Popular Music of the 19th & 20th Century PDF

Popular Music of the 19th Century How did people listen to music? there was no internet, stereos, mp3s, CDs, and television wasn't invented yet. --> if you wanted to listen to music, you had to go to a live performance (barrel organs, street organs, choirs, quartets) or go to a band...

Popular Music of the 19th Century How did people listen to music? there was no internet, stereos, mp3s, CDs, and television wasn't invented yet. --> if you wanted to listen to music, you had to go to a live performance (barrel organs, street organs, choirs, quartets) or go to a bandstand https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXo52LHFtBs (barrel organ) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnb7EqfykF4 (“Smooth Criminal”) Popular Music in the 19th Century Classical Music most people didn't have the money or opportunity to see a symphony play classical music, but simplified sheet music was available, so people could hear the music played on piano and other instruments a lot of popular songs consisted of new lyrics sung to classical melodies and rhythms 1900~1920s Minstrel Shows : american form of theatre developed in the early 19th century while minstrel shows created and reinforced many negative, damaging stereotypes about Black people, they also introduced to a much wider audience a lot of music that had developed among slaves and other Black people (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hU5a24EpQvA "African American popular music: minstrel shows") https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hU5a24EpQvA (minstrel shows) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjIXWRG09Qk (“Jim Crow” Thomas Rice) Jim Crow laws : state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States and elsewhere within the United States. these laws were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and were enforced until 1965 (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZX8ihCOJaZM "Who Was Jim Crow?") Stephen Foster known also as "the Father of American Music" was an American songwriter known primarily for his parlor(a room in a house where there's an instrument and people gather to listen, hence, "parlor music") and minstrel music (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSIj17xbAyk&list=PLDKgfJy_GnvY_FrL1wWqG-PCfDpp4PD6X&index=3 "Oh Susanna by Stephen Foster") Early Recording Technology Phonograph : was developed by Thomas Edison in 1877 wax cylinder phonograph was developed about ten years later very limited frequency range (about 250Hz to 2,500Hz) two minute recording time Gramophone : was first developed by Emile Berliner in 1887 flat disc (made from shellac) which rotated at about 78 rpm 10 inch (25cm) records: three minutes 12 inch (30cm) records: four minutes early acoustic recordings also had limited frequency range (a little better than phonographs)  development of electrical recording (use of microphones and amplification) greatly improved the frequency range of recordings about 60Hz to 6,000Hz https://charm.rhul.ac.uk/history/p20_4_1.html ("A Brief History of Recording" article) Radio Broadcasting : radio had developed in the late 1800s, but its use was largely limited to communicating with ships at sea or other, specific communication uses in the 1920s, radio broadcasting rapidly gained popularity; by about 1930, a majority of American homes had a radio receiver 1900s Vaudeville (early 1900's) a typical North American vaudeville performance was mad up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill. types of acts included: popular and classical musicians, singers, dancers, comedians, trained animals, magicians, ventriloquists, strongmen, female and male impersonators, acrobats, clowns, illustrated songs, jugglers, one-act plays or scenes from plays, athletes, lecturing celebrities, minstrels, and movies a vaudeville performer is often referred to as a "vaudevillian" the hits songs of the times were often songs that were popular in vaudeville performances (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gc7K3Ri_tEI "compilation of vaudeville songs" 1893-1922) Ragtime : ragtime was the first genuine Black music to have an impact on mainstream popular culture (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTQQAWCqytE "what is ragtime?") synthesis of European classical music + African syncopation new rhythms led to new dancing styles and increased the popularity of dance orchestras strongly influenced Jazz music (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPmruHc4S9Q "The Entertainer by Scott Joplin") The Roaring Twenties (Jazz Age) the spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of novelty associated with modernity and a break with tradition through modern technology such as : automobiles, moving pictures, and radio → brought "modernity" to a large part of the population at the same time, jazz and dancing rose in popularity, in opposition to the mood of World War I as such, the period often