Plato's Gorgias (Cope, 1864) PDF

Plato's Gorgias, literally translated, with an introductory essay, containing a summary of the argument. By E.M. Cope... Plato. Cambridge : Deighton, Bell, and Co.; 1864. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31158003090478 Public Domain, Google-digitized...

Plato's Gorgias, literally translated, with an introductory essay, containing a summary of the argument. By E.M. Cope... Plato. Cambridge : Deighton, Bell, and Co.; 1864. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31158003090478 Public Domain, Google-digitized http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google We have determined this work to be in the public domain, meaning that it is not subject to copyright. Users are free to copy, use, and redistribute the work in part or in whole. It is possible that current copyright holders, heirs or the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions. Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc. (indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly, non-commercial purposes.  ALO. OF CALIFORA , LA 10 OF Y.. CALIFORNA NOFCA SUR RSITA Tin 00. FURPAPY UNIVERSIDAD.C UNIVERSIL THE IBRARYOA LOFAEPAL THE OF LOSANGELES LOSANGELES ARYOF DES LIBRARY THE OF.C UNIVERSIDATHE PRARY LASV , - / L. 1501V RYOS THE LIBRARYOR 4 THE UNIVER 4 OF.. OF OF.WE. IFORNIA L. 2457130 'AH CA OFABARY HEIBRARYO - CTHIETEN VES LOSANGELES LIBRARY THE BICS FORA CALIFORNA ! CF Y YOF.. VGELE CALIFORAL L ESITY FCENZ ' KHOF HIVERSIZ THE CALIGRAL CF , TE UNIVERSA LA !( !.... , 4 IOS ANGELES CA FORAL. L OF CALIFORV OF OF CARD.. CA i4 OF JA OF - AVALOS AT 'L THE LIBRARY.01 UNIVERSIDATHE FORA CALIFORNE ANOALOS INVES LOSANGELESA - F OF ARY Fils < LIBRARYCE SHELIERA RR HTNESIA - DE BRARYO ! THE LIBRARY THE UNIVERSI 4 SEDAWSON < BZARYDA THE UBRA C. :7 HEI. 5213.OF.CF ATT0242 THELATE. HE LIBRARY IBRARYO CALIFORNIA OF 1410 Aio. 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CAMBRIDGE : DEIGHTON , BELL , AND CO. LONDON : BELL AND DALDY. 1864.  371 A5 279 PREFACE. , the The object aimed at in this Translation is as to title page sets forth render Plato text nearly as , - 's for into English and as possible word word it , is English readers for therefore not intended specially. On the contrary intended principally for stu is , it for or dents and scholars those who are learning , have learnt compare the structure and resources to of the Greek and the English language and the several , thought pre in of modes expression the habits of which vailing times and places far removed one so from another have stamped upon their respective idioms. are the only fair judges of Those who have done so attempt and will be an the first make the to such , for requisite allowance the defects and shortcomings be which will most assuredly found this transla in My endeavour has been not only convey to tion. the spirit and be of freedom which course must the , , as aim every translator possible of but also as far to preserve the the original language to of form and ; I have done my best hold middle course between a the pedantic and servile adherence the letter by to 1411463  PREFACE. are which grace ease and English grammar alike paraphrase of sacrificed and the looseness which , , a may indeed faithfully reproduce the thoughts of the fail writer but must needs give any idea the to of , which those thoughts are clothed It dress seems in. me that the true spirit be an of author can to con veyed only his own words that literal in , , in is a by translation and this view think supported ; is I the fact that all those translations which are gene as an no rally recognised for go the best are literal need ; 1 further than our English version Bible of the Of instance support this assertion the great of , in. perhaps insuperable difficulties that stand the way in , of be any such attempt none can better aware than myself still this union the letter with the spirit of is : be perfect translation and of and must the ideal , , a should always be kept as such view by any one in of who attempts faithfully represent any work to foreign language but still of literature the idiom in ; a as of more when the interest that work depends in , Platonic dialogues slight degree no most the of , in upon the external style of form and graces The. in difficulty translating of of the task course is of proportion the distance the age and to of creased in country which the work was composed from those in its which with The it invested dress in new is. circumstances and associations amongst which the Greeks lived and which impressed their distinctive , upon their modes thought and expres of character  PREFACE. vii sion , are so entirely those which prevail remote from in this England of the nineteenth century that a mo dern translator cannot fail to be constantly at a loss for an exact equivalent in his own language for the tech nical terms , for example , the metaphor , the proverb , the the allusion , distinctions the turns phrase of , , which were current and familiar two thousand years were the all doing of ago Hardest justice to of task is. as as the language well imaginative of subtle a rendering adequately the grace of writer like Plato ; ful his natural and easy dialogue express of of flow ; the ing simple and yet appropriate terms nice in distinctions the rigorous and systematic often ab , , reasoning yet are made of trains to struse which , lively conversation and never of follow the turns , a di except his later dialogues take formal and in a the of dactic shape worthily representing playful ; humour the happy and ingenious phrase the bril , , sly of liant metaphor the satire the burst of stroke , , the sally the indignant invec of eloquence passion , , of tive the lofty flight poetical imagery and yet or , : by be all these have their turn encountered to one in who undertakes translate Plato to. One the most marked characteristics Plato of of. 