Technologies and CALL PDF

## Technologies Stockwell: 1. Self-development Courseware 2. Online activities 3. Commercial/freeware 4. Computer mediated communication (CMC) Individual study tools & mobile & portable devices lead to success. ## Self-developed Courseware Designed by collaborative teams - language learning tool...

## Technologies Stockwell: 1. Self-development Courseware 2. Online activities 3. Commercial/freeware 4. Computer mediated communication (CMC) Individual study tools & mobile & portable devices lead to success. ## Self-developed Courseware Designed by collaborative teams - language learning tools. For a specific group * Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) Provides immediate, customized instruction or feedback. * Netlearn - Shalmani & Sabet - 3 multimedia gloss Breakthrough in computational linguistics, information retrieval, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, & discourse processing ## Well-designed ITS 1. Convenient access to individualized practice 2. Models good problem-solving 3. Helps learner based on their needs. ## Commercial Courseware Ready-made, licensed, and sold by companies * Longman English online * Quartet online ## Concordancing Tools Corpus analysis extracts instances of a given word from a corpus: - List of the word, part of the word, combinations of words - Context Enhance: - Textual glosses, seeking productive vocabulary - Awareness of Collocation lexis, passive attitudes ## Automated Writing Evaluation Native speakers writing more accurately. Automated corrective feedback Uses Natural Language Processing (NLP) & machine learning. ## Criterion * **Curnitin, writingpal** Criterion writing instruction in K-12 programs * **Nalisistic scores** - level-specific model (cage & proticiong) * **e-rater** - diagnostic trait feedback grammar, usage, mechanics, style & organization, development * **Web-based** - pool of writing - feedback ## Turnitin Plagirism / SOLET~Arizona Writing pal Writing strategy instruction tool: 4 Principles: 1. Strategy instruction 2. Modularity 3. Extended practice 4. Formative feedback Learning modules * Game-based * Essay-based ## Corpus-based Tools Corpus of Contemporary American English * Data-driven - students need to have access to examples * Examples need to meet specific needs at the time of writing ## Technology~creativity Creativity: anything someone does in a way that is original to the creator and that is appropriate or a goal of the creator. *Intentionally limiting ourselves to human creativity* Original as long as a person is unaware of similar creations. This is dependent on the context. *Appropriate: Works. It doesn't matter if its unconscious~If its meaningful to the creator.* ## Divergent Thinking Wide array of techniques for coming up with ideas * Ability to produce many (not necessarily correct) ideas, to produce unusual and original ideas (but again not necessarily workable ideas), and spin out elaborate variant of an idea. * Interesting, imaginative, & potentially creative ideas * Guilford's 120 factors ## Ideational Fluency Quickly naming many different things that fit a specific category. Torrance Test * Divergent thinking & creativity became synonymous, but divergent potentially leads to creative ideas, creativity is much more than that ### Components of Divergent Thinking - **Fluency:** Number of different ideas - **Flexibility:** Variety among the ideas - **Originality:** How unusual the ideas are - **Elaboration:** Richness of detail in the ideas **Fluency:** raw count of the number of items, as long as they are in some marginal ways related. No check on appropriateness Flexibility, originality, & elaboration *Originality:* give points based on the frequency of that idea on the lists of other people who have taken the test. - A greater quantity ~ more high quality ideas *Downside: Scores of fluency correlate with other factors ## Divergent Thinking * Does not yield a valid creativity score * Isn't a single skill * Doesn't measure creativity but helps us understand the nature of creativity. ## CALL Warschaur & Healey ~ 3 phases of CALL. - **Structural CALL** - **Communicative CALL** - **Integrative CALL** ## Mainframe * **PCS** * **Multimedia & Net** * **Grammar** * **Communicative** * **Content-based** * **Translation** * **[Sic] Language Teaching** * **ESP/EAP** * **Audiolingual** * **Cognitive (Mentally Constructed)** * **Socio-Cognitive (Social Interaction)** * **Structural Lang** * **Communicative Exercise** * **Authentic Discourse** * **Drill and Practice** ## Accuracy & Fluency * Agency ## Unclear Criteria **1. Contradictions between CIT & CALL - Communicative CALL is no longer there.** **2. "Communicative" is being used as language teaching methodologists use it. The list doesn't mention any "communication".