is referred to as the Jazz Age (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0zKqiClt1k&list=PLXRivw5Pd9qlM5efsL4c7js8teYFVy3Dk&index=13 "If you knew Susie by Eddie Cantor") → In 1929, the Great Depression hit, and this age came to a screeching halt Jazz (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPmruHc4S9Q "The Birth of Jazz") (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cb2w2m1JmCY "Take the A Train by Duke Ellington") piano intro --> brass joins --> female singer joins with choir (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhVdLd43bDI "Dinah by Louis Armstrong" 1933) scat singing (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSNPpssruFY&list=PLXRivw5Pd9qlM5efsL4c7js8teYFVy3Dk "Ain't Misbehavin by Fats Waller") more slow, jazz-y feel with a double time solo Blues (started to become popular in the 1920's)  : evolved from call-and-response spiritual and field hollers and other slave songs (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jc-dTiIxpzk "I Be So Glad... When The Sun Goes Down") call-and-response field holler chain sound for rhythm (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHycvbyl7qI "Blues Journey: Got Them Blues") (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLcUEeiyhM0&list=PL7BF3755ABACEEE24&index=10 "One Dime Blues by Blind Lemon Jefferson") early 1920's blues blues guitar, "i'm broke i ain't got a dime..." (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRyaUcVfhak "Prove It On Me Blues by Ma Rainey") Gertrude Rainey is her real name, she was a notrious lesbian swing feel (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Bo3f_9hLkQ "St. Louis Blues by Bessie Smith") "my man got a heart like a rock" solo woman singing 1930s The Great Depression : severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s had devastating effect in both rich and poor countries personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade fell by more than 50% unemployment in the U.S. rose to 23% in some countries rose as high as 33% cities around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry construction was virtually halted in many countries farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60% (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqx2E5qIV9s "The Great Depression Explained in 11 minutes") (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gkAfjRolNCI "History Brief: Daily Life in the 1930s") "Talkies" : movies with synchronized sound *The Jazz Singer a hugely-successful 1927 American musical drama film notable as the first feature-length motion picture with both synchronized recorded music score as wel as lip- synchronous singing and speech (in several isolated sequences) by 1930, silent movies were no longer being made average cost of a movie ticket was $0.25 (equivalent to $4 today) musical films were very popular, and many hits of the era were songs from musicals provided a breif escape from the problems of the era (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whJ0Nz94hlE "1930s Warner Brothers Musicals") (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSZxmZmBfnU "Somewhere Over the Rainbow by Judy Garland") (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3RSlUkw9U0 "Cheek to Cheek by Fred Astaire) Big Bands : can describe the bands, but also used to describe a style of music (swing and some early jazz) big bands have four sections : trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double(upright) bass, and drums the division in early big bands was likely to be 2~3 trumpets, 1~2 trombones, 3 saxophones, and a rhythm section of 4 instruments small jazz ensembles often featured a great deal of improvisation, but big bands usually relied on written music and arrangements, with a band leader directing some big bands used a "head arrangement" : overall structure of the song is rehearsed, but there's a significant improvisation around that structure  "sweet" dance music was most popular with an older white audience (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-F1sqQa_nk&list=RD0JuVt1wd8yw&index=2 "Did You Ever See a Dream Walking bu Guy Lombardo") (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-k9XRTSEiM "History Brief: Big Bands and Swing Music in the 1930s") Swing : swing music is a subgenre of jazz that developed in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s the name came from the emphasis on the off-beat, or weaker pulse the danceable swing style of big bands was the dominant form of American popular music from 1935 to 1946 known as the swing era (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGiPJZ-wRb4 "What is Swing? Swing Explained in 2 Minutes") walking bass line, ride cymbal pattern with triplet feel, hi-hat on beats 2 and 4, and piano --> rhythm section, piano is the "glue" holding it together call-and-response pattern between woodwind(saxophone) and brass(trumpet and trombone) Benny Goodman : an American jazz clarinetist and bandleader known as the "King of