PMLS Final 2 Occupational Health And Safety PDF

lOMoARcPSD|48988498 PMLS Final 2 Occupational Health AND Safety Anatomy and Physiology (Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college...

lOMoARcPSD|48988498 PMLS Final 2 Occupational Health AND Safety Anatomy and Physiology (Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Kezia Ganzon ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48988498 PMLS1: FINALS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS Occupational Safety Hazards − Exposure to pathogenic microorganisms inside ✓ Safety hazards the workplace can cause LAIs and is considered ✓ Biological hazards as occupational hazard. ✓ Physical hazards ✓ Ergonomic hazards 1) BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS ✓ Chemical hazards Source: − microorganisms frequently present in the “The clinical laboratory contains a variety of safety SPECIMENS received in the clinical hazards, many of which are capable of producing laboratory. serious injury or life threatening disease.” Possible Injury: ▪ It is mandatory for the employers to implement − Bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitic Occupational Health and Safety at work to make sure INFECTION. that their employees are SAFE and HEALTHY. 2) SHARP HAZARDS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Source: − refers to the identification and control of the − needles, lancets, broken glass risks arising from physical, chemical, and other Possible Injury: workplace hazards in order to establish and − cuts, punctures, or BLOOD-BORNE maintain a safe and healthy working PATHOGEN EXPOSURE environment. Note: − focuses on repairs and renovations that has to ▪ Sharp objects must be disposed in be undertaken by the organization to ensure risk PUNCTURE-RESISTANT and LEAK-PROOF free working environment for people who are containers. working in a hazardous workplace. ▪ The container should NOT be overfilled and − is the promotion and maintenance of the must always be replaced when the safe highest degree of physical, mental and social capacity mark is reached. well-being of workers in all occupations by: ✓ controlling risks 3) CHEMICAL HAZARDS ✓ adaptation of work to people, and people to their jobs 4) PHYSICAL HAZARDS Source: GOALS: − wet floors, heavy boxes, elevated 1. prevent work-related illness and injury materials, and obstructions 2. reduce, remove, or replace job-site hazards 3. minimize effects of hazards Possible Injury: 4. encourage safe working practices − Back pains, slip-off and hit the head on 5. promote and protect mental and physical floor, and might fall well-being of workers 5) RADIOACTIVE HAZARDS “Occupational Safety & Health ensures that work environments are safe and healthy.” 6) ELECTRICAL HAZARDS Source: To work safely in this environment, laboratory personnel − ungrounded or wet equipment, frayed must learn: CORDS ✓ what hazards exist Possible Injury: ✓ what basic precautions are needed − burns or shock ✓ apply basic common sense required Note: ▪ Electrical source must be removed immediately. Downloaded by Kezia Ganzon ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48988498 PMLS1: FINALS ▪ Turn off the circuit breaker and unplug the 11 MOST COMMON OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD equipment. 1) Enteric Infections ▪ DO NOT touch the person or equipment 2) Pharyngitis involved to avoid transfer of current. 3) Cellulitis 4) Conjunctivitis ▪ You can use nonconductive glass or wood 5) Hepatitis objects. 6) AIDS ▪ Victim should also receive immediate 7) Dengue medical assistance. 8) VHF 9) Malaria 7) FIRE/EXPLOSIVE HAZARDS 10) Tuberculosis Source: 11) Needle stick Injuries − open flames, organic chemicals ENTERIC INFECTIONS Possible Injury: − are caused by ingestion of food or water that is − burns, dismemberment contaminated with bacteria, virus, or protozoa. Note: − exposure to infectious droplets ▪ a laboratory personnel should be familiar with the post evacuation routes and − Some of the pathogenic microorganisms are detailed plans to follow in the event of Salmonella, Shigella and Escherichia coli that may fire be present in BIOAEROSOLS. ▪ All employees are expected to take Giardia lamblia actions in the acronym R-A-C-E (Rescue, Alarm, Contain and Extinguish) − is a protozoan parasite that can also cause enteric infection. It can be identified and 8) PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS isolated in stool culture. Source: Viral enteritis ✓ Violence in the workplace − is caused by rotavirus, norovirus, and ✓ Working alone adenovirus. ✓ Over/ under worked It is called “stomach flu” because of its symptoms ✓ Worker phobias such as water diarrhea, vomiting, headache, fever, ✓ Poor leadership and abdominal cramps (stomachache). ✓ Lack of motivation PHARYNGITIS ROUTES OF EXPOSURE: − Pharyngitis is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes − ingestion, inoculation, inhalation, and − The potential sources are respiratory specimens, contamination of the skin and mucous skin lesions, blood, sputum, and wound exudates. membranes. − The microorganism enters the body through 1) ingestion of (contaminated) food in the inhalation of infectious aerosols and workplace mucocutaneous lesions. 