PM Principles PDF

Question Answer What is a Process? A process is a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end. What is a project? A project is a set of interrelated activities, usually involving a group of people who are working together toward a...

Question Answer What is a Process? A process is a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end. What is a project? A project is a set of interrelated activities, usually involving a group of people who are working together toward a common goal over a specified period of time. What is project Project management is the process of planning, scheduling, and orchestrating project activities to achieve management? objectives within a specified period of time. What defines a team in A team is a group of people with complementary skills, working together toward a common goal. the context of project management? What is a self-directed A self-directed work team meets on an ongoing, daily basis to perform a whole work process. For example, at a work team and provide steel mill, a team of eight people is responsible for ensuring that raw materials are purchased correctly according an example? to company guidelines. What is a virtual team A virtual team brings geographically separate individuals together around specific tasks. For example, a project and provide an manager for an engineering company hires consultants from around the world to work with staff engineers on a example? major client project. What is a project team A project team gathers to address a specific problem or opportunity and then disbands. For example, several unit and provide an leaders in a medical-services firm explore the potential benefits of adopting a radical new imaging technology, example? present their findings to executives, and then disband. What are the Projects are complex, one-time processes that are limited by budget, schedule, and resources, developed to characteristics of achieve a clear goal or a set of goals, and are customer-focused. projects? What is a project A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. defined as in project management? What are the functions The functions of modern management that apply to project management include planning, organizing, influencing, of modern and controlling. management that apply to project management? What does the Project The PMP certification represents the highest standard of professional qualification for a practicing project Management manager. Professional (PMP) certification represent? What is the Project The Project Management Institute (PMI) is the world’s largest professional project management association. Management Institute (PMI)? What is the PMBOK The PMBOK Guide is PMI's flagship publication and a fundamental resource for effective project management in Guide? any industry. What is required to Candidates must undergo a comprehensive exam that tests their knowledge of all components of the PMBoK. attain PMP certification? What is the role of Functional managers provide specialized resources and support to project teams. functional managers in a project? What are the stages The stages include concept/design, prototyping, testing/validation, and final product delivery. involved in the development of a project? What does each team It implies a matrix organizational structure where team members report to both project managers and functional member having 2 managers. bosses imply in project management? Who does the project Project manager team leader report to? What are the To lead the project team and oversee project execution. responsibilities of a project manager? What is the common Project manager designation for the Question Answer head or leader of a project team? What is the first step in Determining the real problem. the project management phases? What are the four main Conceptualization, Planning, Execution, Termination. phases of project management? What should be defined Define communication and reporting system. to report progress in project management? What is a key activity Monitor progress regarding schedule, budget, and risks. during the execution phase of project management? What is the final phase Termination, which involves bringing the project to closure and identifying the next step. of project management? What does WBS stand Work Breakdown Structure. for in project management? What is involved in the Identify stakeholders, define project objectives (scope), and make rough estimates of time, cost, and skills using planning phase of WBS. project management? Why might 'low-cost' or These factors may align more closely with the specific goals and competitive strategies of certain industries, 'speed to market' be influencing project selection decisions. more important in some industries during project selection? What is the checklist The checklist model is used to evaluate projects based on criteria such as cost of development, return on model used for in investment (RoI), development risks, stability of the development process, stakeholder approval, and product project selection? durability and market potential. What factors should Project selection should also consider organizational goals, strategy, and industry-specific factors such as cost or project selection be speed to market. based on besides NPV? What is a limitation of The lack of accuracy encourages the use of other models. the Simplified Scoring Model in project selection? Which model is an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) alternative to the Simplified Scoring Model for project selection? What type of models Profile models are based on the risk/return of various alternatives in project selection? What should be Identify stakeholders and their needs. identified along with their needs when establishing project scope? What is the fourth step Define objectives. in defining project objectives? What is the second step Brainstorm alternatives. in the process of Question Answer establishing project scope and objectives? What should be Anticipate trade-offs. anticipated when defining project objectives? What is the first step in Define the problem that your project needs to solve. defining the project scope and objectives? What should