a chance for Wolsey to Annulment: A legal term Francis I and Henry VIII met near 1525-29 – alliance with France against People were expected to know their place in York and in 1515 the Pope appointed him a cardinal. In demonstrate his organisation Calais. It was a show of wealth and Charles V. In 1529 Francis I makes a declaring that a marriage was never society. skills 1518 he was appointed as Papal Legate in England, power. Each monarch tried to best peace treaty with Charles V called Treaty valid, and therefore never existed. 4. Wolsey was a charmer! He which meant he now outranked all of the clergy in the other. Nothing was decided at of Cambrai. Wolsey is snubbed and told Could only granted by the Pope. flattered Henry VIII and England. the meeting last minute! was a skilled negotiator. Cardinal Campeggio: sent Wolsey’s Domestic Reforms/Policies Justice System: by Pope Clement to work alongside Wolsey wanted to create a fairer justice system. Cardinal Wolsey to hear Henry’s case The Amicable Grant 1525 for an annulment. In 1525 Charles V defeated Francis I. Henry wanted to take full advantage and invade France. To do this he needed money! The Rich people often used bribes to get their own way Wolsey: - Created and strengthened the court of Leviticus: contained the Amicable Grant was the tax designed to do this. The church had to pay 1/3 and ordinary people 1/6 of their property’s wealth. It was star chamber (COSC) passage Henry believed had deeply unpopular. Using the CoSC Wolsey encouraged the poor to cursed his marriage causing him  In Suffolk a full scale rebellion broke out. 10,000 men rebelled but surrendered to the Duke of Suffolk/ Duke of Norfolk bring their cases. He also supported the poor. The to not have any healthy male  Henry had to postpone/ Duke of Norfolk. Earl of Northumberland was a powerful landowner heirs.  Henry had to postpone/ abandon invasion.  Wolsey was embarrassed imprisoned by Wolsey’s CoSC Pope Clement VII: head of  Wolsey’s enemies sized on the failure and Henry started to doubt his minister. the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1523 The Eltham Ordinances to his 1534. He was approached Enclosures 1517; Finance: Wolsey was concerned about misspending at the King’s palaces, he by Wolsey but refused Henry’s Rich land owners started enclosing land which meant Wolsey needed to raise money for Henry’s battles abroad. There was was keen to cut spending! He came up with 79 chapters of rules. annulment. tenant farmers and poor farmers could not graze their already a taxation system of 1/10ths an 15ths. Wolsey also: - Cutting spending on meals and servants cattle/ livestock. Recovered crown lands from the nobility, this raised £15,000 alone in - Laying off sick/ unnecessary servants - Reduce amounts of money spent on lodgings, food and fuel Catherine of Aragon: first In 1517 Wolsey set up an enquiry to investigate 1515 wife of Henry VIII and Catholic enclosures. 260 cases were brought against Introduced a subsidy tax which taxed people on what they earned. This - Reduce the privy chamber from 12 to 6 (mother of Mary). landowners. raised £800,000 between 1509-1520 Wolsey’s main aim was to reduce the power of the privy chamber so Forced loans. Wolsey forced major landowners to lend the government he had control over government and Henry VIII.  The King’s Great Matter Wolsey fails to gain an annulment Henry and Anne’s marriage soon fell apart. Henry fell from his Henry Marries Jane Seymour In 1527, Wolsey was given the task by Henry - In 1527 Henry VIII instructs Wolsey to get an annulment to Catherine of Aragon from horse whilst jousting. On the day of Catherine’s funeral, Anne Cromwell encouraged Henry’s that would later become one of the leading Pope Clement VII miscarried (she later claimed it was brought on by the shock of marriage to Jane Seymour- a reasons for Wolsey’s downfall. Henry courtier from a politically instructed Wolsey to approach Pope Clement - In 1528 Cardinal Campeggio heads the divorce commission Henry’s accident) Her husband offered no sympathy. Within four established family. Henry to annul his marriage to Catherine of - In 1529 Charles V captures Rome (Charles is the nephew of CoA months of this, Anne found herself being accused of adultery with married Jane. This was 11 days Aragon. Catherine was the daughter of the - Clement VIII recalls the annulment. Wolsey’s plan as Papal Legate to rule alongside five men, including her own brother. Anne Boleyn was executed in after Anne Boleyn’s execution. King and Queen of Spain. She was also the Campeggio is in tatters. 1536 just 3 years after marriage with Henry. The swiftness of the marriage Aunt of Charles V. In 1501, she was married - With the case ‘adjourned’ Wolsey is charged with praemunire by Henry VIII  September 1533 Anne is heavily pregnant and gives birth to a reflected Henry’s desire for a Arthur at the age of 16. Arthur was Henry’s - Pressure is put on CoA to renounce her marriage to Henry VIII but she will not bow to girl – Elizabeth. son. Jane was sympathetic, brother and the eldest son. However, 6 pressure.  