History Of Medical Technology In A Global Context PDF

The Old Belief of the cause of Diseases - Negative interaction between the Machines for diagnosis or therapeutics were environment and the body. used by physicians HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN A John Hutchinson’s SPIROMETER...

The Old Belief of the cause of Diseases - Negative interaction between the Machines for diagnosis or therapeutics were environment and the body. used by physicians HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN A John Hutchinson’s SPIROMETER GLOBAL CONTEXT o Vital capacity or the lungs HIPPOCRATES Jules Herisson’s SPHYGMOMANOMETER - Father of Medicine o Blood pressure - Author of Hippocratic Oath - Advocated the testing of urine, listening - Use of chemistry for diagnosis of to lungs and observing outward diabetes, anemia, diptheria and syphilis appearances in the diagnosis of disease - Technical laboratories regulated by - Concluded that the appearance of Center for Disease Control and Prevention bubbles, blood and pus in urine indicated (CDC) used for medical diagnostic in the kidney disease and Chronic illnesses US (mid 1900s) GALEN 20th Century (1900-2000) - Greek Physician and philosopher - Instigated a rudimentary and qualitative - Improvement in basic sciences and assessment of disorder through integration of scientific and technological measurements if body fluids discoveries — marked the advances un - Described diabetes as “diarrhea of urine” medical technology - Established the relationship between fluid - Medical Technologies made impacts on intake and urine volume various surgical procedures - New Medical Advancements: electron MEDIEVAL EUROPE (500-1500 AD) microscope. New medical imaging - Diagnosis by “water casting” (uroscopy) technologies and prosthetic devices. was widely practiced. - Electron microscope – visualization of - Patient’s urine specimen were submitted small cells including tumor cells in decorative flasks. - Tomography and magnetic resonance - Failure of physicians to examine urine imaging (MRI) resulted to public beatings - PROSTHESIS - First book detailing the characteristics of o Such as artificial heart valves and urine (colord, density, quality) was written blood vessels, functional on 900AD electromechanical lims, - Medical Practitioners were not allowed to reconstructive skeletal joints conduct physical examination of the patient’s body in the early 11th century. RENE LAENNEC - Medical practitioners solely relied in the - Stethoscope (1816) patients description of symptoms and o To acquire information abouth the their observations. lungs and heartbeats. 18th Century (1700-1800) ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK - Use id medical techniques and cadaver - Microscope (1840) dissection; to provide a more objective - First practical microscope was devised by and accurate diagnosis and to understand him the insides of the body. - Laboratories designed for analyzing medical specimens were organized by chemical experts (mid1800s) MANUEL GARCUA th 19 Century (1800-1900) - Laryngoscope (1855)  - Devised by him, using two mirrors to UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA’S WILLIAM observe the throat and larynx PEPPER LABORATORY OF CLINICAL MEDICINE - 1895 WILHELM REONTGEN - was opened to highlight the service role - X-ray (1859) of clinical laboratories. - Discovered by accident that radiation could penetrate solid objects of low JOHN KOLMER density - called for the development of a method o Used to diagnose pneumonia, that would certify medical technologists pleurisy, and TB on a national scale. (1918) - Published THE DEMAND FOR AND WILLIAM EINTHOVEN TRAINING LABORATORY TECHNICIANS - Electrocardiograph (1903) o That included a description of the o To measure electrical changes first formal training course in during beating of the heart. Medical Technology. ELIZABETH KENNY 1920 - Kenny Method - The administrative units of clinical o In the treatment of polio (infantile laboratories in large hospitals were paralysis) using hot packs and directed by a chief physician. muscle manipulation - 5 CLINICAL LABORATORIES - Pioneering work for modern physical o Pathology therapy o Bacteriology - Prompted the invention id a new o Microbiology Stretcher o Serology o Sylvia stretcher [named of the first o Radiology woman carried on it] (1927) 1922 - American Society for Clinical Pathology PHILIP DRINKER (ASCP) - Drinker Respirator (1927) o Was founded with the objective of o For patient with paralytic anterior encouraging the cooperation poliomyelitis between physicians and clinical o To recover normal respiration with pathology assistance of artificial respirator o Established the code of ethics for technicians and technologists HERMANN VON HELMHOLZ stating that theses allied health - Heart-Lung Machine (1939) professionals should word under o First Visual Technology supervision of a physician and refrain from making oral/written diagnosis and advising physicians MONIZ, REBOUL, ROUSTHOI (DEVELOPERS) on how patients should be treated. FORSMANN (First Operated it) 1950 - Cardiac Catheretization and Angiography - Medical Technologists in US o Made seeing the heart, lung o Sought professional recognition vessels, and valves possible from government of their throgh inserting a cannula in an educational qualifications through arm vein to heart with an injection licensure laws. of radiopaque dye o To see if there’s a restriction in 1565 — first Hospital established by Spaniards, blood flow going to the heart. Hospital Real in Cebu was moved to Manila to cater to military Patients. 