Swing" (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSCR_NRiXkY "The King of Swing a.k.a. Benny Goodman") elements "sweets" swing music, though it had some of the faster tempos and stronger rhythms of "hot" swing led one of the first integrated jazz groups (both white and black musicians in the band) (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NigiwMtWE0 "Sing Sing Sing by Benny Goodman") Cab Calloway : the first African American musician to sell a million records from a single and to have a nationally syndicated radio show mixed elements of jazz and vaudeville; master of scat singing (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mq4UT4VnbE "Minnie the Moocher by Cab Calloway") Count Basie and His Orchestra played Kansas-City-Style swing (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qi9ql4hUGxk "Honeysuckle Rose by Count Basie") piano intro, no singing Jazz Singers : the term is often used to refer to popular vocalists of the era often sang with big bands or jazz ensembles Ella Fitzgerald was the regular vocalist for the Chick Webb band at the Savoy Ballroom (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqXtBeWffbk "A Tisket a Tasket by Ella Fitzgerald") Billie Holliday sang for Count Basie, and had a successful career that lasted several decades (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bckob0AyKCA "Strange Fruit by Billie Holliday") she's also a blues legend (related to civil rights, anti-lynching song) Blues blues music can be recorded very cheaply, so the profits from selling blues recording were high highly influential to many genres of music (call-and-response in jazz was adopted from blues) the basis for much of the music recorded by British rock bands of the late 1960s Robert Johnson his landmark recordings in 1936 and 1937 display a combination of singing, guitar skills, and songwriting talent that has influenced later generations of musicians now recognized as a matter of the blues, particularly the Delta blues style Delta Blues: originated around the delta region in Mississippi  (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tV5B1GeOqRI "Crossroad Blues by Robert Johnson") Huddie William Ledbetter better known by the stage name Lead Belly, was an American folk and blues singer, musician, and songwriter notable for his strong vocals, virtuosity on the twelve-string guitar, and the folk standards he introduced (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsfcUZBMSSg "Where Did You Sleep Last Night by Leadbelly") Folk Music Though it is understood that folk music is the music of the people, it’s difficult to make a more-precise definition. Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics, but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of "old songs, with no known composers," another is that of music that has been submitted to an evolutionary "process of oral transmission.... the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that gives it its folk character." Music was made by common people during both their work and leisure, as well as during religious activities. The work of economic production was often manual and communal. Manual labor often included singing by the workers, which served several practical purposes. It reduced the boredom of repetitive tasks, it kept the rhythm during synchronized pushes and pulls, and it set the pace of many activities such as planting, weeding, reaping, threshing, weaving, and milling. In leisure time, singing and playing musical instruments were common forms of entertainment and history-telling. Prior to the 1930s, the study of folk music was primarily the province of scholars and collectors. The 1930s saw the beginnings of larger scale themes, commonalities, themes and linkages in folk music developing in the populace and practitioners as well, often related to the Great Depression. Regionalism and cultural pluralism grew as influences and themes. During this time folk music began to become enmeshed with political and social activism themes and movements. Two related developments were the U.S. Communist Party's interest in folk music as a way to reach and influence Americans, and politically active prominent folk musicians and scholars seeing communism as a possible better system, through the lens of the Great Depression. Woody Guthrie exemplifies songwriters and artists with such an outlook. Folk music festivals proliferated during the 1930s. President Franklin Roosevelt was a fan of folk music, hosted folk concerts at the White House, and often patronized folk festivals. The folk music movement, festivals, and the wartime effort were seen as forces for social goods such as democracy, cultural pluralism, and the removal of culture and race-based barriers. Blues developed from work songs, gospel, and other Black folk music Huddie William Ledbetter better known by the stage name Lead Belly, was an American folk and blues singer, musician, and songwriter notable for his strong vocals, virtuosity on the twelve-string