Falsification Theory and Its Impacts

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Questions and Answers

Who declared the Greatest Happiness Principle?

  • John Stuart Mill (correct)
  • Democritus
  • Leucippus
  • Martin Heidegger

The essence and purpose of technology are considered different according to Martin Heidegger.

True (A)

What is the time frame of the Holocene Extinction?

From 12,000 years ago up to the present

_____ is the belief that man is free to carve his own destiny and legislate his own laws without the influence of God.

<p>L4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the philosophers with their corresponding ideas:

<p>John Stuart Mill = Greatest Happiness Principle Martin Heidegger = Essence and purpose of technology Democritus = World made up of atoms John Locke = Social contract theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Isaac Asimov's Laws of Robotics?

<p>A robot must possess emotions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Vienna Circle believed that only observable results should be regarded as meaningful.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the verification theory?

<p>Empirical confirmation and repeatability of experiments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epicurus led the philosophy of ________, which emphasizes the pursuit of pleasure.

<p>hedonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following philosophical concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Hedonism = The pursuit of pleasure as the primary goal in life Stoicism = Finding happiness through detachment and indifference Verification Theory = Focus on empiricism and measurable results Laws of Robotics = Principles governing robotic behavior towards humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of robot is considered to perform useful tasks for humans without commercial intent?

<p>Service Robot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to stoicism, one must seek out all pleasures to achieve happiness.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of conducting experiments in scientific methods?

<p>To gather and analyze results to formulate conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known for promoting the concept of falsification theory?

<p>Karl Popper (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first portable computer, Osborne 1, was designed by Charles Babbage.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the DynaTAC 8000X in mobile phone history?

<p>It was the first commercial mobile phone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

On April 3, 1973, ___ made the world's first mobile phone call.

<p>Martin Cooper</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following inventors with their inventions:

<p>Paul Gottlieb Nipkow = Electric telescope Martin Cooper = First mobile phone call Charles Babbage = Analytical Engine Alan Campbell-Swinton = Mechanical and electrical TVs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of technological advancements according to the content?

<p>Increased mortality rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of households with televisions reached ___ million.

<p>15,135</p> Signup and view all the answers

The International Federation of Robotics (IFR) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) are related to advancements in robotics.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept suggests finding the meaning of life using God as the central point?

<p>Humanism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Holocene Extinction is considered an ongoing process due to human activity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who argued that the essence and purpose of technology are different from each other?

<p>Martin Heidegger</p> Signup and view all the answers

The earliest case of man-made extinction possibly occurred due to __________ and territorial disputes.

<p>hunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following philosophers with their ideas:

<p>John Stuart Mill = Greatest Happiness Principle Democritus = Atoms as building blocks of matter Martin Heidegger = Essence vs. purpose of technology L4 = Freedom from the influence of God</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which inventor is credited with creating the first portable computer?

<p>Osborne 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Falsification theory, proposed by Karl Popper, states that as long as a theory is not proven false, it should be accepted.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the mobile phone that was the first to be commercially available in 1983.

<p>DynaTAC 8000X</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first mobile phone call was made by Martin Cooper on April 3, _____

<p>1973</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable impact of advancements in technology on mortality rates?

<p>Lesser deaths for women and children during childbirth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was a notable proponent of the falsification theory?

<p>Karl Popper</p> Signup and view all the answers

The literacy rate has no impact on a society's ability to achieve a just social order.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first law of robotics as defined by Isaac Asimov?

<p>A robot may not injure a human being. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epistemology in science prioritizes measurable and repeatable experiments.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A robot that performs useful tasks for humans without commercial intent is classified as a __________ robot.

<p>service</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following philosophies with their key concepts:

<p>Hedonism = Pursuit of pleasure Stoicism = Indifference for happiness Verification Theory = Empirical confirmation Laws of Robotics = Safety protocols for robots</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is associated with the idea that happiness requires detachment from pleasure?

<p>Zeno of Citium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Robots must prioritize their own existence above human safety according to Asimov's Laws.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common goal of conducting pre-competitive R&D activities in technology?

<p>To achieve a technological edge and promote technology convergence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary belief of materialists like Democritus and Leucippus?

