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Questions and Answers
What is the focus of the educational efforts of staff specialists in primary health?
What is the focus of the educational efforts of staff specialists in primary health?
Which of the following best describes centralization in the context of organizational authority?
Which of the following best describes centralization in the context of organizational authority?
What is the goal of maternal and child healthcare in the essential elements of primary health?
What is the goal of maternal and child healthcare in the essential elements of primary health?
Which term refers to the written documentation used to guide employee conduct in healthcare?
Which term refers to the written documentation used to guide employee conduct in healthcare?
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What is the vision statement regarding health care for Filipinos by the year 2020?
What is the vision statement regarding health care for Filipinos by the year 2020?
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What was the primary innovation associated with William Einthoven?
What was the primary innovation associated with William Einthoven?
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What approach did Elizabeth Kenny advocate for the treatment of polio?
What approach did Elizabeth Kenny advocate for the treatment of polio?
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Which of the following clinical laboratory areas was NOT mentioned as a direction of administrative units in large hospitals?
Which of the following clinical laboratory areas was NOT mentioned as a direction of administrative units in large hospitals?
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Who founded the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)?
Who founded the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)?
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What ethical guideline was established for technicians and technologists by the ASCP?
What ethical guideline was established for technicians and technologists by the ASCP?
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What characteristic of the Sylvia stretcher is notable?
What characteristic of the Sylvia stretcher is notable?
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What was the purpose of the Drinker Respirator?
What was the purpose of the Drinker Respirator?
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Which of the following technologies was the first visual technology introduced in the context provided?
Which of the following technologies was the first visual technology introduced in the context provided?
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What is the primary focus of clinical laboratory testing in medical technology?
What is the primary focus of clinical laboratory testing in medical technology?
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Which of the following procedures is associated with blood banking?
Which of the following procedures is associated with blood banking?
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Kary Mullis is primarily known for developing which technique?
Kary Mullis is primarily known for developing which technique?
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Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of laboratory personnel?
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of laboratory personnel?
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James Thomson is recognized for deriving which significant scientific contribution?
James Thomson is recognized for deriving which significant scientific contribution?
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What is the significance of the Medical Technology Act, RA 5527, established in 1969?
What is the significance of the Medical Technology Act, RA 5527, established in 1969?
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Which of the following describes the role of a pathologist in a clinical laboratory?
Which of the following describes the role of a pathologist in a clinical laboratory?
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The term 'intracytoplasmic sperm injection' (IVF) refers to what process in medical technology?
The term 'intracytoplasmic sperm injection' (IVF) refers to what process in medical technology?
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What did Hippocrates conclude about the appearance of bubbles, blood, and pus in urine?
What did Hippocrates conclude about the appearance of bubbles, blood, and pus in urine?
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Which device did John Hutchinson invent to measure lung capacity?
Which device did John Hutchinson invent to measure lung capacity?
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How did Galen contribute to the understanding of diseases?
How did Galen contribute to the understanding of diseases?
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What was the primary method used for diagnosis in Medieval Europe?
What was the primary method used for diagnosis in Medieval Europe?
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What was a significant advancement in medical technology during the 20th Century?
What was a significant advancement in medical technology during the 20th Century?
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What medical assessment did Galen notably relate to fluid intake?
What medical assessment did Galen notably relate to fluid intake?
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Which organization's regulations were associated with technical laboratories in the mid-1900s for medical diagnostics?
Which organization's regulations were associated with technical laboratories in the mid-1900s for medical diagnostics?
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What unfortunate misdiagnosis did Galen give for diabetes?
What unfortunate misdiagnosis did Galen give for diabetes?
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Which scientist is known for demonstrating that surgical infections are caused by airborne organisms?
Which scientist is known for demonstrating that surgical infections are caused by airborne organisms?
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What did Robert Koch contribute to microbiology?
What did Robert Koch contribute to microbiology?
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Which technology-related definition refers to 'a means to accomplish an instrument'?
Which technology-related definition refers to 'a means to accomplish an instrument'?
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Who is known for introducing steam sterilization in surgery?
Who is known for introducing steam sterilization in surgery?
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What is one of the components of technology as described in the content?
What is one of the components of technology as described in the content?
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Which scientist developed a vaccine for poliomyelitis?
Which scientist developed a vaccine for poliomyelitis?
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Who distinguished the blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group system?
Who distinguished the blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group system?
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What was Howard Rickets known for discovering?
What was Howard Rickets known for discovering?
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What was the primary purpose of the Manila Public Health Laboratory when it was established?