guitar, and the folk standards he introduced (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsfcUZBMSSg "Where Did You Sleep Last Night by Leadbelly") The Dust Bowl : was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s. The phenomenon was caused by a combination of both natural factors (severe drought) and manmade factors (a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion, most notably the destruction of the natural topsoil by settlers in the region). The drought came in three waves: 1934, 1936, and 1939–1940, but some regions of the High Plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years. (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-rBhbkvtm0 "History Brief: The Dust Bowl") Woody Guthrie was an American singer-songwriter, and one of the most significant figures in American folk music. (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02w-ksJE7DQ "History Brief: Woody Guthrie Biography") His work focused on themes of American socialism and anti-fascism. His music includes songs such as "This Land Is Your Land", written to oppose the American exceptionalist song "God Bless America", and has inspired several generations both politically and musically (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46mO7jx3JEw "Do Re Mi by Woody Guthrie") "dough" is an American slang for money, "do re mi" is a less common version  (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ol0rRdF5L1c "This Land Is Your Land by Woody Guthrie") Country Music developed largely from European folk traditions brought to the US by immigrants some instruments commonly used in early country music autoharp https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zcNRDfjD9g mandolin https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6kihlmvAfQ banjo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnMhUPewk6c The Carter Family (initially Sara, A.P, and Maybelle Carter) began recording in 1927 recorded hundreds of songs that became the foundation for much of country music A.P. Carter searched the southwestern Virginia region for additional songs to collect and copyright Maybelle Carter's guitar playing was highly influential (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvhmqdWXusE&list=PLsAhM5yO6qXM5DE-EKkncUDjC63Zf0xB8 "Lost Highway: Story of Country Music 1, Down from the Mountain") (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbmQQ4RfzVE "Keep on the Sunny Side by Carter Family") (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEFTdmk9g1c "Can the Circle Be Unbroken by Carter Family") Cajun Music and Zydeco difference genres, but both developed in southwest Louisiana and have French and African roots the two genres heavily influenced each other during the 20th century the accordion is a prominent instrument in both genres https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HY-qIusCsLA one of the earliest recordings of Cajun Music: (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hUmaphiHgyI "Allons a Lafayette by Joe Falcon") Zydeco combined elements of Louisiana Creole music, African music, as well as blues, jazz, and gospel (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WmCFR6Q3o "Aimez Moi Ce Soir by Amede Ardoin") in addition to accordion, the washboard or a wearable washboard ("vest frottoir") is also prominent (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSRcxdTqNiM "Zydeco Sant Pas Sale by Clifton Chenier live") (King of Zydeco, 1950's ish) featured the wearable washboard that was starting to get used in Zydeco music 1940s Big Band Swing Music https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx8is6lR6NU (Snapshot: Decades: The 1940s) Glenn Miller and His Orchestra Glenn Miller and His Orchestra American big-band trombonist, arranger, composer, and bandleader in the swing era(1935~1946) best-selling recording artist from 1939 to 1942, leading one of the best-known big bands in just four years, Miller had 16 number-one records and 69 top-10 hits volunteered to join the U.S. military to entertain troops during World War II (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIeo_D99XbA "Chattanooga Choo Choo by Glenn Miller") World War II contributed to ending the domination of big band swing music many band members conscripted to serve in the military travel restrictions and fuel rationing made it difficult for bands to tour bandleader Glen Miller was killed when his plane crashed into English Channel in 1944 close of the swing era (The Rise of) Pop Crooners earlier styles often featured very loud singing (without amplification) to be heard within a large band and to reach the back of performance halls improvements in amplification and recording technology allowed a softer, gentler singing style often referred to as "crooning" crooners had started becoming popular in the late 1920s, but the style had largely come to dominate pop music by the 1940s Bing Crosby (Harry Lillis Crosby Jr.) ("White Christmas") very popular from the 1930s to the 1960s, but extremely