POL 202 Final Exam PDF

Week 8 Civil War War.. An event involving -​ The organized use of military force -​ By at least two parties -​ That reaches a minimum threshold of severity Civil War -​ Between the state and an organized rebel group fighting for political goals What do groups want to achieve? ​ T...

Week 8 Civil War War.. An event involving -​ The organized use of military force -​ By at least two parties -​ That reaches a minimum threshold of severity Civil War -​ Between the state and an organized rebel group fighting for political goals What do groups want to achieve? ​ Territory ​ Governmental control ​ Irredentist Why do civil wars occur? Opportunity + Willingness Grievances -​ Discrimination -​ Ideological distance -​ Environmental factors Greed -​ Economic gain -​ Two levels -​ Leaders -​ Individual soldiers State weakness -​ County-level factors: -​ -state capacity -​ Geography -​ Governmental structure and stability Rebel group strength -​ Group-level factor -​ Committed recruits -​ Organizational capacity -​ International factors -​ Financing Week 9 Tools to Maintain peace -​ Actions short of force -​ Peace enforcement More recent from:Humanitarian intervention -​ Peacekeeping -​ More recent from: peace building Classic peacekeeping -​ The steps of classic peacekeeping -​ When will this work best? The pace process -​ Goal: archive a positive peace -​ It's hard to do! -​ Get to the table -​ Get to a yes Difficulties in finding an agreement -​ Veto players -​ Mistrust Terrorism Why study terrorism in an IR class? Most attacks are domestic The group, its target, location But many are TRANSNATIONAL We have tools to understand violence, terrorism shares commonalities with civil war. What is Terrorism? -​ The premeditated use of threatened use of violence against non combat targets by individuals or non state groups for political ends through the intimidation of a larger audience. Handel this concept with care -​ A highly normative term -​ We often have to make assumptions about why violence is begin carried out -​ Rarely a group or individual's sole identity. Why use violence? -​ Weak actors -​ Politically -​ Militarily Is terrorism a rational strategy? Rationality: purpose behavior by which groups pursue their interest. Week 10 Human Security What Is security? -The alleviation of threats to cherished values Whose security? -The state above all else What are cherished values? -Sovereignty What's a security threat? -Anything that threatens states and their sovereignty -This has changed over time How to achieve security? -Traditionally the military -today, military plus a wide range of tools Threats & values What counts as a cherished value? Depends on who you ask What is Human Security? The scope of this definition is vast: virtually any kind of unexpected or irregular discomfort could conceivably constitute a threat to one's human security. Human Security is a powerful Alternative -​ Remove focus on States -​ Explicit focus on individuals -​ Consider their safety,health, environment, etc.  Foreign policy choices: American embargo on cuba Interstate war: 2003 War in Iraq International Norms Domestic level: Leaders Domestic Level: Bureaucracy Why no nuclear weapons in vietnam? -​ Levels of analysis: Domestic Interstate Transnational System-level norms Gulf War Nuclear weapons not consider What are International Norms? Shared standards of behavior for actors with a given identity defined in terms of rights and obligations. Types of Norms -Constitutive Example: Is ISIS a state? -Procedural Example: Who can make rules? -Regulative Example:The nuclear taboo  Do Norms Matter? How Norms can shape behavior -​ Can change what is acceptable -​ Can change interactions of states What are International Laws? A body of rules which binds states and other agents in world politics in their relations with one another. And is considered to have the status of law. -​ Primary Rules -​ Secondary Rules Sources of International Law Customary Law Slowly develops based on system norms International Treaties States negotiate and ratify treaties. Variations in International Laws Obligation The degree to which agents are legally bound High legally binding unconditional Low aspirational non-binding Precision How specific obligations are High very specific narrow scope Low vague terms Delegation Whether third parties, like cours of arbitrators van interpret and apply the law High third parties have considerable powers Low no delegation to third parties Types of International Laws Hard Law: Obligatory, precise delegate adjudication. Soft Law: Aspirational, imprecise no delegation Jus in Bello -​ Laws that regulate actions during war -​ Limits on weapons -​ Treatment of certain groups -​ Soucer? Type? What are Human Rights? -​ Set of ideals -​ A legal regime - UDHR -International Bill of Human Rights - 9 core UN treaties Some Evidence that HR are not quite universal -​ Objections to UDHR -​ ICCPR vs. ICESCR -​ Ratification of the remaining core treaties Why do good intentions often fail? Everyone basically agrees that a robust environment is desirable but efforts towards protection often fail.why? Collective Security Organizations ​ The good that they produce: global peace - Excludability? Rival or nonrival? - What type of good is this? Public,private,club,common pool ​ States want global peace,but - Do they want to pay for it…? ​ As a result- security operations (like peacekeeping missions) are often underfunded Individual incentives versus collective outcomes ​ Non Excludable goods tend to be underprovided or overused ​ Actors want positive outcomes,but they also want others to bear the cost Actors ​ Group size ​ Group partnerships ​ leadership / actions of privileged group Winners & Losers ​ Domestically ​ Internationally The problem ​ Complexity ​ Clarity in cost benefits and outcomes Institutions ​ Set standards ​ Resolve disputes ​ Information and compliance International political economy ​ Trade,finance,monetary policy ​ A realm for conflict and cooperation ​ Relevance for traditional and human security perspectives International trade The exchange of goods and services across international borders Imports Domestic purchases of foreign-made goods or services Exports Sales of domestic-made goods or services abroad Types of investment Foreign direct investment Sovereign lending  FDI: A less controversial space ​ Why allow in MNCs ​ Host-MNC interactions and question ​ No international related to FDI The controversy behind sovereign lending Creditor interest Debtor interest? What if they can’t pay back? In crisis:3rd party support The international monetary fund ​ Original purpose to now -primarily acts in developing countries facing financial crises ​ Where the IMF lends ​ IMF controversies -Institutional design -conditions attached to loans IMF’S Structure Political voice is roughly equivalent to economic contributions International Monetary System ​ Gold Standard ​ Bretton Woods ​ Today Bringing in monetary policy Fixed rate: must maintain the value of your currency Floating rate: Can use tools that influence the value of your currency to influence macroeconomic conditions Monetary policy:a tool of national governments to influence broad macroeconomic conditions such as unemployment, inflation, and economic growth. Usually managed by a country’s central bank. Recession ​ What should you do with the interest rate? ​ Lower it!  ​ What’s the problem if you have a fixed interest rate? -​ You have to maintain the exchange rate,can’t lower it -​ Think about the irish example from earlier The poverty puzzle Why are some countries developed while others continue to struggle? \