What was the primary purpose of the Manila Public Health Laboratory when it was established?
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Who was instrumental in the reopening of the Manila Public Health Laboratory?
Who was instrumental in the reopening of the Manila Public Health Laboratory?
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What significant discovery is attributed to Edward Jenner?
What significant discovery is attributed to Edward Jenner?
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What was one of the main functions of the Central Board of Vaccination in Manila?
What was one of the main functions of the Central Board of Vaccination in Manila?
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Which of the following individuals is known for pioneering work in microbiology by injecting organic material into worms?
Which of the following individuals is known for pioneering work in microbiology by injecting organic material into worms?
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What role did Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott play in the context of the Spanish Military Hospital?
What role did Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott play in the context of the Spanish Military Hospital?
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What type of studies did Dr. Mariano Icasiani pioneer in the Manila Public Health Laboratory?
What type of studies did Dr. Mariano Icasiani pioneer in the Manila Public Health Laboratory?
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During what major conflict did the Manila Public Health Laboratory become significant?
During what major conflict did the Manila Public Health Laboratory become significant?
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Study Notes
History of Medical Technology
- Ancient Belief: Negative interaction between the environment and the body caused disease.
- Hippocrates: Father of Medicine, advocated testing urine, listening to lungs, and observing outward appearances for diagnosis. Concluded bubbles, blood and pus in urine indicate kidney or chronic illnesses.
- Galen: Greek physician, instigated qualitative assessment of disorder through body fluid measurements. Described diabetes as "diarrhea of urine" and established the relationship between fluid intake and urine volume.
- Medieval Europe (500-1500 AD): Diagnosis by "water casting" (uroscopy) was common. Urine samples in decorative flasks were analyzed. Failure to examine urine could result in public beatings. First book detailing characteristics of urine (color, density, quality) written in 900 AD. Medical practitioners relied solely on patient descriptions of symptoms.
- 18th Century (1700-1800): Medical techniques and cadaver dissection used to improve understanding of the body's insides, for more objective diagnosis. Laboratories for analyzing medical specimens arose (mid 1800s)
- 19th Century (1800-1900): Physicians used machines like spirometers (vital capacity) and sphygmomanometers (blood pressure) for diagnosis. Use of chemistry for diagnosing conditions like diabetes, anemia, and diphtheria/syphilis. Technical labs by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) used for US medical diagnosis.
20th Century (1900-2000)
- Advancements: Integration of scientific and technological discoveries improved medical technology. Impacts on various surgical procedures. New technologies: electron microscopy, medical imaging (e.g. tomography, MRI), and prosthetics.
- Rene Laennec: Invented the stethoscope in 1816 to diagnose heart and lung conditions.
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: Invented the first practical microscope in 1840.
- Other advancements: Artificial heart valves, blood vessels, functional electromechanical limbs, and reconstructive skeletal joints.
1920s - 1950s
- William Röntgen: Discovered x-rays (1895), initially accidental discovery, crucial tool to diagnose pneumonia, pleurisy and tuberculosis.
- William Einthoven: Developed electrocardiograph (1903) to measure electrical changes during heartbeat.
- Elizabeth Kenny: Developed the Kenny Method for treating polio.
- Philip Drinker: Invented the Drinker Respirator (1927) for patients with paralytic anterior poliomyelitis to recover normal respiration with artificial respirators.
- Hermann von Helmholtz: Invented the first Heart-Lung Machine in 1939.
- Andre van Steirteghem: (1990s) Invented intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
- James Thomson: Invented the first human stem cell line.
Other Medical Developments
- Development of Clinical Laboratories: The administrative units in clinical labs in hospitals began to be direct by a chief physician; clinical laboratories directed by a chief physician.
- Laboratory Personnel: Medical Technologists seeking professional recognition, Pathologists monitoring lab results, Phlebotomists, Cytotechnologists, Histotechnologists, and Nuclear Medical Technologists.
- Emphasis on Professionalism and Ethics: American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) established codes for ethics and training standards.
- 20th Century Hospitals and Labs: San Lazaro Hospital, William Pepper Lab, Bureau of Government Laboratories, Manila Public Health Laboratory, and other labs.
- Innovations in Medical Technique: Vaccines against rabies (Louis Pasteur), microorganisms, and procedures such as cardiac catheterization.
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Description
Explore the fascinating evolution of medical technology, from ancient beliefs to the advancements of the 18th century. Learn how early physicians like Hippocrates and Galen contributed to medical diagnostics through observation and analysis. Understand the significance of urine analysis in medieval Europe and its implications for medical practice.