popular in the 1940s popular as both singer and an actor had sold 60 million records by 1945 (US population at the time was about 140 million) pioneered recording performances on magnetic tape (and editing them) for later broadcast later became the standard method performed for the American troops during WW2 learned to pronounce German and recorded propaganda to broadcast to Germans became known to Germans as “Der Bingle” biggest hit was his recording of Irving Berlin song, "White Christmas" first broadcast Christmas Day, 1941 also featured in the film Holiday Inn (1942) re-released many times; was a hit sixteen times best-selling single of all time; has sold over 100 million copies (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9QLn7gM-hY "White Christmas by Bing Crosby") Frank Sinatra most music had been recorded for adult audiences; Sinatra's appeal to young women expanded the music audience ("Sinatramania") "bobby soxers" named for wearing short socks rolled down around their ankles many dances for young people were held in school gymnasiums, and to prevent damage to the wooden floors, dancers had to remove their shoes dances were called “sock hops” also had a successful acting career (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_9MLAZyFNtY "I’ll Never Smile Again by Frank Sinatra") Other Well-Known Pop Performers and Groups of the 1940s: Andrews Sisters one of the earliest popular girl groups (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8of3uhG1tCI "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy by Andrews Sisters") Perry Como (more of a crooner) Ink Spots one of the earliest popular boy bands (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l6vqPUM_FE "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire by Ink Spots") Dinah Shore https://youtu.be/YIAQWabvnMA?si=7Lx7IoJJr65E_6Nz "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes") Mills Brothers (https://youtu.be/HaMeSrynug0?si=Rjy2xkplaeWrBAFR "Paper Doll") Country and Western song structure is usually relatively simple (often the lyrics were) folk lyrics : themes based on everyday life or universal themes often tell stories religious/gospel themes are also common mostly string instruments (guitars, steel guitars, banjos, mandolins, fiddles[violins] and harmonicas) through the 40's, drum were rarely used "barn dance" shows on radio were very popular Grand Ole Opry (in Nashville, Tennessee) was the most influential Louisiana Hayride was also popular Western Swing was an outgrowth of jazz; primarily dance music (style was more swing and dance music but the theme of the lyrics were more country) differences from big band swing : core was a string band but could be augmented with saxophones, pianos, drums, and steel guitar (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpA65w8WZtk "A Celebration of Swing Music: Western Swing") Major Artists (of Country and Western Music) Bill Monroe (Bluegrass) ("Blue Moon of Kentucky") (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YclDUHS7JeA "Blue Moon of Kentucky by Bill Monroe") (the music was in ¾ time, hence, “country waltz” refers to country songs in ¾ time) Red Foley (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVD43YLQ2lA "Smoke on the Water by Red Foley") Hank Williams after WWII ended, the popular themes in country music changed in response to changes in society brought about by the war (video: Lost Highway: The Story of Country Music Part2) (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92dezZCxer8 “Lost Highway” by Hank Williams) (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Lza3NVH6Ig "Move It on Over by Hank Williams") considered by some to be the first rock and roll song (he's telling the dog in the dog house to move it one over and make space for him 'cause he's also in the dog house) Ernest Tubb (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFFMiItHJLw "Walking the Floor Over You by Ernest Tubb") Eddy Arnold (Western Swing) (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3eRyhgzPm4I "Bouquet of Roses by Eddy Arnold") Boogie Woogie (often 8/8 time) genre of blues music originally developed in African-American communities in the 1870s eventually extended from piano, to piano duo and trio, guitar, big band, country and western music (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNM44t7mcBw "What is Boogie Woogie?") (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_14Gj1jJRI "The History of Boogie Woogie") Jump Blues up-tempo style of blues, often employing boogie-woogie rhythm usually played by small groups (4 or 5 pieces), often featuring saxophone and other bass instruments precursor of rhythm & blues (R&B) and rock & roll  popular with both African-American and white audiences (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNtrxNMD514 "Boogie at Midnight by Roy Brown") Louis Jordan popular bandleader from late '30s to early '50s “The King of the Jukebox” eighteen number one hits on BillboardI’s charts for “race