2) needle stick accidents during inoculation − This is also called as strep throat, characterized by 3) aerosols inhalation swollen and reddish throat, and enlarged tonsils. 4) spills and splashes on intact and non-intact skin, eyes, nose, and moth CELLULITIS − This is noncontagious bacterial infection of skin and/or the tissues beneath the skin (dermis and subcutaneous tissue). − The most common cause of this condition are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Downloaded by Kezia Ganzon ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48988498 PMLS1: FINALS CONJUNCTIVITIS Hepatitis D − This is a condition characterized by the − Originally known as “delta virus” inflammation of the outermost layer of the eye − A defective virus that requires the presence of and inner surface of the eyelids (conjunctiva) Hepatitis B virus to replicate. caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. − Non-acute bacterial conjunctivitis is caused by AIDS Staphylococci and Streptococci − is a severe disease that represents the late stage of infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus − Viral conjunctivitis (pink eye) is caused by (HIV), which causes defective functioning of the adenovirus. body’s immune system. − Infection of the conjunctiva may be due to the − Can be transmitted through blood transfusions, splashes of the infectious material in the eyes. unprotected sexual intercourse, accidental needlestick injuries. Blood-borne Diseases − This can be transmitted through contaminated Nice to Know: blood. HIV retains infectivity for more than 3 days in − In Direct contact, blood-borne pathogens enter dried specimens at room temperature and the body through an open lesion on the skin. more than 1 week in aqueous environment. − In Vector-borne transmission, the pathogen DENGUE enters the skin of a person through a vector. − Dengue Fever can be transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. HEPATITIS − This is a condition characterized by the − The most common vector of dengue virus is the inflammation of liver caused by microorganisms mosquito Aedes aegypti. (mostly viruses). − Also known as the breakbone fever because of its − Hepatitis caused by alcohol and drugs is symptoms of intense joint and muscle pain. considered as noninfectious hepatitis. VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (VHF) Types of Hepatitis: A, B, C D & E. − This is a group of illness caused by families of viruses (Arenavirus, Filoviridae, Bunyaviridae, ▪ Hepatitis B, C and D can be contracted through and Flaviviridae) blood-to-blood contact. − This is characterized by nonspecific flu-like illness ▪ Hepatitis B can also be spread through saliva, such as fever, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, and semen, and vaginal fluid. headache. ▪ Hepatitis D can be transmitted percutaneously or sexually through contact with infected blood. MALARIA − This is an infection caused by Plasmodium. This Hepatitis B parasite infects red blood cells. − Considered as dangerous because it is a “silent infection”, which means that a person can be − Transmitted through the bite of Anopheles infected without knowing. mosquito. − The virus can quietly attack the liver without being TUBERCULOSIS detected. − Caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tubercle bacillus) Hepatitis C − Originally known as “non-A non-B hepatitis” − The bacteria are released from the lungs or throat into the air and inhaled by nearby persons. − Has an ability to evade the body’s immune system because it changes in form (it has a dual morphing capability). Downloaded by Kezia Ganzon ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48988498 PMLS1: FINALS NEEDLESTICK INJURIES − This is the most common cause of Laboratory- Acquired infection. − It is considered an Occupational hazard for medical technologists who are exposed to blood- borne diseases. − Common causes are withdrawing of needle from a patient and disassembly and disposal of needles. Downloaded by Kezia Ganzon ([email protected])