** ## Normalization - The stage when a technology is invisible, hardly even recognised & taken for granted. ~PALL & BALL - Early adopters - Ignorance/scepticism - try again - normalising - try once - fear/awe ## Bax * Resaricted CALL -referring not only to a supposed underlying theory but also the actual software and activity types - when teacher's role to feedback offered to students & other dimensions. ## Content: type of task, Type of activity, my feedback, T role, T task, curriculum, lesson, I, computer - **Text reconst.** - correct, manizor, exag, not grazed - whole - **Closed Restricted CALL:** raczion - incorrect - extral sepevale - lab - **Closed CALL:** drills - lesson - clased test - quizzes - 1960~ 1980 min intevachon ~ 1980 - **Open CALL:** simulations- interacting with C - ling develop many 4 ment facila - toy - NOT whole - lap into language - **Integrated CALL:** games - occasional - open, flexible oprional - Interaction - pracedes- learnev need lesson - **Integrated Cuc/wp:** freq inters - interpretig - same inre - email - evaluating facttacor - omenting wanager - normal - pant of teacdg - tool - normalised - integrated - adapted to every - small part of eval - skill work/ mixedi - stimularg thuaught ## Grammar Chapter 3 Grammar teaching: explicit/implicit → metalinguistic knowledge. Technologies: learner-computer & interpersonal by self-discovery, autonomy Four pedagogies: 1. Tutorial CALL 2. Intelligent CALL (ICALL) 3. Data-driven learning (DDL) 4. Computer-mediated communication (CMC) ## Tutorial CALL * **The role of tutor**: evaluating responses, presenting material. * **Early model**: audiolingual, mechanical practice, repetition, immediate feedback. * **Deductive method**: short sentence-based practice, isolated grammar, fill-in-the-blanks, match or rank, small chunks ## 3 Common Algorithms * **String-matching**: doesn't distinct between different errors & types; limited to yes/no questions. * **Pattern-mark-up**: comparison that is non-syntactic with the string stored; searches for variation & inversion. * **Error anticipation**: contrastive analysis L1&L2 association with a pre-defined error message; doesn't have generic feedback. * **Short coming**: ill-formed are infinite; computer needs to be more sophisticated. ## ICALL * **Large number**: natural language processing (NLP); record of info for student construction model. * **Uunanticipated**: contextual corrective feedback. * **ENOV**: modified lang input to draw learner's attention to [sep] between inter & target. ## Corpora and Data-driven Learning Have been applied for language learning since the 1960's. * **Indirect**: - New teaching materials - Reference grammar - Actual language usage * **Direct**: - John's (direct corpus-based application) - Usage-based grammar ## Four Principles of DDL * **Exposure** - specific linguistics to make generalizations * **Research & creating rules** - Lexico-grammar teaching grammar is intertwined with lexicon * **New view of choices** - that learners make among possible grammatical alternatives rather than purely formal accuracy * **Salient input** ## Inductive Approach: Learners are independent in upattern-hunting & upattern-defining. * **Autonomy**: the learners psychological relation to the process of and content of learning - a capacity for detachment, critical reflection, description. ## Computer-Mediated Communication Based on interpersonal communication - crucial driving force. * **Sociocultural theory/interaccionist** and **SLA theories**: * **Provides**: Similar to face-to-face classrooms - Clarification requests, feedback - Increased participation, improved learners * **Nature of**: Planning time, attitudes; revision & monitoring opportunity ## Chapter 5 **Digital environment**: visual & auditory ^ text * Reader should integrate information by modes to comprehend. * **Social Dimension of Web Technology**: reading has social dimension. - Instantaneous connectedness of text: exchange & co-construction - Understanding - **SLA, Cognitive** linguistic, psycholinguinistics adopted due to internet. * **Sociocultural approach**: - **Cognitive noticing**: working memory, automatización [sic]; activating prior knowledge. - **Multimedia reading scaffold**: online research - **Annotation affect vocabulary learning**: * **Noticing**: Accents is significant in acquisition - Compare reader performance (computerized traditional paper). ## Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML): * Meaningful learning - student selects suitable words & pictures, organizes them into coherent pictorial & verbal models, integrates them with appropriate prior knowledge: better retention. ## Meta Cognize Approach: * Theoretical framework: new tech - change L2 reading behavior.studies: strategies, decision-making, online reading. ## Sociocultural Theories: * Mediation of understanding through cultural tools: a sociocultural milieu that learners are active constructors * Reading - not a series of individualistic subskill, active participation & interaction of learners. ## Cognize: - Acquiring grammar through predetermined order. ## SIA: * Provided theory-based development, evaluation, commercial & academic CALL. * Pragmatic goal of marshalling pro-knowledge, useful for creating learning opportunities. 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