you know You should know which problems your project aims to solve and which problems it is not meant to address. about the problems your project aims to solve? What type of questions Ask questions that uncover the practical and business issues the project will tackle. should be asked to define the problem your project needs to solve? What is the importance Clearly defined objectives are crucial as they guide the project towards solving specific problems and help in of clearly defined understanding what issues the project is not meant to address. objectives in a successful project? What is the importance Asking probing questions helps uncover underlying problems rather than just addressing symptoms, ensuring that of asking probing the solution effectively meets the fundamental concerns. questions when identifying the need for a new system? What symptoms were The symptoms identified were the inability to get data out fast enough and the need to sift through four different identified in the steps to update clients' recent activity in the context of improving data management systems. responses regarding the need for a new system? What can happen if a Rushing into solutions can lead to wasting time and money on a system that does not address the fundamental project manager rushes concerns. into designing a new system without understanding the underlying problems? What are some Examples include 'What type of data do you need?', 'How are you using the data now?', and 'How quickly do you examples of probing need to retrieve the data?' questions a project manager might ask to understand data needs? What should you You should determine if it will result in a complete fix of the problem or just a partial fix. determine about an alternative solution regarding its effectiveness? What is the final step Select the best alternative. after evaluating responses to alternative solutions? What should you do You should brainstorm alternative solutions instead of rushing into the most obvious ones. after defining the problem in project management? What is a key question How many different ways can we solve this problem? to ask when brainstorming alternatives for solving a problem? Question Answer When evaluating You should consider whether it is more or less costly than other suitable choices. alternatives, what should you consider about the seemingly best option? If an alternative You should explore what other options are available for completely fixing the problem. solution only provides a partial fix, what should you do next? What types of Stakeholders such as customers, employees, and partners who may have to adjust their work processes due to the individuals are affected project's impact. by a project's activities or outcomes? Who is considered a The project sponsor is the individual who has authorized the project. project sponsor? What resources might Stakeholders might contribute resources such as space, staff members, time, tools, equipment, and money. stakeholders contribute to a project? Who are the Contributors include customers, end-users, business partners, managers, and financial staff who will judge the contributors to a success or failure of the project. project? What is a project A project stakeholder is anyone who has a vested interest in the outcome of your project. stakeholder? What is the role of a The role of a project manager is to meld stakeholders' expectations into a coherent set of project objectives, project manager in ensuring that the project aligns with their definitions of success. relation to stakeholders' expectations? What is the importance Identifying project stakeholders' needs is crucial because it helps to understand what success means for each of identifying project stakeholder, allowing for the integration of their expectations into a coherent set of project objectives. stakeholders' needs? Why do stakeholders' Stakeholders' definitions of success vary because their interests and priorities differ, leading to different definitions of success expectations regarding project outcomes. vary in a project? Who typically serves as A Project Sponsor is often a manager or executive who has major accountability for the project's performance. a Project Sponsor? What are the The responsibilities of a Project Sponsor include authorizing the project, championing it, ensuring senior responsibilities of a management support, defining the scope of work, and providing necessary resources. Project Sponsor? What is the role of a The Project Sponsor is a key stakeholder who authorizes the project, champions it, ensures senior management Project Sponsor in support, defines the scope of work, and provides necessary resources to the project team. They also approve or project management? reject the project’s final deliverables, ensure communication of the project's progress to the organization, eliminate organizational obstructions, monitor changes in organizational objectives that may affect the project, and assist managers in resolving issues related to time management between project duties and regular assignments. What are project Project objectives are specific goals that a project aims to achieve. They are important because they guide the objectives and why are project towards solving specific problems, reflect stakeholders' needs, and help in understanding what issues the they important? project is not meant to address. For example, an objective might be to improve customer service efficiency by reducing call handling time. What should you be During the early stages of a project, be prepared to refine your project objectives as conditions might change. prepared to do with project objectives during the early stages of a project? What is meant by Actionable or Achievable means that the objective identifies concrete behaviors or processes that can be Actionable or undertaken. Achievable in the context of project objectives? Question Answer What is the significance A Time-bound objective is accomplished within a specific time frame, ensuring timely completion. of a Time-bound objective in project management? What does it mean for a A Realistic objective can be achieved given existing constraints, such as time and resources. project objective