1578 — Francians built the San Lazaro Hospital BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES for poor and lepers - Under Phil. Con. Act No. 156 1596 — Hospital San Juan de Dios founded for - Located in Calle Herran poor spaniards - Destroyed during WW2 1611 - Dominicans founded the UST which in 1871 established the first faculties of pharmacy 3rd MEDICAL LABORATORY and medicine - Was the first laboratory unit to be 1641 — Hospital de San Jose was founded in assigned in the SWPA CaviteJournals of science and medicine. - June 18, 1942 published: Boletin de Medicina de Manila LEYTE (1886); the Revista Farmaceutica de Filipinas - US forces landed (1893); and Cronicas de Ciencias Medicas - 9th Medical General Laboratory (1895) (Anderson, 2006) o 3rd Medical Laboratory 1876 — Provincial medical officers were o 363rd Medical Composite appointed to provide health care services Detachment throughout the country, which was followed by TACLOBAN the establishment of the Board of Health and - 27th Medical Laboratory Charity in 1883 and was later expanded in LINGAYEN GULF 1886. - 26th Medical Laboratory MANILA PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY LABORATORIO MUNICIPAL DE MANILA - First CLINICAL laboratory in the - Was established by spaniard authorities philippines for laboratory examinations for food, - Established during WW2 water, and clinical samples, but not for o By the 6th Infantry Division of the the study of outbreaks US army at Quiricada St. Sta. Cruz, GENERAL LUNA Manila o Was employed as chemical expert DR. MARIANO ICASIANI in said laboratory and pioneered - Manila City Health Officer water testing, forensics and - Helped Dr. Pio De Roda environmental studies o With the reopening if Manila Public THE CENTRAL BOARD OF VACCINATION Health Laboratory - Started producing distributing vaccine MANILA SANITARIUM AND HOSPITAL (MSH) lymph in 1806 had 122 regular - WILLA HEDRICK vaccinators in Manila and other major o Opened the First school of Medical towns Technology in the Philippines END OF 19th CENTURY - Spaniards who were considered to be authorities in medicine, started exploring the microbial causes of diseases. EDWARD JENNER Advancement of Medicine & health care - Discovered Vaccination to establish - Broke down because of Phil-American immunity to small pox War. MARIE FRANCOIS CAVIER BICHAY FALL OF MANILA - Identified organs by their types of tissue. - Spanish Military hospital was converted— - Histology First Reserve Hospital o By Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott - Was chief surgeon of pacific and 8 corps AGOSTINO BASSI RICHARD P. STRONG - Produced disease in worms by injection - Utilized the laboratory to perform of organic material autopsies and to examine blood, feces, o Beginning of MICROBIOLOGY and urine LOUIS PASTEUR  - Successfully produced immunity to rabies. GREGOR MENDEL TECHNOLOGY - Enunciated his law of inherited - The application of science in ways that characteristics from studies on plants. are considered beneficial to society. JOSEPH LISTER Can be defined into three ways: - Demonstrated that surgical infections are 1. As physical Artefact, machine or caused by airborne organisms. instrument; ROBERT KOCH 2. As an activity or a means ti - Presented the first pictures of bacilli and accomplish instrument; later tubercle bacili. 3. As an activity or means to ELLIE METCHNIKOFF accomplish a goal - Described phagocytes in blood and their 4. As knowledge (HOWELL, 1996) role in fighting infection. ERNST VIN BERGMAN - Is designed for instrument action that - Introduced steam sterilization in surgery. reduces the uncertainty in the cause- KARL LANDSTEINER effect relationships involved in achieving - Distinguished of blood groups through a desires outcome (Rogers, 1983) development of ABO blood group system. - Consist of: AUGUST VON WASSERMAN o PHYSICAL ELEMENTS - Developed immunologic test of syphilis. ▪ Equipment HOWARD RICKETS ▪ Materials/products - Discovered microorganisms o INTANGUBLE ELEMENTS o Called rickettsiae ▪ Knowledge HANS FISCHER ▪ Skills - Worked out the structure of hemoglobin. ▪ Procedures JONAS SALK ▪ Principles - Developed poliomyelitis vaccine ▪ Information based required JAMES WESTGARD to successfully implement - Introduced westgard rules for quality the technology. control in the clinical laboratory. - An avenue for humans to alter or modify BARUCH SAMUEL BLUMBERG environment in order to extend their - Introduced the hepatitis B vaccine. abilities to created, invent, discover, or KARY MULLIS innovate to make the world a better place - Developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction to live in. (PCR). ANDRE VAN STEIRTEGHEM MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY - Introduce the intracytoplasmic sperm - Designed to improve the detection, injection (IVF) diagnosis, treatment, and monitory JAMES THOMSON diseases. - Derived the first human Stem Cell Line. - Has linkage — therapeutic purposes - Nature in contextual - Dependent LESSON 2 NATURE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE - CLINICAL LABORATORY TESTING - Primarily concerned with the study of the o Crucial role in the detection, natural world and the interrelationship diagnosis, treatment of diseases. among the biological, psychological and - EXAMINATUON AND ANALYSIS OF: even the social world. o Body fluids  o Tissues 6. DEMONSTRATE PROFESSIONALISM o Cells - Follow Code of Ethics, Law and national organization (PAMET, PASMETH) RA 5527, MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ACT. 1969 7. UPHOLD CONFIDENTIALITY - A person who shall for a fee, salary or 8. COLLABORATE WITH OTHER HEALTH CARE other compensation or reward paid or PROFESSIONALS given directly or indirectly through 9. CONDUCT RESEARCH another, renders any of the following 10. INVOLVMENT IN HEALTH PROMOTION services for the purpose of aiding the PROGRAMS physician in the diagnosis, study and treatment of diseases and in the OTHER VALUABLE LABORATORY PERSONNEL : promotion of health in general: PATHOLOGIST 1. Examination of tissues, secretions and - Head of a clinical laboratory excretions of the human body/fluids - Monitors all the laboratory results 2. Blood Banking Procedure and Techniques - Signature is required for all laboratory 3. Parasitologic mycologic and microbiologic results to be considered as valid procedures and techniques. 