music” (laterR&B) (basically black music) 54 hits in Top Twenty aksi duetted with some of the other biggest singing stars of the era made numerous “soundies” (early music videos) (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdQJ3Q0uhYE “Let the Good Times Roll by Louis Jordan") (video: https://youtu.be/PR6pHtiNT_k?si=_u2SdeD5lOnCNjUd Caldonia by Louis Jordan) 1950s Rhythm & Blues and the beginning of Rock & Roll https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmgHezfGq7U (Snapshot: The Decades: 1950s) Rhythm & Blues in 1948, Billboard changed the race category to rhythm and blues during the '50s, R&B was used to refer to most popular music made primarily by and for African-Americans Bands typically consisted of piano, guitar, bass, drums, and saxophone usually simple, repetitive parts that work together, with a strong emphasis on rhythm influence of Afro-Cuban rhythms was quite common ex) Bo Diddley beat “hand jive” was a popular dance in the 50s: (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvOuTInrue0) some hits “crossed over” (also became popular with white audiences and appeared on pop record charts Some Major Artists: Fats Domino https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZa1icRd9CM ("Ain't That a Shame" Fats Domino) Ruth Brown https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxn_T-Ix-M8 (“Teardrops from My Eyes” Ruth Brown) Bo Diddley https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kIswurDJt4 (“Willy and the Hand Jive” Bo Diddley) (video: BO DIDDLEY 1965) “hand jive” was a popular dance in the 50s: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvOuTInrue0 Ray Charles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAjeSS3kktA ("What'd I Say" Ray Charles) (call and response) + (hit the road jack) Little Richard https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cj059o9OwqY ("Tutti Frutti" Little Richard) Chuck Berry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eE7VMVNGRNU ("Maybelline" Chuck Berry) (car culture references within the song) Doo Wop Music sub genre of R&B focused on vocal harmonies The Penguins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P01YX_2oGz8 ("Earth Angel" The Penguins) racial segregation and the Chitlin Circuit  racial segregation was still prevalent: African-Americans lived in separate neighborhoods, went to separate schools, shopped in separate stores, and used separate facilities than white the Chitlin Circuit was a collection of performance venues throughout the eastern, southern, and upper-midwestern United States where African-American entertainers could safely perform chitterling are (usually) pig intestines; usually prepared by boiling for several hours (after careful cleaning) many R&B hits were covered by white singers and became hits on the pop charts often done to prevent cross-over hits by R&B artists also done with country hits Pat Boone “Ain’t That A Shame”, “Long Tall Sally”, “Tutti Frutti” (pop covers) Teresa Brewer The Crew Cuts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKzc6zuykkk ("Earth Angel" Crew Cuts) Ricky Nelson Allen Freed American radio disc jockey DJ at radio station WJW in Cleveland, Ohio, from 1951 to 1954 began playing R&B records (as well as blues and country) and referring to it as "rock and roll" possibly the first time R&B music was featured on a mainstream radio station (rather than on low-powered, inner city stations) called his show “The Moondog House” and referred to himself as “The King of the Moondoggers” promoted dances and concerts featuring the music he was playing one of the organizers of the “Moondog Coronation Ball” (March 21, 1952), the first rock’n’roll concert in July, 1954, moved to station WINS in New York City (bigger market) continued to promote concerts featuring both white and black performers had a primetime music and dance TV series, The Big Beat, in the summer of 1957 (video: Alan Freed’s Big Beat) cancelled after four episodes after showing black teenager Frankie Lymon dancing with a white girl brought back as a local program in NYC payola scandal in 1959 received money from record companies to promote their records Bill Haley and the Comets "Rock Around the Clock" minor hit when first released in 1954 after being in opening credits of hit movie Blackboard Jungle, was the first rock and roll recording to reach #1 of Billboard Pop Chart (also reached #1 in UK and other European countries) (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZgdufzXvjqw “Rock Around the Clock by Bill Haley”) number of other hits, as well as another international hit with "Shake, Rattle, and Roll" Elvis Presley poor childhood in Tupelo, Mississippi; middle and high school in Memphis, Tennessee Sun Records in Memphis produced mainly R&B records owner Sam Phillips was looking for an artist who could attract more people to R&B had regional success with “That’s All Right”, performed regularly on Louisiana Hayride radio program and toured extensively in the South his “dancing” during