to be Realistic? How can project Project objectives can be Measurable by gauging success using either quantitative or qualitative assessments. objectives be Measurable? What does it mean for a A Specific objective clearly defines the details of what is to be accomplished. project objective to be Specific? What does the acronym SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Actionable (Achievable), Realistic, and Time-bound. SMART stand for when defining project objectives? What is an example of a An example of a project objective is: 'If we are successful, 95% of incoming customer calls will be handled by a project objective single service representative and 80% of all calls will be resolved in three minutes or less.' related to customer service reengineering? What are the three Quality, Time, and Cost. competing demands in every project, also known as the project Iron Triangle? What does 'Quality' Satisfaction of the project's requirements. refer to in the context of the project Iron Triangle? In the project Iron The amount of time needed to produce the project's deliverables. Triangle, what does 'Time' represent? What happens when Changing one variable affects the other two as well, impacting the project's balance and potentially leading to you change one of the adjustments in scope, cost, or quality to maintain equilibrium. variables in the project Iron Triangle? What does 'Cost' The amount of money, people, and other resources needed to complete the project. encompass in the project Iron Triangle? How can scope be Scope can be defined as what the project team can achieve, which aligns with the understanding that quality also defined in relation to falls under that definition. what the project team can achieve? How do customers Customers sometimes perceive a product as being of higher quality if it has more working features. perceive the quality of a product in relation to its features? What are Scope and Scope and Quality are often used interchangeably because customers think in terms of deliverables, which are Quality often used qualities or features that make the product fit for purpose. interchangeably in the context of the Project Iron Triangle? What are the key steps To anticipate trade-offs, you need to understand your stakeholders' conflicting demands, master the to anticipate trade-offs communication skills essential for resolving questions about trade-offs, and strategically manage scope creep. in project management? What can happen to In a project experiencing Scope Creep, the list of objectives can grow to alarming proportions. the list of objectives in a project experiencing Question Answer Scope Creep? How can project Project managers can avoid getting caught up in Scope Creep by resisting the urge to solve everyone's problems managers avoid getting with their project. caught up in Scope Creep? What does Scope Creep Scope Creep refers to a project that has seen its original goals expand while it's in progress, often due to refer to in project stakeholder pressure to do more than the project plan originally called for. management? What is a major aspect Deciding whether and how to make trade-offs between quality, time, and cost. of project management regarding trade-offs? How can you By directly asking stakeholders about their priorities regarding quality, time, and cost. determine which project variable matters most to each stakeholder? What should you The consequences of any changes in terms of quality, time, and cost. explain to stakeholders when changes occur in a project? What should you do to Use communication tactics to keep stakeholders informed, find out which variable matters most to them, explain manage trade-offs in a consequences of changes, and ask for clarifications on what they are willing to give up. project? Why is it important to To ensure that all stakeholders are aware of the implications of changes and can adjust their expectations keep stakeholders accordingly. informed of changes in project objectives? What is a key question What are they willing to give up if they want something done that will affect these variables? to ask stakeholders when changes may affect project quality, time, or cost? What is the purpose of To estimate project time, costs, and skills. creating a Work Breakdown Structure in project management? What is the lowest level A work package. of decomposition in the Work Breakdown Structure called? What is the approach Keep going until your answer represents a task that can’t be subdivided further. when a task in a WBS cannot be subdivided further? What is the purpose of To understand the time required for each subtask to effectively plan the project timeline. estimating how long it will take to complete each subtask in a WBS? What is the first step in Ask, 'What tasks have to be done to accomplish activity X?' creating a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)? Why is it important to To ensure that the right resources are allocated to perform each subtask effectively. consider the skills needed for each subtask in a WBS? How do you continue Continue to ask the question about what tasks need to be done, breaking tasks into the smallest possible subtasks. breaking down tasks in a Work Breakdown Question Answer Structure? What should you Estimate how much each subtask will cost in terms of dollars/euros and person-hours. estimate in terms of costs for each subtask in a WBS? How does familiarity Estimating completion time will be relatively easy if a task is familiar. with a task affect time estimation in project management? What is required for More thought and discussion are needed. estimating completion time for unfamiliar tasks? How does experience The more familiar you or other employees are with a particular task, the more accurate your estimate will be. affect time estimates for project tasks? What is a Present time estimates as ranges instead of fixed estimates, such as 'Task A will take 8 to 12 hours to complete.' recommended way to present time estimates to stakeholders? What should you keep Keep estimates as estimates and don't change them into firm commitments yet. in mind about estimates during the project? How should you Be careful and clear when