's earlier and more dramatic dialogues and one that , I have been most anxious preserve the perfect is to , simplicity ease and familiarity with which the ideas on are expressed and the conversation carried here no no there are laboured antitheses balanced clauses , , viii PREFACE. no artificially constructed periods ', no pompous phrases , no technical terms of science or philosophy ; all the grace is unstudied and the harmony natural. It seems to me that this unartificial character has been occasionally some degree overlooked in more in than one of the most approved , and otherwise most excellent , of the recent English versions of Plato. Translators in turning their phrases and rounding their periods are constantly liable to lose sight of the unstudied and simple graces which charm us in the original , and to convey to their version a certain appearance of stifness and constraint altogether alien from the unrestrained freedom of the Platonic style. It is quite possible to translate Plato too neatly. In endeavouring to avoid this error I have myself as all far as possible eschewed the use long and tech of nical words formal and set phrases and elaborately , , periods as as turned and have been content far it, , , I let could manage Plato speak his own man in to his as as ner well own language With this view , in. likewise have sometimes preserved even the ana I far as as colutha and always could retained the , I of that as same order the words which Plato wrote in them. One most prominent striking difficul of the and of ties which translator this author has overcome to a style his respect the structure of Plato they are of in — sentences 1 be s ' by hardly called regular periods well described to — is Dissen the in , de Essay De Structura Periodorum prefixed his edition to of Demosth ,..pp Coron lxx lxxv. -.  PREFACE. the attempt impart simplicity and freedom to to in the Greek par of his version lies the treatment in ticles These singly and endless combinations , , in. meaning conveyed , of are numerous the shades so , by by are fine and delicate often their sub so them tlety always difficult to escaping detection render ; , they have equivalents our own language so in few , and many these awkward cumbrous words of and , which thrust themselves forward and force them selves unduly upon notice whereas our the in Greek those which most frequently occur are little — of at creatures no more than two three the or or most four little , and attract letters occupy space , ', that they throw an little attention themselves to — traps and stumblingblocks of endless series in the way translator who bent upon expressing is of a they are un as as them perplexing and provoking , The simplest and most usual mode of avoidable. dealing with these particles alto to omit them is ex gether Here however must make special I. a the ception Schleiermacher who carrying in of case , by the literal and rigorous exactness which his work characterised down these minute particulars to is conscientiously translates them all though how far : the German substitutes actually correspond the to no Greek originals foreigner probably competent is ålá tou ye de aủ uév yáp TrovTOL TIWS ăpa oův uñv Tote with their i up various combinations make pretty nearly the entire list the par of ticles common use Greek dialogue in in a.  X PREFACE. to decide. If I might venture to express my own opinion upon the point , I should say that in this as in other respects his version is rather over dry and formal. But in omitting these particles we sacrifice in a great measure the expression , so to call it, of the dialogue. It is by these in a great degree that the irony the insinuation the sneer , modesty delicacy reserve hesitation diffidence vehemence resolution positive assertion contempt indignation derision , and numberless other shades and refinements of thought feeling and character are conveyed , or at any rate aided and heightened ; they give point to an obser vation and connection to an argument : they are the light shades and delicate touches of the picture like the play of features in the actor hard to catch , easy to overlook or misapprehend , but essential no less to the harmony , and finish the expression and character of the performance. I have therefore never the designedly omitted any one of them , except in cases where seemed that such omission would it few in more faithfully represent the original than their doing have often so sertion and fear run the in ; I " encumbering and impeding Plato lively nar , of risk 's rative or smart cut and thrust dialectics easy , disproportionately of conversation with number , a long for lengthy words more commonly phrases or , — yap the particle introductory to as of The case when occurs it , a i by narrative Schleiermacher always renders this of one these näm is ,. as that say follows but doubt we have our language to lich in is , if ' ': I anything exactly corresponding either or the one the other to.  PREFACE. words I have always done my best to avoid — which often must be employed in default of any others in our own language capable of adequately expressing the same meaning with greater conciseness. ins Another error to be carefully avoided by a trans the lator who desires to adhere faithfully to simplicity and freedom the Platonic style of the use of tech is nical terms convey the doctrines and conceptions to the most striking peculiarities of of philosophy One of. Plato philosophical writings which distinguishes 's very marked of them manner from those his in a any scien of successors the almost entire absence is tific terminology with the exception of one two or : peculiar terms such or as eldos and dialektiký and in , idéa the special appropriation and the of διάνοια θυμοειδές Republic or and possibly one two others Plato , , 's of philosophy absolutely devoid any technical is phraseology This no doubt great measure is in. a due and especially dialogues such as the earlier in , Gorgias the conversational and dramatic to form , into which he has chosen the greater part to throw he de his writings and also to of the fact that the in , of partments mental and moral philosophy which to no especially cultivated there was terminology suffi be ciently and popular his to established suited purpose and partly also should suppose from what ; I he says dislike to the Phædrus and elsewhere in a as and suspicion all other pompous of well as technical an phrases give of as unable account themselves to , ,  xii PREFACE. and without a detailed explanation and modification according to circumstances likely only to mislead and confuse , off of to pass fallacies under cover wisdom. That this may actually the be and indeed often is , , of by be will hardly of effect them believe denied any , I one who has ever read even few pages any a modern German philosophical work nor do think : I of that the harsh and sounding terminology the ill - or Stoics may say Aristotle contributes of even , , , I ? any degree render their systems more intelli in to be gible But whatever the reason may at by at