performances generated excitement became a huge national success with release of first album in 1956 also featured in many Hollywood films drafted into and served in the U.S. Army 1958-1960 combination of R&B music and country became known as “rockabilly” known as "King of Rock and Roll" or, simply "The King" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gj0Rz-uP4Mk (“Jailhouse Rock” Elvis Presley) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzQ8GDBA8Is (“Hound Dog” Elvis Presley)  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoHDrzw-RPg (“Hound Dog” Big Mama Thornton) (original R&B version) (hound dog: slang for men who chase after many women) Other Major Performers: Buddy Holly "Peggy Sue" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mDGcxbAusg ("That'll Be the Day" with lyrics, Buddy Holly) Jerry Lee Lewis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fw7SBF-35Es ("Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On" Jerry Lee Lewis) Link Wray https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucTg6rZJCu4 ("Rumble" Link Wray) (most of his songs were instrumental) Gene Vincent https://youtu.be/ZWFlLYZm0tA?si=kDPz1Znc6NswRhCI ("Be Bop A Lula" Gene Vincent) Carl Perkins (video: https://youtu.be/DRNyvO4QouY?si=udBSZlL7RItLPFpl “Blue Suede Shoes”) The End of the Beginning rising popularity of rock'n'roll led to rising criticism critics tried to link rock n’ roll to juvenile delinquency, asocial behavior, sexual promiscuity, racial conflicts, and deafness https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Npm5vxharc4 (Anti-rock-and-roll propaganda) musicians (especially Elvis Presley) were criticized for their "provocative" dancing important events that led to a big decrease in popularity of early rock pioneers Elvis was serving in the military Jerry Lee Lewis had married a 13-year-old cousin Buddy Holly, the Big Bopper, and Ritchie Valens were killed in a plane crash known as “the day the music died” payola scandal 1960s : Surf and Soul Surf Music subgenre of rock and roll associated with surf culture, primarily in Southern California most popular 1962 to 1964 two major styles Instrumental Surf developed by Dick Dale from instrumental rock heavy use of spring reverb and rapid alternative picking influenced by Arabic music Major Artists Dick Dale and His Del-Tones https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZIU0RMV_II8 ("Misirlou" Dick Dale) Surfaris https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YusHyd-duQ (“Wipeout” Surfaris) The Ventures Vocal Surf popularized by the Beach Boys very different musical style than instrumental surf more closely related to doo-wop, but with lyrics about surf culture and car culture Beach Boys were one of earliest groups to write most of their own songs Major Artists: Beach Boys "Surfin' USA," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TH2MXxoQTLY ("Little Deuce Coupe" Beach Boys) Jan and Dean "Little Old Lady from Pasadena" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5V3wcREqcI ("Surf City" Jan and Dean) Other Popular Artists of the Early 1960s Elvis Presley was focusing on films and pop music https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quosahdp8LM (“It’s Now or Never” with lyrics Elvis Presley) Chubby Checker https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHGXwQeUk7M (“The Twist” Chubby Checker) (R&B was also very popular in this era) The Righteous Brothers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXARHZmpgvw (“Unchained Melody” with lyrics Righteous Brothers) (soul music was also becoming quite popular) (“blue-eyed soul” is a term that refers to white people who performed this kind of music) Soul Music elements of rhythm & blues, jazz, and gospel dominated R&B charts during the 1960s Motown and the Motown Band based in Detroit (motor town) founded by Berry Gordy Jr. In 1960 vice president of (Motown Records) company was Smokey Robinson highest-earning African American business in US for a few decades the Funk Brothers were group of studio musicians who played on majority of Motown hits usually a couple of drums, three or four guitars major artists in the '60s: Smokey Robinson and the Miracles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d03Oo8jHoTA ("Tracks of My Tears” with lyrics) the Supremes (with Diana Ross) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aax5EDQMOq4 ("Stop in the Name of Love" Supremes) the Marvelettes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=425GpjTSlS4 ("Please Mr. Postman" Marvelettes) Little Stevie Wonder (saving him for later 1970s) Martha and the Vandellas https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XE2fnYpwrng (“Heatwave” Martha and the Vandellas) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnRfyVQS_iA (The Motown Effect) Stax Records / Volt originally Satellite Records; changed name to Stax in 1961 major factor in creation of Memphis Soul/Southern Soul studio and record store in an old theater in Memphis, Tennessee  