<p>The world is made up of indivisible units called atoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Holocene Extinction refers to the ongoing process of species extinction due to human activity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known for declaring the Greatest Happiness Principle?

<p>John Stuart Mill</p> Signup and view all the answers

Technology derives from the Greek words ______ and ______, meaning 'art' and 'word'.

<p>techno, logos</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of technological advancements on mortality rates?

<p>Improved healthcare and reduced birth complications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Karl Popper suggested that for a theory to be accepted, it must be proven false.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who made the world's first mobile phone call?

<p>Martin Cooper</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first commercially available mobile phone was the __________.

<p>DynaTAC 8000X</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following inventors with their contributions:

<p>Paul Gottlieb Nipkow = Electric telescope Charles Babbage = Analytical Engine Alan Campbell-Swinton = Mechanical TV Martin Cooper = First mobile phone call</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes eudaimonia, as coined by Aristotle?

<p>A state of being that focuses on personal fulfillment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a robot in personal service industries?

<p>To perform useful tasks for humans excluding commercial services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The increase in literacy rates can lead to a more informed public and potentially a just society.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The verification theory values experiments that cannot be repeated or measured.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of urban municipalities, according to Kantar Media, have at least one television set?

<p>92 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

The philosophy that emphasizes the pursuit of pleasure is called ______.

<p>hedonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant aspect of the scientific method?

<p>Formulate and test hypotheses based on observations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hedonists believe in the idea of an afterlife as part of their philosophy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'apathy' mean in stoicism?

<p>Indifference</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors has contributed to a lower mortality rate for women and children during birth in modern times?

<p>Better medical technology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first mobile phone call was made by Alexander Graham Bell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the proponent of the falsification theory?

<p>Karl Popper</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept emphasized by John Stuart Mill in his philosophy?

<p>Maximizing happiness for the greatest number of people (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Materialism was first articulated by modern philosophers in the 20th century.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Paul Gottlieb Nipkow created the electric __________ to send images through wires.

<p>telescope</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following technological advancements with their inventors:

<p>Television = Paul Gottlieb Nipkow Portable Computer = Osborne 1 Mobile Phone = Martin Cooper Analytical Engine = Charles Babbage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the ongoing extinction of species due to human activity?

<p>Holocene Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Martin Heidegger, the essence of technology is different from its __________.

<p>purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant societal impact of increased literacy rates?

<p>More informed public (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first commercial mobile phone was the __________.

<p>DynaTAC 8000X</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following philosophers with their corresponding ideas:

<p>Martin Heidegger = Essence differs from purpose in technology John Stuart Mill = Greatest Happiness Principle Democritus = World is made of indivisible atoms Holocene Extinction = Ongoing human-caused species extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is eudaimonia, as coined by Aristotle?

<p>Good spirited</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the scientific method?

<p>Observing and determining unexplained occurrences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the verification theory, disciplines that cannot be empirically confirmed are considered meaningful.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one of Isaac Asimov's Laws of Robotics.

<p>A robot may not injure a human being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hedonists pursue pleasure, while stoics believe in __________ from emotional disturbances.

<p>indifference</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of robots with their descriptions:

<p>Service Robot = Performs useful tasks for humans without commercial intent Personal Service Robot = Used for industrial automation and operated by trained personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

What philosophical stance argues against a notion of an afterlife and emphasizes the pursuit of pleasure?

<p>Hedonism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Robots are required to follow human orders without exception according to Asimov's Laws.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of conducting pre-competitive R&D activities in technology?

<p>To achieve a technological edge and promote integration of technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher argued that happiness can only be attained by the practice of apathy?

<p>Unknown (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humanism emphasizes the idea of finding meaning in life using God as a central point.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What period is characterized by man-made extinctions occurring from as early as 12,000 years ago?

<p>Holocene Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

The philosophical stance that the world is composed of tiny, indivisible units is known as __________.

<p>Materialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Greatest Happiness Principle = Action is right if it maximizes happiness for the greatest number Apathy = Detachment from life's uncontrollable aspects Humanism = Finding meaning of life through human experiences Materialism = Belief in existence of matter as the fundamental substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant invention by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow in the late 1800s?