1534 Anne has a miscarriage obedient and popular. She months later Arthur died from illness. worked hard to bring a Catherine stayed in England. In 1509, shortly Wolsey’s fall from power  1536 Anne has another miscarriage reconciliation between Henry and after Henry’s accession to the throne, her There are several reasons for Wolsey’s fall  May 1536 Anne is charged with adultery and treason his first daughter Mary. Above marriage to Henry was arranged and England 1. Wolsey’s (failed) reforms- both foreign and domestic.  Anne is accused of having an affair with all, she fulfilled her role as a and Spain’s alliance was maintained through 2. The Amicable Grant was deeply unpopular. - Mark Smeaton wife by giving birth to the this. The Church forbade a man to marry his 3. Failure to get Henry VIII an annulment to CoA - Sir Francis Weston future Edward VI on the 12th brothers wife. However, as the marriage had 4. Failed foreign policy - Sir Henry Norris October 1537. Henry had finally not been consummated, the Pope at the time - Sir William Brereton got what he wanted! This rejoice (Pope Julius) granted a dispensation 5. The Boleyn Faction did not last long- the birth had (permission) for the marriage to take place. - George Boleyn (Brother) - George Boleyn been difficult lasting 3 days, Catherine was well respected by English - Thomas Boleyn (Father) causing Jane to die less than two people as well as Henry at this time and they - Thomas Howard (Duke of Norfolk)  15th May 1536 Anne is found guilty weeks on 24th October. Henry has a mutual affectionate relationship. She 6. Wolsey’s personality and low birth status meant many nobles wanted to see him lose  17th May 1536 Anne and Henry’s marriage was annulled was deeply saddened. was deeply religious, loyal and also defended power and status.  19th May 1536 Anne is beheaded Henry’s interests. In 1513, Henry appointed In 1529 Wolsey was stripped of his powers and wealth and exiled to York. In 1530 he was her as Regent while he led an invasion of * Did Cromwell conspire against Anne? Some historians think Cromwell was all France. charged with praemunire (working for the Pope and not the King) and summoned to face trial to aware of Anne’s power to bring down Henry’s ministers. Others feel in London, he died on the way. Cromwell was just carrying out Henry’s wishes. The Rise of Thomas Cromwell Thomas Cromwell, like Wolsey was not a member of the nobility. He rose from humble beginnings to become the king’s chief minister by 1533. Many people see Cromwell as a shadowy schemer who used plotting and torture to get ahead in the world-others see him as a loyal servant to the Cromwell’s Reforms However - CoA was pregnant 6 times between 1509 king, prepared to take difficult decisions to serve his master. AREAS TO PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS and 1520. But only princess Mary survived. Background: REFORM This reflected badly on Henry 1. He was not a man if he could not father a child Cromwell was a lawyer from an average background. Wales - Semi-independent -1536 Act of Union brings Wales under English law 2. His Tudor throne was at risk without a son and - In 1519 he became a member of Wolsey’s council and a trusted adviser - Own laws and customs -Wales divided into 7 counties headed by JPs heir - In 1529 he became the MP for Taunton -Wales given MPs in parliament 3. By 1527 CoA was well into her 40s making a - In 1531 he became a member of the Royal Council. son very unlikely.. Cromwell was very loyal and capable, he had served Wolsey loyally even when everyone had turned on him in 1529. This loyalty impressed Henry North of -Long history of independence -Council of North (est. 1472) strengthened VIII. Cromwell was witty and charmed people. He was skilled at persuading people too. He could also be ruthless and brutal if needed. In short, he England -Responsible for maintaining law and order 4. Henry was deeply in love with Anne GOVERNMENT got the job done! By 1530 Cromwell had made himself a vital part of Henry’s court as the king became more involved in the running of his own -1536 Act abolishing liberties and franchises Boleyn, who he saw as everything country. Catherine was not. Catherine was in her Securing Henry’s Annulment Royal -Meetings were disorganised and unrecorded -Turned Royal Council into Privy Council Council and had no rules -Comprised of 20 well-trained lawyers and administrators 40’s and had lost her looks. Anne Cromwell realised quickly that heling Henry secure an annulment would be the quickest way to gain further promotions. -100 members of nobility & clergy: rarely -Clerk of the Privy Council appointed to record meetings however, was a young and beautiful Following Wolsey’s fall in Autumn 1529, Henry asked leading nobles, including the Duke of Norfolk, the Duke