distribution partnership with Atlantic Records from 1961 through 1967 almost all of hits in that era were recorded with the house band Booker T & the M.G.’s mix of black and white musicians unusual working method; loose, improvisational feel to recording studio in theater had unique sound; Atlantic sent artist to record there Major Acts: Booker T & the M.G.'s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFQEsUjI0U8 ("Green Onions" Booker T & the M.G.’s) Rufus and Carla Thomas Otis Redding https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnPMoAb4y8U ("Try a Little Tenderness" Otis Redding) Sam & Dave "Hold On, I'm Comin'" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pYh-LwbUwoQ ("Soul Man" Sam & Dave) Wilson Pickett (from Atlantic) "In the Midnight Hour" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGVGFfj7POA ("In the Midnight Hour" Wilson Pickett) Aretha Franklin (“Queen of Soul”) gained popularity in the 1960s that continued into the ‘70s 112 singles that charted on Billboard’s charts (with 73 in the Hot 100 and 17 top-ten pop hits); 100 singles on R&B charts (with twenty number-one hits) (https://youtu.be/EXJx2NnnxA0?si=vHVSZEcP4QLe6NUt “Rock Steady” Aretha Franklin) (https://youtube.com/playlist?list=RDA134hShx_gw&playnext=1&si=ChypYIJhUJ348SlY “Respect” Aretha Franklin) (along with the civil rights movement, women’s movement was gaining traction as well, and you can hear it in the lyrics) (https://youtu.be/xroRNBvvF9M?si=wzyjqD0m3X8HTOeY “Chain of Fools” Aretha Franklin) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URxwe6LPvkM (History of the Civil Rights Movement) Funk James Brown (and the birth of funk) national success in the late ‘50s as the singer of the Famous Flames (also an R&B artist) (“Please, Please, Please” James Brown) (what he sounded like in his R&B era) recorded 17 singles that reached number one on the Billboard R&B charts holds the record for the most singles on Billboard Hot 100 chart that didn’t reach #1 most sampled artist of all time “Funky Drummer” most-sampled drum break https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOCNmimkFTs (“Funky Drummer” drum break) nicknames: "Godfather of Soul," "Mr. Dynamite," "Soul Brother #1," and known as "the hardest-working man in rock'n'roll" highly energetic stage performances 1962 live album Live at the Apollo which reach number 2 on Top LPs chart, sold over a million copies, and stayed on the charts for 14 months in 1965, “Papa’s Got a Brand New Bag” and “I Got You” topped R&B charts and reached the top ten of pop charts (=also became a cross-over hit) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfvhWKeMN50 (“I Got You” with lyrics) by 1967, his emerging sound was being defined as funk music many critics consider "Cold Sweat" the first true funk song https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvltTXEg5kI (“Cold Sweat” live James Brown) intricate rhythmic patterns with interlocking riffs strong jazz influences, but with emphasis on 1 and 3 instead of 2 and 4 percussive guitar sounds  other ‘60s funk hits: “I Got the Feelin’,” “Ain’t It Funky,” “Mother Popcorn,” “Give It Up or Turn It Loose” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eoSXpNZD9o (“Mother Popcorn” live) (massively influential on rap and hip pop too) also active in Civil Rights Movement; "Say It Loud, I'm Black and I'm Proud" became a black anthem https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkjaXyuDKYs ("Say It Loud, I'm Black and I'm Proud") Technological Innovations Multi Track Recording magnetic tape recording recorded electrical signals on tape rather than acoustic signals etched into a record invented in Germany in the 1930s, but didn’t become the standard for recording until the 1950s allowed much longer engineers to “cut-and-paste” with sounds Les Paul pioneered the use of multi-track recording in the 1950s instruments/voices could be recorded individually and later combined allowed much greater complexity and much more precise control various parts could be “mixed-down” to produce the final sound recordings by the Beach Boys and the Beatles in the 1960s demonstrated how multi-track recording could expand the possibilities of the kinds of music being created (video: “A Brief History of Audio Recording…”) Vinyl Long-Playing(LP) Records records made from vinyl (a type of plastic) were more-durable than shellac records in the 1950s, 7-inch(18cm) 45 rpm records became the standard format for singles (single songs on each side, 3 minutes on a side limit) in the 1950, 12-inch(30cm) 33 ⅓ rpm LP became the standard for longer albums before LP records, a record album was a collection of 78 rpm or 45 rpm records collected together in several sleeves longer playing time allowed an entire collection of songs to be recorded on a single disk artists could determine the order of songs allowed for themes or concepts allowed for much longer songs (video: https://youtu.be/0DSAkj5JrH8?si=PSK_RbZx6afn3Bud A Brief Audio History of Vinyl Records)