communicating rough estimates. communicate rough estimates to others? What should be It should be communicated that there is a chance certain products may not arrive on time, along with the communicated to the consequences of a late arrival. project team and stakeholders regarding time estimates? Why is it important to Clarifying assumptions reduces the risk that a task will take longer than the schedule allows by ensuring that all clarify assumptions parties understand the expectations and potential consequences of delays. when estimating project time? What should you You should consider what financial and other resources you'll need, and which skills will be necessary. consider when estimating project costs and skills? What is the process of Estimating project resources involves determining the types and quantities of resources required to complete estimating project project activities, including labor, materials, equipment, and time. resources? What is the purpose of A Project Charter spells out the nature and scope of the work and management's expectations for results. a Project Charter? What issue can a A Project Charter can help protect against scope creep. Project Charter help protect against? How does a formal A formal charter can help ensure that your project doesn’t head off in a direction that jeopardizes organizational Project Charter benefit objectives. a project? How does a project A project charter outlines the relationship between the project's goals and higher organizational goals, ensuring charter relate to that the project aligns with the strategic direction of the organization. organizational goals? What are the major Major risks in a project charter refer to potential challenges or uncertainties that could impact the project's risks mentioned in a success, which should be identified and addressed early in the project planning process. project charter? Question Answer What is an effective An effective project charter is a concise written document that includes the project mission statement, roles and project charter? responsibilities, project sponsor's name, project scope and objectives, relationship to organizational goals, expected time frame and milestones, resources available, constraints, assumptions, quality requirements, and major risks. What elements are Typical elements of a project charter include the project mission statement, roles and responsibilities, project typically included in a sponsor's name, project scope and objectives, relationship to organizational goals, expected time frame and project charter? milestones, resources available, constraints, assumptions, quality requirements, and major risks. Why is the project The project sponsor's name is important in a project charter because it identifies the individual who provides sponsor's name support and resources for the project, ensuring accountability and alignment with organizational goals. important in a project charter? What should you do Distribute it to all stakeholders and project team members once the team is assembled. after developing a project charter? How does a project A project budget contributes to project management by providing a financial framework that helps in planning, budget contribute to monitoring, and controlling project costs to ensure that the project is completed within its financial constraints. project management? What is the relationship The relationship between project schedule and budget is that both are critical for project success; the schedule between project dictates when tasks should be completed, while the budget outlines the financial resources needed to complete schedule and budget? those tasks. What is the purpose of The purpose of a project schedule is to outline the timeline for project activities, ensuring that tasks are completed a project schedule? on time and resources are allocated efficiently. What are the key The key components of a project schedule include task lists, timelines, milestones, dependencies, and resource components of a allocations. project schedule? What is a milestone in A milestone in project scheduling is a significant event or point in time that marks the completion of a major phase project scheduling? or task within the project. What is backward Backward planning involves determining the latest date for completing a project and working backward to planning in project establish when interim deliverables are needed. scheduling? Why is it important to Monitoring the project schedule is important to ensure that the project stays on track and to make necessary monitor the project adjustments if conditions change. schedule during the implementation phase? What should you do if If conditions change, you will likely need to adjust your project schedule accordingly. conditions change during the project implementation? What is a schedule in A schedule is a realistic timeline for completing a project, built from earlier rough estimates, and is critical for project management? project success. What is the impact of Unplanned maintenance requires adjusting the schedule to send the report's files to the printer three weeks before unplanned the shareholders' meeting instead of two weeks. maintenance on the project schedule for producing the annual report? What should be A deliverable should be assigned to each activity, such as 'rough draft of survey questions' or 'prototype for test assigned to each market'. activity when drafting a project schedule? What are two strategies Determine ways to remove bottlenecks or build in extra time to get around them. for dealing with bottlenecks in a project schedule? What should be Bottlenecks that could upset the schedule should be identified. identified to prevent disruptions in the project schedule? Question Answer How can deliverables Deliverables can be used as a basis for creating a project schedule with realistic milestones and due dates. be used in project scheduling? What is the first step in Use the Work Breakdown Structure or a similar outline to develop a list of specific activities or tasks. drafting your project schedule? What systems should Control and communication systems should be established for updating and revising the schedule. be established