of Suffolk and met woman who caught the eye of Henry in Anne Boleyn’s father (made Earl of Wiltshire in 1529) to look at the case- however they lacked the skills to come up with a -Keeping an eye on income and expenditure was -Created a bureaucracy of departments that dealt with different 1526. Anne was the daughter of Sir strategy to legally gain the divorce. boring to Henry financial issues Thomas Boleyn, a courtier and minister. Cromwell quickly realised that Pope Clement was not willing to annul Henry’s marriage to Catherine as he did not want to -No rules on how the King’s Chamber should be -Departments checked to ensure they were acting appropriately She was also the niece of the Duke of upset Charles V. Cromwell therefore changed tactic, arguing that the power to grant an annulment should be taken from the FINANCE run; accounts not properly checked -Bureaucracy staffed by well-trained officials Norfolk, who was becoming a key Pope and given to Henry instead. To provide the legal basis for this, parliament could be used to pass a law transferring the King’s Chamber -Dissolution of the monasteries led to massive -Court of Augmentations (1536): dealt with property and income advisor to the king. Anne had spent her power.. On the 25th January 1533, the new Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, performed a secret marriage increase in income; King’s Chamber could not form monasteries teenage years at the court of Francis, ceremony for Henry and Anne. However, this was not legal and in the eyes of the Catholic church, Henry and Catherine were cope -Court of First Fruits and Tenths (1540): collected Church tax King of France, where she was maid to still married. Unless this changed, the baby Anne was carrying would be illegitimate. Parliament passed the Act in Restraint that used to go to Rome Queen Claude. It is possible that Henry of Appeals in March 1533. This stated that England was now an empire and not subject to any form of foreign rule. Henry -Was a minor institution that approved taxes -Used parliament to pass laws (esp. Act of Succession and first saw her during the field of cloth was now the head of the Church and only he, not the pope, could annul his marriage to Catherine. A divorce hearing began in -England was ruled by a personal monarchy, Supremacy). of gold. In 1522, Anne returned to May 1533 in a court led by Archbishop Cranmer. The court announced that: House of with Henry making decisions by royal -House of Lords represented by nobility and clergy; England and became maid of honour to 1. The Pope’s original dispensation allowing Henry and Catherine to marry was invalid. PARLIAMENT Commons proclamation -House of Commons represented , landowners and merchants; Catherine. She received much attention 2. Henry and Catherine had never legally been married. Cromwell uses this to get support for laws. and House -1509-1531 = 203 Acts 1532-1540 = 333 Acts at court. 3. Henry’s secret marriage to Anne was therefore legal because he was a bachelor at the time. of Lords  -Cromwell uses experience as lawyer and MP to “persuade” After six years Henry finally got what he wanted. Anne was crowned as Henry’s queen in a royal coronation, followed by parliament great celebrations. In September 1533, Anne gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth. Henry was disappointed, he had not gained the son he wanted. 1530-32 Cromwell threatens church. He hops it will force Pope to annul marriage 1536 – The Act of Ten Articles. The Catholic church said there was 7 crucial ceremonies to save your soul from hell. Opposition to the Reformation Key Terms 1532 – submission of the clergy This Act said only 3 mattered 1st step to accepting the king as the head of the church. Archbishops 1. Baptism 1. Elizabeth Barton ‘Nun of Kent’ Barton claimed to have and bishops had to accept Henry VIII as head of the church. Taxes to 2. Eucharist (bread + wine) Great Bible printed in had visions of the virgin Mary. Many people believed Transubstantiation: pope ended too. 3. Penance for sins 1539 (the first official her to be a holy messenger who could make prophesies. the belief that bread and translation of the Bible in Even the Archbishop of Canterbury (William Warham) wine is transformed into 1533 – The Act of Succession. 1538 – Royal injunctions to the clergy believed her! In 1527 Barton’s visions prophesised This was the high point of protestant reform. English) the body and blood of a) Henry VIII & CoA marriage was invalid Henry die a villain’s death. She criticised protestant b) Mary is banned from succession 1. English bible in every church ideas and even approached Henry to challenge him on Jesus Christ c) Marriage to AB is Henry’s first time marriage so Elizabeth is 1st in 2. Thomas Becket’s shrine in Canterbury cathedral was destroyed his marriage to Anne Boleyn. 