Falsication Theory & Notable Comparisons PDF

## FALSIFICATION THEORY *Focus* - Cumet prevalent methodology in science; asserts that as long as ideology is not proven to be false, we should accept the phenomenon over alternating theories. - Karl Popper - known proponent; notorious for stating that up and coming theories of the time are not test...

## FALSIFICATION THEORY *Focus* - Cumet prevalent methodology in science; asserts that as long as ideology is not proven to be false, we should accept the phenomenon over alternating theories. - Karl Popper - known proponent; notorious for stating that up and coming theories of the time are not testable and thus not falsifiable. ## NOTABLE COMPARISONS *FOCUS IMPORTANT* - **MORTALITY RATE** - due to tech, lesser women and children die during birth, assuring a robust population and strong workforce. - **AVERAGE LIFESPAN** - people engage less in combat and are less likely to die in treatable diseases now as opposed to then. - Science able to prolong lives by enhancing living status and discovering different remedies to more diseases. - **LITERACY RATE** - access to education provided to individuals, creating a more informed public that could determine a more just society. - **GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)** - while not an indicator of average person's lifestyle in a certain country, is often used to determine the value of country's goods and services produced within the territory given a certain time period. ## TELEVISION SETS, MOBILE PHONES, COMPUTERS, & HUMANITY ### TELEVISIONS - According to Kantar Media, 92 percent of urban and 70 percent of rural municipalities have at least one television set. - The number of households with TVs already reached 15,135 million. ### INVENTORS - **Paul Gottlieb Nipkow** (German) (late 1800s) was successful in attempting to send images through wires using a rotating metal disk, called the electric telescope, with 18 lines resolution. - **1907, Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton** (English) and **Boris Rosing** (Russian) created a new system using a cathode ray tube alongside a mechanical scanner system; gave rise to mechanical and electrical TVs. ### MOBILE PHONES - **April 3, 1973,** - **MARTIN COOPER** (Motorola) made the world's first mobile phone call. - **1983** - Motorola made the first commercial phone "**DynaTAC 8000X**". ### COMPUTERS - **Charles Babbage** designed the Analytical engine. - **April 1981,** - the first portable computer "**Osborne 1**". ## ROBOTICS & HUMANITY - IFR - International Federation of Robotics - UNECE - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. ## STS MIDTERMS (CH2) - **Eudaimonia** - "good spirited" coined by Aristotle (385-323 BC). ### SCIENCE AS METHODS AND RESULTS - **Observe & determine if there are unexplained occurrences unfolding.** - **Determine the problem & identify factors involved.** - **Formulate hypothesis / Reject null hypothesis.** - **Conduct experiment** by setting up dependent and independent variables, and taping to see how independent ones affect dependent ones. - **Gather & analyze results** throughout and upon culmination of experiment. - **Formulate conclusion & provide recommendations.** ### VERIFICATION THEORY *Focus* - Earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science. - Proposes that a discipline is science if it can be confirmed and interpreted in the event of an alternative hypothesis being accepted. - Gives premium to empiricism and only takes into account those results which are measurable and experiments which are repeatable. - Espoused by the movement **Vienna Circle** - a group of scholars believing that only those which can be observed should be regarded as meaningful and reject those which cannot be directly accessed as meaningless. ## ROBOT - Actuated mechanism programmable in 1 or more degrees of autonomy. - Autonomy: Perform intended tasks based on current state and causing without human intervention - **Service** performs useful tasks for humans/equipment excluding commercially. Usually, by lay persons. - **Personal Service** industrial automation application, professional service robot used for commercial use, operated by properly trained operators. ## DESIRE - Achieve technological edge toward key functions. - Create reference architecture for mobile manipulation. - Promote convergence of technology through integration. - Conduct pre-competitive R&D activities. ## LAWS OF ROBOTICS - Isaac Asimov - 1940s 1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the first law. 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection doesn't conflict with the first or second law. ## HEDONISM - Hedonists see the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure. - "Eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow - we die" mantra. - Led by Epicurus, does not buy any notion of afterlife like materialists. ## STOICISM - Also led by Epicurus, stoics espoused the idea that to generate happiness, one must learn to distance themselves and be apathetic. - Apatheia, precisely means to be indifferent. - Happiness can only be attained by careful practice of apathy (some things not within our control). ## THEISM - Finding meaning of life using God as fulcrum. ## HUMANISM - Freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to legislate his own laws, free from shackles of God. ## L4 - **Technology** - Greek words **techno** & **logos** meaning "art" and "word". - Discourse on arts. ## THE HUMAN CONDITION IN THE COMMON AREA - **Earliest case of man-made extinction** 12,000 years ago (possibly due to hunting and territorial disputes). - **Holocene Extinction** - sixth/Anthropocene Extinction between 100,000 to 200,000 years. - Occurred from as early as 12000 years ago up to the present. - Ongoing extinction of several species due to human activity . ## THE ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY - **Martin Heidegger** - argued that essence, or purpose, and being of technology are different from each other. ## HAPPINESS AS THE GOAL OF A GOOD LIFE - **John Stuart Mill** - declared the Greatest Happiness Principle by saying that action is right as far as it maximizes the attainment of happiness for the greatest number of people. ## SCHOOL OF THOUGHT *FOCUS IMPORTANT* - **Materialism** - First materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece. - **Democritus** and **Leucippus** led a school whose primary belief is that the world is made up of, and is controlled by, the tiny, indivisible, units in the world called atoms or seeds. - Continue next page.