Plants Review - Toxic Plants & Animal Health PDF

 Bracken fern → -ruminant=bone marrow depression, carcinogen, fever, bleeding, like radiation poisoning -horse=ataxia, muscle tremors -Tx= batyl alcohol, transfusions  Equisetum → (Horsetail + scouring rush) -Ho...

 Bracken fern → -ruminant=bone marrow depression, carcinogen, fever, bleeding, like radiation poisoning -horse=ataxia, muscle tremors -Tx= batyl alcohol, transfusions  Equisetum → (Horsetail + scouring rush) -Horse = weight loss, ataxia  Rhubarb → -oxalates in leaf blade, may be fatal  → Halogeton “Barilla” -Na+ & K+ oxalates, acute hypocalcemia, renal insufficiency, uremia if live longer  → Rumex (Dock) -soluble oxalates → rarely a dangerous level  Dumbcane → -proteolytic enzymes in sap (& Ca++ oxalate crystals → not cause toxic rxn [poke holes in mm and enz cause damage]) -burning sensation in mouth, salivation, edematous swelling may immobilize tongue for days  → Caladium -proteolytic enz & calcium oxalate  → Jack-in-the-pulpit -calcium oxalate, intense burning in mucous membranes (one mouthful only)  → Skunk cabbage -calcium oxalate crystals  → Milkweed -Phytotoxin, depression, weak, go down – repeated tetanic seizures  → Rosary pea -one seed can kill adult human -Phytotoxin, severe gastroenteritis, purging, ulceration  → Castorbean -Phytotoxin, poison in seeds, GI irritation, sz  → Black locust -Phytotoxin, depression, irregular pulse, nausea, diarrhea, inhalation pneumonia  → Poinsettia -irritant sap, emesis, catharsis  → Euphorbia -irritant sap, gastroenteritis -horse = skin irritation  → Sensitive fern -ataxia, cerebral edema, icterus, fatty degeneration of liver  → Water hemlock -violent convulsions in 30min, death in another 15-30 minutes  → Ponderosa pine -premature, weak, stillborn calves, cows unharmed  Pigweed → -nitrates, asphyxia, chocolate brown blood (methemoglobin) -perirenal edema, uremia, sternal, die, hyperkalemia -Tx = methylene blue  → Lambsquarters -nitrates  → Oats -nitrates -also: grass tetany or photosensitization  → Corn -high nitrates b/f tasseling  St Johnswort → -1° photosensitization (liver undamaged)  Buckwheat → -1° photosensitization  Lantana → -2° photosensitization  Horsebrush → -2° photosensitization, severe liver damage, “Bighead” (sheep)  Trifolium (Red clover) → -Slobbering (cattle, sheep, horses), photosensitization  Trifolium (Aslike) → -photosensitization, “dew poisoning”  Trifolium (white clover) → -slobbering in horses  Alfalfa → -foamy bloat, occasionally photosensitization -Tx: surfactants  Birdsfoot trefoil → -possibly HCN but no losses  Oaks → -gastritis, nephritis, SQ edema, GI bleeding, constipation, depression Cocklebur → -anorexia, depression, vomiting (pig), dyspnea, convulsions, nephritis, hepatitis -Tx: fats  White snakeroot → -“trembles”, stiff ataxic – ketosis, fatty liver & kidney -“milk sickness” – vomiting, thirst, trembling, delirium  Poison Ivy → -Allergy, dermatitis  Poison sumac → -allergy, dermatitis Poison oak → Horseradish → Wild radish → Barbarea (Yellow rocket) →  Brassica (cabbage…) → 1-GItis, colic 2-gut stasis, enterotoxemia 3-pulmonary emphysema (rape) 4-blindness (rape) 5-hepatogenic photosensitization 6)hemoglobinuria, hemolytic anemia (rape) 7)goiterogenic Baneberry →  Doll’s-eyes → -severe gastroenteritis Marsh marigold → -protoanemonin -hay safe  Christmas rose → -purgative, GI distress  Buttercup → -gastroenteritis -palmate leaf  Ground Ivy → -salivation, sweating, dyspnea, death in horses  Iris → -purgative  Daphne → -glycoside, corrosion of oral mucosa, vomiting, convulsions, bloody diarrhea, stupor -few berries may kill a child  Horsechestnut → -glycoside, CNS signs (ataxia, excitement, twitching) Buckeyes → -glycoside, CNS signs (ataxia, excitement, twitching) White & Yellow Sweetclover → -internal bleeding and anemia -Tx: Vitamin K1, transfusions  Moonseed → -death in children  Mayapple → -violent cathartic, purging gastroenteritis Onions, Chives → -heinz bodies hemolytic anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria  Elderberry → -alkaloid, severe purgative -Tx: symptomatic, protectants  Corn cockle → -sapogenin  Bouncing bet → -saponin, gastroenteritis  Pokeweed → -saponin, alkaloid -purging diarrhea, nausea (pig), cows drop half on milk  Tung tree → -bloody diarrhea  Foxglove → -cardiac glycosides – digitoxin -GI distress, cardiac irregularities, mm twitching, sweating, distended atria  Dogbane → -Cardiac glycosides? -no recorded poisonings  Lily-of-the-valley → -cardiac glycosides -digitalis like cardiac effect, purgative (cows vomit)  Oleander → -cardiac glycosides -colic, vomiting, diarrhea, heart irregularities, tremors, paralysis Jimsonweed → -signs of atropine poisoning (red as a beet, hot as a pistol, dry as a bone, mad as a wet hen)  Atropa (Belladonna) → -atropine  Henbane → -atropine  Taxus (Yew) → -drop dead, heart stops  Akee → -severe hypoglycemia - “vomiting disease” in Jamaica  Mistletoe → -smooth muscle stimulation  Senecio → -liver disease after chronic ingestion, CNS signs, calves may prolapse rectum  Fiddleneck → -liver cirrhosis -walking disease of horses = unthriftiness, aimless walking, sleepiness or delirium  Rattlebox → -hemorrhages  Poppy → -isoquinilone alkaloids, -excitement, ataxia, gastroenteritis  Mexican poppy → -alkaloids -dilated capillaries – edema (produces glaucoma experimentally)  Dicentra (Bleeding heart…) → -alkaloids -salivation, colic, tremble, down, sz  Celandine → -poppy alkaloids -severe GI irritation  Bloodroot → -poppy alkaloids -dilation of capillaries, edema  Larkspur → -alkaloids -hypersensitivity, mm tremors, collapse, coma – 2° bloat/vomition -Rx = strychnine Monkshood →  Lupines → -quinolizidine alkaloid -CNS excitement or depression -palmate leaf  Goldenchain → -quinilizidine alkaloids (CNS excitement or depression)  Vetch → -posterior paralysis in man -scoliosis, dissecting aneurism  Star-of-Bethlehem → -alkaloid -sheep = depression, salivation, bloating, death  Wisteria → -gastroenteritis, vomiting, diarrhea, colic in children  Poison hemlock → -alkaloids -rapid excitement, ataxia, then depression  Lobelia → -alkaloids -vomiting, sweating, paralysis, feeble pulse, coma, death  Tobacco → -shake, stagger, vomit, staring eyes -limb deformities in piglets  Solanum → - (nightshades…) -saponin, glycoside, alkaloid & steroid -GI irritation, nervous signs; drowsy, tremble, weak  more Solanum → (potato…) -saponin, glycoside, alkaloid & steroid -GI irritation, nervous signs; drowsy, tremble, weak Tomato →  Veratrum → -hypotension, weakness, ataxia, nausea, -cyclopian lambs if eaten on 14th day of gestation (western Veratrum)  Death camas → -steroid alkaloid -salivation, nausea, ataxia, dyspnea  Locoweed → -excitable and irritable abortions, congenital malformations  Milk vetch → -dyspnea, paralysis, roaring disease, cracker heels  Jessamine → -indole alkaloids -depression, respiratory failure, mydriasis  Kalmia → -cattle, sheep, goat = colic, salivation, vomit, collapse, die  Rhododendron → -depression, nausea Black laurel → Japanese pieris →  Ergot → -fungal parasite of grasses -chronic syndrome – lameness, dry gangrene of feet, tail, ears -constriction of peripheral arterioles -acute nervous form – hyper-excitability, sz  Buegreen algae → -signs in 30 minutes – nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, tremors, cyanosis, sz, death  Death cup → -sudden attack of extreme abdominal pain & vomiting, death in 4-8 days  Fly mushroom → -GI upset, hallucinations -do not give atropine  Prunus (black and choke cherry) → -HCN -probable death in ~20min of showing signs -cellular anoxia – bright red blood -Tx: Na+ nitrate + Na+ thiosulfate  Apple → -seeds are cyanogenic - “drunken” cows  Sorghum → -horse = urinary incontinence, cystitis, ataxia, myelomalacia, fetal arthrogryposis  Arrowgrass → -cyanogenetic  Flax → -cyanogenetic  Marijuana → -cattle/horse = excitement, muscular tremors, sweating, salivation, death -dogs = depression, ataxia, emesis, hypothermia -Tx: empty GI, restore body temp, maintain CV function  Yellow star thistle → -encephalomalacia, starvation (can’t prehend/chew food)  → Spotted knapweed  Day-blooming jessamine → -cattle/horse = chronic debilitation -hypercalcemia, dystrophic calcification, foreleg lameness, plaques in aorta & endocardium, toxin like VitD3  Chinaberry → -nausea, constipation or diarrhea, respiratory paralysis, excitement or depression  Senna → -recumbent, dark red urine, pale skeletal muscle but normal cardiac muscle, decreased milk (muscle degeneration)  Red maple → -acute death w/ methemoblobinemia, cyanosis, depression -later intravascular hemolysis, Heinz bodies, hemoglobinuria -death in 1-6d, dark kidneys, icterus  Kleingrass → -Liver dz in horse  Black walnut → -horse = limb edema, laminitis -dog = possible gastroenteritis or convulsions  False dandelion → -horse: high-stepping stringhalt like gait with hyperflexion of the hind limbs  Hoary alyssum → - horse: fever, swollen legs, laminitis  English ivy → -gastroenteritis  Stinging nettle → -people = itching, burning skin rash -dog = mm weakness, vomition, bronchial constriction, slow irregular HR -Tx = atropine  Perilla mint → -bovine pulmonary emphysema, proliferative pneumonia  Hairy vetch → -dermatitis, conjunctivitis, diarrhea  Crown vetch → -toxin to monogastrics  Sweet potato → -Cattle: Ipomeanol in moldy sweet potato causes pulmonary emphysema and edema  → Buckthorn -Laxative  Easter Lily → -Cat: severe kidney dz  Macadamia nuts → Dog: vomiting, weakness, ataxia, hyperthermia  Grapes & Raisins → -Dog: vomiting, kidney failure Kentucky coffee tree →  → Avocado -Birds: cardiac failure -Goats: sterile mastitis  Hydrangea → -vomiting, diarrhea with or without blood, colic, and lethargy - or contact dermatitis  → Burdock  → Grass awns -oral ulcers -migrate through body  → Giant hogweed -photophytodermatitis?