1533 a book of her line to the throne 3. The ‘stripping of the Alters’ which was the confiscation of money, gold and prophesies was published by Dr Edward Bocking, in it d) Criticism of Henry's marriage to Anne is treason silver at shrines of saints she said Henry would burn in hell!. In November 1533 Valor Ecclesiasticus: 4. Holy relics removed from churches. This was another move against the worship she was arrested, interrogated and tried on an The title of Cromwell’s This act was designed to avoid a civil war after Henry’s death. All of saints attainder by parliament (no trial). She was executed on survey into the conditions important people had to take an oath of succession. 5. All parishes were to contain a book of deaths, births and marriages. the same date as the Oath of Succession and all 700 and wealth of the Church. copies of her book were burned 1534 – The Act of Supremacy 1539 – The Act of Six Articles King is supreme leader of church in/ of England. By swearing this oath Concerned that reform was going too far, Henry VIII restored many catholic 2. John Fisher – Bishop of Rochester John Fisher had head of church reject the Pope’s authority. practices. tutored Henry VIII as a young boy. He had also been a - Mass could be in private chaplain to Henry’s grandmother. Fisher had links with Monastery: a building or 1534 – The Act of Treason. - Priests were banned from marrying Elizabeth Barton and was fined £300 for associating buildings occupied by a Strengthens treason laws – even speaking out against Henry as a heretic with her. However, when he refused to take the oath community of monks living was punishable by death 1539 – The Act of Dissolution of Greater monasteries of succession in 1534 things got nasty. Henry sent him Remaining church land was sized and sold. under religious vows. to the Tower of London and he was executed in June 1536 – The Act for Dissolution of Lesser Monasteries 1535. The pope had made him a cardinal shortly before Monasteries with an income of < £200 a year were ‘lesser’. This was a *Many protestant reforms brought in under the Act of Ten Articles were he was executed. Previously in 1521, Henry was a removed. Was Henry losing trust in Cromwell? test of public opinion as lesser monasteries were less likely to have firm Catholic and had written sympathy from people, Henry was convinced monks were loyal to Pope. 3. Two weeks after Fisher’s death, Sir Thomas More was a lengthy book which The Reformation also executed. More was a leading scholar in Europe, expressed his support for the author of ‘Utopia’ and a devout Catholic. More was an Roman Catholic Church and exceptional lawyer, Speaker of the House of Commons At the start of Henry’s reign, England was a land of abbeys and monasteries. Across the country, condemned Luther’s and a close advisor to the king. When Wolsey fell from there were over 800 religious houses served by 10,000 monks and nuns. The religious, welfare and Protestant ideas. It was called power in 1529, Henry appointed More as Chancellor. educational roles of the monasteries placed them at the heart of many communities. In November ‘In Defence of the Seven Henry knew More opposed his plans to divorce 1534, Henry became the Head of the English Church as a result of the Act of Supremacy and the Sacraments.’ writing this book Catherine, but at that stage there was still chance of monasteries fell under his direct power. From 1536, he began their destruction. By 1540, not a single an annulment. More believed Protestantism threatened earned him the title ‘Defender one remained. The Impact of the Dissolution the souls of English people. Appointed as Chancellor of Faith’ by the Pope. Reasons for the Dissolution of the Monasteries (the King’s chief secretary) in 1529, he banned all Winners protestant books many protestants were burnt as 1. Religious – Cromwell and Cranmer did not approve of the religious practices going on. They saw For Protestants/ Religious reformers like Cromwell and heretics for their beliefs. In 1530 More refused to Catholics them as backwards and in need of removal. Cranmer. The Pope’s symbol of power was gone – reform sign a letter asking the Pope to annul Henry’s marriage. Led by Pope and bishops 2. Political – Henry felt monks and nuns were loyal to the pope. This was confirmed when many was closer. The closure of the monasteries removed a By 1532, More could no longer work for Henry due the Churches were decorated religious houses had supported the pilgrimage of grace in 1536. powerful symbol of Roman Catholicism. For the crown, it clash of his Catholic beliefs and Henry’s wish to (stain glass) 3. Financial – The monasteries were very wealthy. Renting and selling the land would raise £1000’s brought huge financial gain. divorce Catherine. He resigned his chancellorship, for Henry to: Bread and wine became Over time Henry sold most of the monastic land. This gave claiming ill health, but Henry would not allow this. The body/ blood of Jesus - Pay for future wars and the defence of England The closure took place in two members of the