<p>Electric telescope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Karl Popper is known for supporting the verification theory of science.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mobile phone model is recognized as the first commercial phone released in 1983?

<p>DynaTAC 8000X</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Analytical engine was designed by __________.

<p>Charles Babbage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following keywords with their definitions:

<p>Mortality Rate = Rate of deaths in a population Literacy Rate = Percentage of people who can read and write GDP = Total value of goods and services produced Eudaimonia = Concept of human flourishing or well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following advancements has contributed to lower mortality rates?

<p>Technological improvements in healthcare (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The installation of television sets has increased in both urban and rural areas.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who made the world's first mobile phone call on April 3, 1973?

<p>Martin Cooper</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Vienna Circle believed that all results should be considered meaningful, regardless of observability.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three laws of robotics proposed by Isaac Asimov?

<p>A robot may not injure a human being, a robot must obey human orders, a robot must protect its own existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to hedonism, the ultimate purpose of life is to acquire ______.

<p>pleasure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophy suggests that happiness comes from detaching from pleasure?

<p>Stoicism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Robots must prioritize their own existence over all other considerations according to Asimov's Laws.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does autonomy in robots refer to?

<p>The ability to perform tasks based on their current state without human intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Falsification Theory

A scientific method where we accept a theory until proven false.

Mortality Rate

The number of deaths per population.

Average Lifespan

The expected length of a person's life.

Literacy Rate

Percentage of people who can read and write.

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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced in a country.

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First mobile phone call

Martin Cooper's call in 1973

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DynaTAC 8000X

The first commercially available mobile phone.

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Eudaimonia

Happiness and well-being in Greek philosophy.

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Humanism's meaning of life

Finding meaning by focusing on human potential and creation of one's own destiny outside of relying on a God.

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Greatest Happiness Principle

Actions that lead to happiness for the most people are considered right by John Stuart Mill.

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Materialism (Ancient Greece)

Ancient Greek belief that the universe is composed of and ruled by indivisible atomic units (atoms/seeds).

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Holocene Extinction

Ongoing extinction of species caused by human activity, starting 12,000 years ago and continuing.

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Technology's roots

Greek words 'techno' and 'logos' meaning "art" and "word" describe discourse on technologies.

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Scientific Method Steps

Steps to conduct scientific investigations: Observe, Problem Determination, Hypothesis, Experiment with variables, Data Analysis, Conclusion & Recommendations.

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Verification Theory

A theory in philosophy of science arguing that a statement is meaningful only if it can be verified by observation or experiment, rejecting those that can't be verified as meaningless.

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Robot Autonomy

A robot's ability to perform tasks without human intervention, based on its current state and programmed actions.

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Types of Robots (Service)

Robots performing helpful tasks for humans or equipment; often excluding commercial use. Includes personal service robots.

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Laws of Robotics (1st)

A robot must not harm a human or, by inaction, allow a human to come to harm.

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Hedonism

Philosophical belief that pleasure is the ultimate goal of life.

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Stoicism

Philosophical view emphasizing detachment and apathy (indifference) to achieve happiness.

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Independent Variable

A variable that is changed or manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect on another variable.

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What did Martin Cooper invent?

Martin Cooper invented the first functional mobile phone, making the first call on April 3, 1973.

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What is the DynaTAC 8000X?

The DynaTAC 8000X was the first commercially available mobile phone, released by Motorola in 1983. It was bulky and expensive, but a significant step in mobile technology.

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Scientific Method

A systematic process for investigating phenomena, involving observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion drawing.

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Null Hypothesis

A statement that there is no relationship or effect between variables in an experiment.

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Theism

A belief system centered around the existence of a God, often seen as a source of meaning and purpose in life.

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The Essence of Technology

The fundamental purpose and being of technology, as argued by Martin Heidegger, are distinct from each other.

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Martin Cooper's Contribution

Martin Cooper is credited with inventing the first functional mobile phone, making the first call on April 3, 1973.

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What is a service robot?

A robot designed to perform useful tasks for humans or equipment, typically excluding commercial applications.

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What is the goal of the 'Desire' project?

To advance robotics technology by creating a reference architecture for mobile manipulation and promoting technological integration.