for managing the project schedule? Why is it important to It allows for handling problems that might come up later. leave room for flexibility in project scheduling? What is an important Record all time segments in the same increments, such as days or weeks. practice for recording time segments in project scheduling? How should schedules Develop schedules according to what's logically possible and allocate resources later. be developed in relation to resource allocation? What is a key tip for Know which deadlines are rigid and which have some flexibility. scheduling your project regarding deadlines? What tools do Managers use Bar Charts, Flow Charts, and PERT charts to create draft schedules. managers use to create draft schedules? What do Bar (Gantt) Project tasks. charts list in the left-hand column? What do Bar (Gantt) They show task sequences and tasks completed in parallel. charts show regarding task sequences? What do the blocks in a When each task should begin and when it should end, based on task relationships. Bar (Gantt) chart indicate about each task? What do Bar (Gantt) Time blocks for each task. charts indicate for each project task? What is a Bar (Gantt) A Bar (Gantt) chart is used to visually represent the schedule of a project, showing the start and finish dates of chart used for in various elements of the project. project management? What are the key The key components of a Bar (Gantt) chart include task names, start and end dates, duration of tasks, and components of a Bar dependencies between tasks. (Gantt) chart? How does a Bar (Gantt) A Bar (Gantt) chart helps in project management by providing a clear visual timeline of project tasks, their chart help in project durations, and dependencies, facilitating better planning and tracking. management? What is the Critical The Critical Path is the longest sequence of tasks through the project that determines total project duration. Path in project management? How can identifying the By identifying the critical path for your project, you can allocate resources more efficiently. Critical Path benefit project resource allocation? Question Answer What does the Critical The Critical Path determines the shortest time possible to complete the project. Path determine in a project? How does resource It helps reduce wastage of resources, ensures no resource is assigned more work than it can do, and resolves leveling benefit project possible conflicts arising from over-allocation. management? What is resource Resource leveling is a technique that ensures project resources will be used efficiently. leveling in project management? What are resource Resource leveling techniques are closely related to critical path calculations. leveling techniques related to in project management? How can resources be Resources might be taken from non-critical activities and allocated to critical activities. managed in relation to critical activities? In a PERT chart, what Events do boxes represent? What is the purpose of To evaluate and review the project schedule and budget. using PERT in project management? In a PERT chart, what Activities do arrows represent? What do thick arrows Critical path indicate in a PERT chart? What does PERT stand Program Evaluation & Review Technique for in project management? What is the purpose of Flow Charts are good for closely managing and communicating detailed information to supervisors and people Flow Charts in project doing the work. management? Should you use a No, you should not be lured into using a tool just because 'everyone else does' or because it’s 'cutting-edge.' project management tool just because it is popular or cutting-edge? What are Bar Charts Bar Charts are good for showing stakeholders and end users how the project is progressing. used for in project management? What are PERT Charts PERT Charts are good for showing important task dependencies. used for in project management? What is the best tool for The best tool for managing a project is the one you’re most comfortable with. managing a project? What is the process of The process is referred to as crashing. accelerating a project to reach an earlier completion date called? What is a potential Crashing projects may often increase cost. consequence of crashing projects? How does crashing a The more resources we are willing to expend, the faster we can push the project to its finish. project relate to resource commitment? Question Answer What are some reasons 1. The initial schedule was too optimistic. 2. Market needs have changed and the project is in demand earlier than for accelerating expected. 3. The project has slipped considerably behind schedule, potentially incurring contractual late penalties. projects? What are some 1. Improve the productivity of existing project resources. 2. Change the working method employed for the activity. methods to accelerate 3. Compromise quality and/or reduce project scope. 4. Fast-track the project by parallelizing more tasks. 5. Use projects? overtime by increasing working hours and/or weekend work. 6. Add resources to the project team. What is the goal of The goal is to find the point at which time and cost trade-offs are optimized. analyzing crash options for project activities? How can various By determining the slope for each activity using a specific formula. combinations of time/cost trade-offs for a project's crash options be calculated? Why is calculating the Calculating the slope helps in understanding the relationship between time and cost, allowing project managers to slope important in make informed decisions about resource allocation and project timelines. project scheduling and budgeting? Why would a project A project manager may consider crashing project activities to expedite the project timeline, meet deadlines, or manager consider respond to changes in project requirements. crashing project activities? What does it mean to Crashing a project refers to the process of accelerating project activities to complete the project faster, often by crash a project in increasing resources or reducing scope. project management? What is typically The total costs per activity for both normal and crashed options are typically calculated to assess the