nobility the opportunity to buy land previously King then appointed Cromwell as Chancellor. In April Christ in Mass, during - Be financially independent from parliament. stages. This was probably to owned by the monasteries. A lot of estates were also bough by 1534, More was urged to take the Oath of Succession. make sure that any communion - Not rely on taxation to raise money those who ordinarily would have remained landless, including When he refused, he was taken to the Tower of opposition could be dealt Thomas More, John Fisher, - Gift or sell land to the nobility to win over those hostile to Henry VIII with by the government. It wealthy merchants and lawyers. London. More did not want to die but also did not want may also have been because Duke of Norfolk, Stephen Henry had not fully to betray his Catholic principles, so he kept silent as he Gardiner Valor Ecclesiasticus* -> survey of finances committed himself to Losers believed revealing the real reason (denial of Henry as become used to this huge Bible in Latin change in religious life of The heads of houses were given a generous pension, while the legitimate head of Church) would be committing How? the country. monks and nuns were given a one off payment of 20-30 shillings. treason. However, during trial in July 1535, evidence In 1535 Cromwell ordered the survey of smaller monasteries 6500/8000 monks secured paid work in the Church. A was produced showing that he had spoken his true Protestants This led to inspections. These alleged that monks were not keeping to their strict moral code. significant number of monks and nuns were left in hardship and feelings about Henry and the break with Rome. This Local leaders, no Pope or They accused monks of having mistresses, gambling and homosexuality. They said nuns were some even became beggars. England’s 2000 nuns suffered the evidence was probably made up, but was enough for bishops even having children! More to be executed under the new Treason Act. Plain churches most and they were not allowed to even marry or work in Believe that bread and wine Cromwell’s inspections said the wealth of the monasteries was £160,000 per year. All of churches. Poverty increased due to the loss of charitable work. do NOT become body/ blood England’s royal; income was around £100,000 so this meant the church was rich! In 1538 the Pope excommunicated Henry Viii – Now all of Christ 1536 The Act for the Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries. Many beautiful buildings were destroyed. Libraries, art, stained Catholics were potential traitors/ assassins! Bible in English (translated) 1539 The Act for the Dissolution of the Greater monasteries glass windows and furnishings, were sold off or destroyed. Cromwell, Cramner  10th June 1540 Cromwell was arrested and taken to the Tower of London, there he was interrogated by the Duke of Norfolk. Knowing Cromwell was a Key Terms skilled lawyer, his enemies had hi charged with treason so he would not get Sacraments: Special church a trial. In a cruel twist of fate, parliament would get to vote ‘guilty’ or ‘not ceremonies including baptism and marriage. guilty’ … They voted guilty. * Act of Attainder* The central function of the Church was to deliver the seven sacraments. Why did Thomas Cromwell fall from power? 1. Cromwell’s ambition. Indulgences: A certificate issued by - Charges were that Cromwell was trying to rival Henry’s power and he the Catholic churches granting a person was planning to marry Mary! This was not true, but these false charges forgiveness for their sins. did help to get Cromwell executed. 2. Duke of Norfolk (DoN) Martin Luther: leading thinker for - Thomas Howard was a strong Catholic and he hated Cromwell who the new religious movement at the time supported reformist protestant ideas. called Protestantism. - The DoN was jealous of Cromwell’s rise to power. - The DoN wanted Cromwell’s influence over Henry VIII. DoN had a key Lincolnshire ally in Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester. Gardiner was a Anne Boleyn: second wife of Henry 1. October 1535 – 3000 people led by Nicholas Melton gather together catholic who helped persuade Henry that Cromwell was a traitor and VIII and protestant (mother of Elizabeth) 2. Dr Raynes, an unpopular church official investigating effectiveness of clergy, is murdered by a mob that his reformation of the church had gone too far! Norfolk The Boleyn Faction: A group of 3. 10,000 rebels march on Lincoln angry at the dissolution of the monasteries. instructed his niece Catherine to spread rumours that Cromwell was nobles including Anne Boleyn’s 4. Henry sends Duke of Suffolk with 3000 men. The rebels back down and ask for pardons The Pilgrimage of not working hard enough to secure an annulment for Henry from Anne York Grace of Cleves. In addition, he instructed her to say that Cromwell wanted family who competed to influence 5. At the same time as uprisings in Lincoln around 40,000 rebels led by Robert Aske march on York 6. By 19th October 1536 Hull is taken by rebels. to introduce Protestantism into England fully. the King and increase their power. 