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Essence of Technology

A concept proposed by Martin Heidegger that argues the fundamental purpose or essence of technology is different from its actual existence or being.

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Hypothesis

A testable prediction about the relationship between variables in an experiment.

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Service Robot

A robot designed to perform useful tasks for humans or equipment, typically excluding commercial applications.

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Paul Gottlieb Nipkow's Contribution

Inventor of the electric telescope (1800s) which used a rotating metal disk to transmit images through wires, pioneering early television technology.

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Theism's Meaning of Life

The belief that life finds meaning through the existence of a God, often seen as the source of purpose and direction.

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What is Apathy?

Apathy is a state of indifference or lack of interest, often used in Stoicism to attain happiness by accepting things beyond our control.

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Technology's Essence

The fundamental purpose and being of technology, as argued by Martin Heidegger, are separate. Technology's essence goes beyond just its practical uses.

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Laws of Robotics

A set of rules created by Isaac Asimov that govern the behavior of robots, prioritizing human safety.

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What is the root of 'technology'?

The term 'technology' comes from the Greek words 'techno' (art) and 'logos' (word), indicating a discourse on the arts.

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What is the Holocene Extinction?

The Holocene Extinction, also known as the Anthropocene Extinction, is an ongoing extinction event caused by human activity. It began around 12,000 years ago and continues today.

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Happiness according to Mill

John Stuart Mill emphasizes "the Greatest Happiness Principle", meaning that an action is deemed right if it promotes happiness for the largest number of people.

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What is Materialism?

Materialism is the belief that the universe is made up of, and controlled by, tiny, indivisible units called atoms. It originated in Ancient Greece.

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What is theism?

Theism is a belief system that centers around the existence of a God, often seen as a source of meaning and purpose in life.

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Study Notes

Falsification Theory

  • Current scientific methodology asserts that theories are acceptable as long as they haven't been proven false, not just supported
  • Karl Popper supported this; proposed that theories should be falsifiable and that theories are not true or false but rather testable
  • Theories that are testable are often the theories that are accepted in science

Notable Comparisons

  • Mortality rate: technology has reduced deaths during childbirth, leading to higher population and workforce
  • Average lifespan: improved healthcare and medical advancements mean people are less likely to die from common diseases
  • Literacy rates: increased access to education allows for greater public awareness
  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP): a measure of a country's goods and services produced within the country in a certain period; although not a perfect measure of average lifestyle

Televisions, Mobile Phones, Computers, and Humanity

  • Televisions: 92% of urban and 70% of rural homes in several areas have at least one television set
  • Mobile phones: Martin Cooper made the first mobile phone call in 1973 using a Motorola phone
  • Computers: Charles Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, and the Osborne 1 was one of the earliest portable computers (1981)

STS Midterms (CH2)

  • Science relies on observation, problem definition, hypothesis formation, experimentation, analysis, conclusion drawing, and recommendations
  • Empiricism is a key method that emphasizes measurable and repeatable experiments; any scientific work must hold up to repeated tests and experiments
  • Scientists reject ideas that cannot be observed and verified directly

Robots & Humanity

  • Robots: robots are increasingly versatile with more degrees of autonomy and abilities
  • Service robots: used in commercial/industrial settings; professionals, personal; excluding home assistance
  • Robots need to be designed so that they do not harm humans or violate human rights, laws

Philosophy & Ethics

  • Hedonism: Epicurus defined this as the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain as the ultimate goal; pleasures include food, drink, and other sensations
  • Stoicism: Epicurus asserted that finding happiness involves removing oneself from external affairs
  • Theism and Humanism: these are belief systems that provide different views on the meaning of human life in the world, with the differences laying in the nature and role of God or divine forces

Human Condition

  • Early human history (100,000-200,000 years ago): a period of significant change & biological evolution, leading to the sixth/Anthropocene extinction which exists to this day
  • Technology: Martin Heidegger suggested that the purpose of technology is different from its individual use
  • Happiness as a goal: John Stuart Mill’s principle of the greatest happiness is how much happiness could be achieved through actions of a given situation
  • Materialism: Democritus and Leucippus asserted that the world is comprised of indivisible units that create everything in the universe (atomos)

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