financial calculated to implications of crashing. determine the feasibility of crashing project activities? Which activities are the The most likely candidates for crashing are those activities that are on the critical path and have the least cost to most likely candidates shorten their duration. for crashing in project management? How does the activity The activity network influences the decision rule by highlighting dependencies and the impact of crashing one network influence the activity on the overall project timeline, requiring careful consideration of the entire network. decision rule for crashing? How should candidates Candidates for crashing should be prioritized based on their cost-effectiveness and impact on the critical path, for crashing be focusing on those that can be shortened with minimal expense. prioritized based on the critical path? What is the critical path The critical path is the longest sequence of tasks through the project that determines total project duration. in project management? What is the benefit of By identifying the critical path for your project, you can allocate resources more efficiently. identifying the Critical Path in a project? What should be The choices for crashing should be prioritized first by those that are on the critical path. prioritized first when crashing a project? Which activity should The first activity to be crashed would be activity F. be crashed first according to the example? What is the Crashing activities G and E will not reduce the project length but will add to the overall costs. consequence of crashing activities G and E? Question Answer How does a budget The budget translates the project plan into measurable expenditures and anticipated returns over a certain period relate to the project of time. plan? What is a budget in the A budget is the financial action plan for your project. context of project management? During which phase of The budget is created during the Conceptualization phase of the project management process. the project management process is the budget created? What factors contribute The success of a project manager is measured in part by whether the project is completed within the budget. to measuring the success of a project manager? Why might a project A project manager may need to adjust the budget during the implementation phase if circumstances change. manager need to adjust the budget during the implementation phase? What are the typical Typical project cost categories include Personnel, Travel, and Training. cost categories relevant for a project budget? What should be Consider whether everyone will be on-site or if the team needs to gather at one location, and budget for meals and considered when lodging. budgeting for Travel in a project? Why is Personnel Personnel costs include full-time and temporary workers, which typically represent the majority of project considered the largest expenses. part of a project's budget? What factors should be Determine if training will be on-site or require travel, and include fees and expenses if hiring an outside contractor. taken into account when budgeting for Training in a project? What professional Costs for hiring a market research firm, bringing in a consultant, or seeking legal advice should be reflected in the services might need to budget. be included in a project budget? What are capital Capital expenditures may include equipment or technical upgrades needed to complete the project, some of which expenditures in the will need to pay for themselves. context of project budgeting? What should be Estimate how much room and money that relocation would require. estimated if some team members need to be relocated to other facilities? What types of supplies In addition to usual supplies like computers, pens, papers, and software, unique materials may also be needed. should be considered when creating a project budget? When budgeting for Consider whether to buy studies or data to support the project or have the team perform the research itself. research, what two options should be considered? What are some Some often-overlooked costs include training costs after project completion, ongoing personnel and maintenance often-overlooked costs costs, insurance, licensing fees, and costs for outside support such as accounting or legal counsel. that could affect a project budget? Question Answer What are contingency Contingency funds are budget allocations set aside to accommodate unanticipated costs that may arise during a funds in project project. management? What should project Project managers should remember that a budget is just the best guess and actual numbers may deviate from managers remember original estimates. about budget estimates? What percentage of the It is commonly suggested to allocate about 5% of the estimated project budget for contingency funds. estimated project budget is commonly suggested for contingency funds? Why is it important to Including contingency funds is important because it provides flexibility to the budget, allowing for accommodation include contingency of unexpected expenses without needing additional funding later. funds in a project budget? What factors might Creating the budget may lead to considerations about whether the project should still move ahead, especially in lead to reconsidering light of the costs involved. whether a project should proceed? What is the likelihood Projects that aren’t fully funded stand little chance of succeeding. of success for projects that aren’t fully funded? What should be done if If the sponsor is unwilling to fully fund the budget, the project manager or other members may wish to withdraw the project sponsor is from the project. unwilling to fully fund the budget? What might a project The project sponsor may wish to reconsider the project or reduce its scope once he/she sees the cost estimates. sponsor do after reviewing cost estimates? What should each Each major task should include several sub-tasks, breaking down the work into manageable parts. major task include in project management? What is required to be Human resources must be added and linked to the previously created sub-tasks. added to the sub-tasks in the project scheduling exercise?