4. Histopathologic and Cytotechnologic MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIANS 5. Clinical Research - Failed to pass the medical technology 6. Preparations and standardization Liscensure examination, but a rating of 7. Clinical Laboratory Quality Control atleast 70% 8. Collection and preservation of specimens PHLEBOTOMIST A Medical technologists must first become Licensed — practice the profession CYTOTECHNOLOGISTS - Works with the pathologist to detect ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES changes in body cells which may be important in the early diagnosis of 1. PERFORM CLINICAL LABORATORY TESTING diseases. - Routine Laboratory tests, urinalysis and stool examination HISTOTECHNOLOGIST - Hematologic tests - Responsible for routing preparation, - Microbiologic tests processing and staining of biopsies and - Serologic test tissue specimens for microscopic - Chemical Tests examination by pathologist. o Clinical Laboratories must be well equipped with necessary resources NUCLEAR MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST 2. PERFORM SPECIAL PROCEDURES - Works alongside Nuclear Physician - Operation of advanced diagnostic - Radiation Physics equipment - Safety regulation to limit radiation - Molecular and precision of Results exposure 3. ENSURE ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF RESULTS TOXICOLOGIST - Impact to the interpretation of results by - Studies the effect of toxic substances on physician the physiological functions of human 4. BE HONEST IN PRACTICE beings, anomals and plants to develop 5. ENSURE TIMELY DELIVERY OF RESULTS daga - Be aware of the urgency of delivering - Uses biological and biochemical results techniques - “STAT”, from latin word “statim”, - Drug testing instantky or immediately ALMA ATA DECLARATION 1. Expanded options of immunizations - Requires the action of many other social 2. Reproductive health needs; and economic sectors in addition to the 3. Provision of essential technologies for health sector. health 4. Health promotion; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE (PHC) 5. Prevention and control of non- - Essential health care based on communicable diseases scientifically sound and socially 6. Food safety and provision of selected acceptable methods food supplements - Made universally accessible and acceptable to individuals through full MANAGEMENT OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE participation - Focuses on health equity-producing social 1. Planning policy 2. Organizing 3. Staffing ULTIMATE GOAL OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE: 4. Controlling 5. Directing - BETTER HEALTH FOR ALL Primary Health Care (PHC); 5 key ELEMENTS TO TYPES OF AUTHORITY ACHIEVE GOAL: 1. LINE AUTHORITY MANAGERS 1. Universal Coverage to Reduce exclusion - Formal power to direct and control and social disparities immediate subordinates 2. Service delivery organized around SUPERIORS people’s needs and expectations - Issue orders; responsible for results; 3. Public policy that integrates health into subordinate is responsible only for all sectors; executing order according to instructions 4. Leadership that enhances collaborative 2. FUNCTIONAL AUTHORITY models of policy dialogue; and - Manager’s formal power over a specific 5. Increased stakeholder participation subset of activities. 3. STAFF AUTHORITY ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF PRIMARY HEALTH - Granted to staff specialists in their areas CARR (PHC) of expertise; limited to advises 1. Education concerning prevailing health problems and the methods of identifying, CENTRALIZATION preventing and controlling them; - Location of decision-making authority 2. Locally endemic disease prevention and near top organizational levels control; 3. Expanded program of immunization against major infectious diseases; DECENTRALIZATION 4. Maternal and Child health care, including - Location of decision-making authority family planning; near lower organizational levels 5. Essential drugs arrangement; FORMALIZATION 6. Nutritional food supplement an adequate - Written documentation used to direct and supply of safe and basic nutrition control employees 7. Treatment of communicable and non- communicable disease and promotion of STAFFING mental health; - Assignment of individuals to responsible 8. Safe water and sanitation positions identied in a management plan OTHER ELEMENTS Department of Health; Vision and Mission Vision - Health as a right: Health for all Filipinos by the year 2000 and health in the hands of the People by the year 2020 Mission - ensure equity, quality and access to health care, by: - Making services available; - Arousing community awareness; - Mobilizing resources; and - Promoting the means to better health