7. 21st October – Pontefract castle falls. Lord Darcy is sympathetic to the rebels and hands over the castle. The rebels now control most of the north and heavily outnumber the kings army! Vicegerent: Cromwell appointed as 8. Henry sends the Duke of Norfolk with an army of 8000. Aske and the rebels issue the Pontefract Articles. the king’s deputy. Pontefract articles – Dec 1536 Extreme Protestant ideas ended and heretics burned Robert Aske – lawyer Pope restored as supreme head of the church Nicholas Melton – shoemaker 3. Anne of Cleves (AoCl) Pilgrimage: A journey completed for Lord Darcy – Nobleman Queen Mary restored as the Duke of Suffolk – Charles Brandon In 1539 there was a real threat to England. Henry VIII needed allies! The religious reasons. King’s heir, not Elizabeth Duke of Norfolk – Thomas Howard Duke of Cleves was a German reformist who needed allies against Charles V Pontefract Articles: list of demands Abbeys restored too. Cromwell was a reformer, sympathetic to protestant ideas, he believed presented by rebels to to Henry Men who investigated the monasteries punished (Cromwell, Richard Riche) AoCl would strengthen the Protestantism in England. By 1540 invasion was VIII/Duke of Norfolk. 9. 6th December 1536. Pilgrim representatives meet the Duke of Norfolk at Doncaster Bridge. They accept a King’s pardon and disband. not likely. Henry blamed Cromwell for the failed marriage. They had no argument with Henry and only wanted those who had advised Henry badly punished (Cromwell). The pilgrims believed they were the ‘good guys’ saving Henry VIII from making a huge mistake! Norfolk promises that parliament will meet to discuss their Thomas Howard: The Duke of concerns. Aske and the other pilgrims trust Henry and Norfolk. Norfolk- also uncle of Anne Boleyn. 10. Parliament never meets to debate the pilgrims demands. Norfolk had no intention of keeping his word. 11. Further rebellion breaks out in Cumberland and Westmorland. The Duke of Norfolk rounds up the leaders of the rebellion and has 4. Religion them hanged (178 are executed). The AoCl marriage had deeply damaged Henry and Cromwell’s relationship. Thomas Cranmer: A leader of the Aske is hanged in York in July 1537. Henry was furious that Cromwell had arranged such a humiliating marriage. English Reformation and Archbishop of HINT: Study the York Articles and the Pontefract Articles which are; religious, economic and political? Canterbury during the reigns of Henry This was the chance Norfolk and his allies had been waiting for! Was it just a religious rebellion? Henry VIII was NEVER a protestant, he disagreed with much of what the VIII. protestant faith stood for. By 1539 Henry had begun to move England back Significance of the Pilgrimage of Grace to Catholicism. The Act of Six Articles (1539) moved England back to more Jane Seymour: third wife of Henry The Pilgrimage showed the reformation. The Act pf Six Articles reversed some changes that had taken place earlier. Although, it Catholic, repealing much of the Act of Ten Articles (1536). VIII (died after giving birth to Edward did not stop the dissolution of the monasteries. In 1540 Cromwell’s enemies told Henry that he was secretly supporting VI) The Pilgrimage was about much more than religion! As the York Articles show there were economic and political factors at play too. preachers that opposed the Act of the Six Articles, and wanted to make 1530’s saw poor harvests, high taxation, unemployment and changes that frightened people. the church protestant. Henry was furious yet again. The damage was done! Thomas Cromwell was hated by many in the north. They blamed him for changes. Cromwell was easier to blame than nobles because 5. Henry VIII’s personality. Anne of Cleves: daughter of German of his low birth status. Duke and fourth wife of Henry VIII. Henry was vulnerable because he didn’t have a royal army. He had to rely on his nobles to put down the uprising (Norfolk). By 1540 Henry was in poor health. In 1536 he had a riding accident while The actions of Henry VIII and Duke of Norfolk showed how ruthless Henry could be when dealing with opposition out hunting and it never healed properly. His injured leg was full of ulcers The numbers involved showed widespread hostility to the religious reforms. People were particularly angry about changes to their and this caused him to stink and remain bed bound. A once fit and healthy Catherine Howard: fifth wife of Henry local churches and about the closure of the monasteries that had helped the poor/ sick king ballooned from a 32” waist to a 52” waist. VIII. (also niece of DofN). Nobles and gentry in the north had supported the uprising. This made the pilgrimage especially dangerous for Henry VIII. Henry’s temper grew fearsome and he had an increasingly short fuse.